Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Botany (70)
- Agronomy and Crop Sciences (23)
- Agriculture (21)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (12)
- Fruit Science (11)
-
- Environmental Sciences (10)
- Agricultural Science (9)
- Education (9)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (9)
- Other Plant Sciences (6)
- Plant Biology (6)
- Plant Breeding and Genetics (6)
- Weed Science (6)
- Agricultural Economics (5)
- Plant Pathology (5)
- Agricultural Education (4)
- Earth Sciences (4)
- Entomology (4)
- Food Science (4)
- Animal Sciences (3)
- Arts and Humanities (3)
- Library and Information Science (3)
- Sheep and Goat Science (3)
- Collection Development and Management (2)
- Dairy Science (2)
- Environmental Monitoring (2)
- Forest Biology (2)
- Institution
-
- Stephen F. Austin State University (64)
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia (37)
- Utah State University (11)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (8)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (7)
-
- University of Kentucky (5)
- Western Kentucky University (3)
- Louisiana State University (2)
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (2)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (2)
- Bridgewater State University (1)
- Brigham Young University (1)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (1)
- Gettysburg College (1)
- Mississippi State University (1)
- Northern Michigan University (1)
- Parkland College (1)
- SelectedWorks (1)
- Winthrop University (1)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- SFA Gardens Newsletters (64)
- Bulletins 4000 - (20)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (6)
- Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 (6)
- All Current Publications (4)
-
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (3)
- All other publications (3)
- Horticulture Faculty Publications (3)
- Agricultural Economics Presentations (2)
- Agriculture/Horticulture (2)
- Archived Gardening Publications (2)
- Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series (2)
- LSU Master's Theses (2)
- Masters Theses & Specialist Projects (2)
- Outcomes and Impact Quarterly (2)
- Resource management technical reports (2)
- Zea E-Books Collection (2)
- A with Honors Projects (1)
- Agriculture reports (1)
- All NMU Master's Theses (1)
- Books & book chapters (1)
- Books by Faculty of the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum (1)
- Bridgewater Review (1)
- Bulletins - 3000 - 3999 (1)
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (1)
- Doctoral Dissertations (1)
- Ganesh Chandra (1)
- Honors Theses (1)
- Horticulture and Crop Science (1)
- Horticulture research reports (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 150
Full-Text Articles in Horticulture
Providing Pest Management Education For Home Gardeners In Utah, Nick Volesky, Marion Murray
Providing Pest Management Education For Home Gardeners In Utah, Nick Volesky, Marion Murray
Outcomes and Impact Quarterly
In January 2024, Utah State University (USU) Extension's Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program launched a three-part class series targeting Utah's home gardeners. The goal was to enhance their abilities in identifying and managing insect and plant diseases. With over 200 participants, the series notably increased the knowledge of attendees. This initiative aligns with the USU Extension IPM program's mission to promote sustainable pest management practices across Utah, evidencing its commitment to environmental stewardship and community education.
Black Experiences With Community Gardening In Southeast Louisiana, Kiarah Craft
Black Experiences With Community Gardening In Southeast Louisiana, Kiarah Craft
LSU Master's Theses
Community gardens have been rising in popularity over the past few years (Mayers, 2023). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many people across the United States have decided that it is crucial to grow their own food and develop sustainability within their community. Historically, Black communities have been underserved and ignored, especially in relation to food security and community safety (White, 2019, Penniman, 2018). The purpose of this study was to collect information about the effects of community-based gardening programs on Black people in Southeast Louisiana. Additionally, the researcher would like to gain knowledge regarding the reasons that Black people …
Impacts Of Cover Crop, Soil Steaming, And Plastic Mulch On Field-Grown Tomato Production And Virus-Induced Gene Silencing In Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Petunia, Rosa, And Rudbeckia, Brenton Andrew Earl Breland
Impacts Of Cover Crop, Soil Steaming, And Plastic Mulch On Field-Grown Tomato Production And Virus-Induced Gene Silencing In Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Petunia, Rosa, And Rudbeckia, Brenton Andrew Earl Breland
Theses and Dissertations
Weeds and soil-borne diseases can cause large yield losses in field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production. Techniques have been developed to reduce soil-based problems. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of cover crops, soil steaming, and plastic mulch to reduce weed and disease pressure in field-grown tomatoes. Four cover crop treatments were grown in the fall and winter before spring planting. Soils were steamed to a target temperature of 71.1 °C for 0, 5, or 20 minutes. Plastic mulch was also used on half of the rows. Yield, weed densities, and disease incidence were recorded.
Reduced flowering time …
Anemone Cut Flower Production In Utah, Shannon Rauter, Melanie Stock
Anemone Cut Flower Production In Utah, Shannon Rauter, Melanie Stock
All Current Publications
Anemone (Anemone coronaria) is grown as a cool-season annual for cut flower production in Utah. Tubers can be planted as early as November in a high tunnel for blooms beginning in March. For field production, plant in fall with insulation or as early as possible in spring (i.e., the soil is workable, approximately early March) for blooms beginning in May. Flower production ceases when temperatures reach approximately 80°F, usually by early July in northern Utah. In North Logan, UT, high tunnels produced an average of 2 to 7 marketable stems per plant, compared to 1 to 4 stems …
Access And Use Of Consortium For E-Resources In Agriculture (Cera) By The Research Scholars And Post Graduate Students Of The Krc College Of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Uhs Bagalkot, Manjunath B. Hadimani Mr., Vinayaka M. Bankapur Dr.
