Animal Experimentation and Research Commons^™

Animal Experimentation: Working Towards A Paradigm Change, Kathrin Herrmann (Ed.), Kimberley Jayne (Ed.)

eBooks

Animal experimentation has been one of the most controversial areas of animal use, mainly due to the intentional harms inflicted upon animals for the sake of hoped-for benefits in humans. Despite this rationale for continued animal experimentation, shortcomings of this practice have become increasingly more apparent and well-documented. However, these limitations are not yet widely known or appreciated, and there is a danger that they may simply be ignored. The 51 experts who have contributed to Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change critically review current animal use in science, present new and innovative non-animal approaches to address urgent scientific …

Moving Beyond The Welfare Standard Of Psychological Well-Being For Nonhuman Primates: The Case Of Chimpanzees, John P. Gluck

Experimentation Collection

Since 1985, the US Animal Welfare Act and Public Health Service policy have required that researchers using nonhuman primates in biomedical and behavioral research develop a plan ‘‘for a physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being of primates.’’ In pursuing this charge, housing attributes such as social companionship, opportunities to express species-typical behavior, suitable space for expanded locomotor activity, and nonstressful relationships with laboratory personnel are dimensions that have dominated the discussion. Regulators were careful not to direct a specific set of prescriptions (i.e., engineering standards) for the attainment of these goals, but to leave the design of the …

Observing The Unwatchable Through Acceleration Logging Of Animal Behavior, Danielle D. Brown, Roland Kays, Martin Wikelski, Rory Wilson, A. Peter Klimley

Methodology and Animal Models in Research

Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a fraction of their daily activities and attempts to quantify behavior for modeling ecological processes often exclude cryptic yet important behavioral events. Over the past few years, an explosion of research on remote monitoring of animal behavior using acceleration sensors has smashed the decades-old limits of observational studies. Animal-attached accelerometers measure the change in velocity of the body over time and can quantify fine-scale movements and body postures unlimited by visibility, observer bias, or the …

Superglue Is Not Super: An Assessment Of Superglue For Suturing Tag Incisions In A Cultured Marine Fish, Vincent Raoult, Culum Brown, Jane E. Williamson

Aquaculture Collection

No abstract provided.

Estimates For Worldwide Laboratory Animal Use In 2005, Katy Taylor, Nicky Gordon, Gill Langley, Wendy Higgins

Laboratory Experiments Collection

Animal experimentation continues to generate public and political concern worldwide. Relatively few countries collate and publish animal use statistics, yet this is a first and essential step toward public accountability and an informed debate, as well as being important for effective policy-making and regulation. The implementation of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments) should be expected to result in a decline in animal use, but without regular, accurate statistics, this cannot be monitored. Recent estimates of worldwide annual laboratory animal use are imprecise and unsubstantiated, ranging from 28–100 million. We collated data for 37 countries that …

127 Million Non-Human Vertebrates Used Worldwide For Scientific Purposes In 2005, Andrew Knight

Experimentation Collection

No abstract provided.

Chimpanzees In Laboratories: Distribution And Types Of Research, Martin L. Stephens

Laboratory Experiments Collection

This review presents the results of an informal 1993 survey of the distribution of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the world's laboratories, and the types of research conducted on them. Based on the available information, there are over 2200 chimpanzees in.laboratories, most of which are located in several US facilities. Europe apparently has less than 200 chimpanzees housed in two facilities. Worldwide, an estimated 80% of the chimpanzees in laboratories are used in studies on AIDS and hepatitis. It is concluded that, if Europe terminated its use of chimpanzees in research, for either financial, moral or political reasons, the impact on …

The Animal Research Controversy: Protest, Process & Public Policy, Andrew N. Rowan, Franklin M. Loew, Joan C. Weer

eBooks

The controversy today regarding the use of animals in research appears on the surface to be a strongly polarized struggle between the scientific community and the animal protection movement. However, there is a wide range of opinions and philosophies on both sides. Mistrust between the factions has blossomed while communication has withered. Through the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, the animal movement grew in numbers and financial resources, and developed much greater public recognition and political clout. The research community paid relatively little attention to the animal movement for much of this period but, alarmed by several public relations coups …

The Next Decade: A Shifting Focus, Henry Spira

Commentaries and Editorials

No abstract provided.

Alternatives In The 90'S: What's Next?, Henry Spira

Conference Presentations

The 80's was a decade of remarkable and innovative research and development of alternatives. We see the 90’s as the decade of validation and implementation.

From an activist's perspective, the 80's was very encouraging,-- alternatives gained acceptance, legitimacy and credibility within the toxicology, corporate and regulatory communities. And The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins University played a significant role in making this acceptance possible.

But these new technologies have yet to realize their full potential; the focus to date has been on development more than on bringing these technologies into routine usage. And the public, …

Inventing The Skin You Love To Test, Rick Weiss

Popular Press Items

No abstract provided.

Industry Toxicologists Keen On Reducing Animal Use, Constance Holden

Profiles

No abstract provided.

Alternatives Sought To Save Lab Animals, Jim Detjen

Popular Press Items

No abstract provided.

A Pivotal Year For Lab Animal Welfare, Constance Holden

Popular Press Items

Tighter regulations, higher costs, and refined methodologies likely to lead to decreased animal use

Ethics, Welfare, And Laboratory Animal Management, David J. Allan, Judith K. Blackshaw

Experimentation Collection

Animals have been used in medical research from as far back as 129-199 A.D. when Galen, a Greek medical scientist, used a pig for his experiments. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, anatomical dissections were carried out on animals; Galvani used frogs in 1791 for his experiments and the Russian physiologist, Pavlov, carried out his famous dog experiments in the early 1900s. Since this time, large numbers of animals have been used in biomedical and other research. In 1963 the first edition of "The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" was published, and the United States Public …

One Man’S Beef, William Severini Kowinski

Profiles

Henry Spira believes that animals have rights but no say. He speaks for all species.

Animals In Testing: How The Cpi Is Handling A Hot Issue, Anonymous

Popular Press Items

No abstract provided.

Some Thoughts On The Laboratory Cage Design Process, Margaret E. Wallace

Laboratory Experiments Collection

A block to progress in the design of cages and other restricted environments for animals has been the notion that animal and human needs are necessarily in conflict. The process of design should list the established and suspected animal needs separately from a list of human needs- husbandry and experimental. Comparison of the two lists will often show up more compatible needs than expected, and design features can be worked out to fulfill them. Adjustments may then be made where needs are less compatible until "sufficient" compatibility is achieved. An innovative design for a mouse cage is described, to show …

Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, And Behavioral Enhancement In Eight Primate Species, Arnold S. Chamove, James R. Anderson, Susan C. Morgan-Jones, Susan P. Jones

Ethology Collection

Sixty-seven animals from eight primate species were used to assess improved husbandry techniques. The presence of woodchips as a direct-contact litter decreased inactivity and fighting, and increased time spent on the ground. Placing food in the deep litter led to further behavioral improvement. The use of frozen foods improved food distribution and reduced fighting in most situations, especially when it was buried in the litter. With time, the litter became increasingly inhibitory to bacteria. The results suggest that inexpensive ways of increasing environmental complexity are effective in improving housing for primates.

Lab Animal Housing: Numbers Or Common Sense?, Andrew N. Rowan

Laboratory Experiments Collection

No abstract provided.

Draize: A Blueprint For Change, Henry Spira

Draize Test Campaign

As coordinator, I prepared the following pages for the campaign to abolish the Draize rabbit blinding test. The plan includes background information, short and long range goals and step by step initiatives. This working blueprint was circulated to individuals and organizations interested in supporting the campaign. And we made a point of sharing copies of our plan with the cosmetics industry and any interested observers. It has always been our policy to have an up-front, open agenda.

Metcalf-Hatch Repeal Means Lab Accountability, Henry Spira

Articles

No abstract provided.

Metcalf-Hatch Act: Profit, Politics And Pain, Henry Spira

Articles

No abstract provided.

Metcalf-Hatch Fact Sheet, Henry Spira

Metcalf-Hatch Campaign

The Metcalf-Hatch Act forces tax supported pounds and shelters to turn over unwanted cats and dogs to New York laboratories. This creates difficulties for shelters/pounds. People who are aware of Metcalf-Hatch (MH) will tend to abandon animals rather than risk having them recycled into labs. And this places additional tax burdens on communities for rounding up abandoned strays. The cost of stray animals is already $400 million a year in the USA.

Alternatives To Laboratory Animals: Definition And Discussion, Andrew N. Rowan

The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems [ISAP]

The origins of the concept of "alternatives" to the use of animals in research may be traced back to the 1800's and the furore about using live animals in surgical and other experiments. Some of the animal protection societies in England were prepared to accept animal experimentation provided it was performed under anesthesia. Even Dr. Marshall Hall, who championed the spread of experimental medicine in 19th century England, considered it necessary to control and prevent unwarranted, inept and cruel experimentation (French, 1975). The concept of alternatives has developed in the 20th century to encompass not only the reduction (prevention) of …

Museum Victory For Animal Rights, Henry Spira

Commentaries and Editorials

No abstract provided.

Amnesty International Scandal, Henry Spira

Commentaries and Editorials

File also includes:

November 11, 1977

• Letter to the Editor from Michael E. Levin, Associate Professor of Philosophy, City University
• Spira response to Professor Levin
• Letter to the Editor from David Hawk, Executive Director, Amnesty International USA
• Spira response to David Hawk

February 23, 1978

• Letter from Mrs. F. Blakiston, Secretary to the International Executive Committee for Amnesty International to Henry Spira

March 1, 1978

• Memorandum from Leonard Rack M.D. and Henry Spira to the International Executive Committee for Amnesty International

July 25, 1978

• Letter from Dick Oosting, Deputy Secretary General for Amnesty International, to Henry Spira

October 1978

• Letter …

Animal Rights: Nih Cat Sex Study Brings Grief To New York Museum, Nicholas Wade

Popular Press Items

No abstract provided.

Animals Suffer For Science, Henry Spira

Articles

No abstract provided.