Access And Use Of Consortium For E-Resources In Agriculture (Cera) By The Research Scholars And Post Graduate Students Of The Krc College Of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Uhs Bagalkot, Manjunath B. Hadimani Mr., Vinayaka M. Bankapur Dr.
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
In the electronic information age, consortiums are gaining more importance. The consortia movement has entered libraries and has received attention from the information-producing community. CeRA consortium is a tremendously great effort on the part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to propose single-window access to e-resources to State Agricultural Universities (SAU)/ICAR institutes all over India. CeRA subscribed to e-Resources and create/facilitate an e-environment and e-access culture for faculty, scientists, research scholars, and students in the National Agricultural Research and Education System. The current study attempts to understand the access and use of CeRA among the researchers and PG …
Micronutrient Concentration Effects On Lettuce Growth And Susceptibility To Pythium, Kalyn M. Helms
Micronutrient Concentration Effects On Lettuce Growth And Susceptibility To Pythium, Kalyn M. Helms
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
In hydroponic production waterborne pathogens such as Pythium are ubiquitous and continually threaten a wide range of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) crops in hydroponic production, including but not limited to: lettuce, spinach, basil, arugula, cucumber, tomato, sweet pepper, roses, chrysanthemums, and cannabis (Sutton et al., 2006; Gull, 2002; McGehee and Raudales, 2021; Gillespie, 2020). Despite extensive sanitation measures, disease control in hydroponics is fallible and requires constant surveillance and management to minimize outbreaks (Sutton et al., 2006). A potential disease suppression strategy is to increase micronutrient concentrations within hydroponic systems to naturally strengthen plant defenses against pathogens such as Pythium. …
Evaluating Flavor And Aroma Attributes Of Arkansas-Grown Horticultural Crops, Jordan Chenier
Evaluating Flavor And Aroma Attributes Of Arkansas-Grown Horticultural Crops, Jordan Chenier
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Arkansas has a climate and geography that allows for the production of unique horticultural crops, including hops (Humulus lupulus L.), blackberries (Rubus subgenus Rubus), and muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia). These crops not only have potential for growers in Arkansas but have unique flavor and aroma attributes that impact marketability. Volatile compounds present in many different agricultural plants are the primary source of biologically-derived aromas and flavors. Therefore, the volatile and other quality attributes of hops, blackberries, and muscadine grapes were evaluated at the University of Arkansas (UA System) Division of Agriculture. The quality, volatile, and sensory attributes of four hops …
Environmental Weed Risk Assessment Protocol For Growing Non-Indigenous Plants In The Western Australian Rangelands, Geoff A. Moore Mr, Christine Munday Ms, Papori Barua Dr
Environmental Weed Risk Assessment Protocol For Growing Non-Indigenous Plants In The Western Australian Rangelands, Geoff A. Moore Mr, Christine Munday Ms, Papori Barua Dr
Bulletins 4000 -
This bulletin is a post-border environmental weed risk assessment (WRA) protocol which is based on the Environmental WRA Protocol developed for the Future Farm Industries Co-operative Research Centre (FFI CRC), but with some changes to reflect the different environment and objectives.
The WRA protocol was developed specifically as a post-border assessment of non-indigenous species that may have agricultural value in the WA rangelands and the risk that they may become environmental weeds. Weeds can occur in many land-use systems including agriculture, horticulture and forestry; however, the focus of this protocol is on the risk that non-indigenous agricultural plants may become …
Helping Utah Landowners Reduce Pesticide Use Through A Statewide Ipm Program, Nick Volesky, Mair Murray
Helping Utah Landowners Reduce Pesticide Use Through A Statewide Ipm Program, Nick Volesky, Mair Murray
Outcomes and Impact Quarterly
The Utah Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program provides outreach and education to Utahns to reduce pesticide use and ultimately protect human and environmental health. In 2022, the IPM program responded to stakeholders’ needs by partnering with county Extension offices to deliver eight (8) in-person workshops across the state. The workshops connected Extension specialists and county faculty with managers of home landscapes and farms. The objective of the workshops was to provide participants with IPM skills to identify, monitor, and manage pest problems in preparation for the upcoming growing season.
Influence Of Fertilizer Rate On Swollen Stem Formation (“Bulbing”) And Vitamin C Content In Different Kohlrabi Cultivars, Mark Iradukunda, Paul E. Read
Influence Of Fertilizer Rate On Swollen Stem Formation (“Bulbing”) And Vitamin C Content In Different Kohlrabi Cultivars, Mark Iradukunda, Paul E. Read
Honors Theses
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes Group) is a vegetable crop found in the Brassicaceae, and it is rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C. Vitamin C helps in oxidative damage repair and strengthens the immune system, so exploring vitamin C sources may contribute to improving human health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different fertilizer rates on kohlrabi yield, in terms of the swollen stem and the vitamin C content, and if those effects are similar in different kohlrabi cultivars. In this greenhouse study, we fertilized four potted kohlrabi cultivars with a common water-soluble greenhouse fertilizer …
Feature Papers In Horticulturae, Douglas D. Archbold
Feature Papers In Horticulturae, Douglas D. Archbold
Horticulture Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Molecular Markers Within And Beyond Viburnum: A Single Set Of Ssrs For An Immense Genus, Trinity Paige Hamm
Molecular Markers Within And Beyond Viburnum: A Single Set Of Ssrs For An Immense Genus, Trinity Paige Hamm
Masters Theses
Comprised of more than 160 species, Viburnum is the largest genus in the Viburnaceae (formerly Adoxaceae) alongside Adoxa and Sambucus. The native range of Viburnum species spans much of the Northern Hemisphere and extends into the mountains of South America and Southeastern Asia. Their wide geographic range has made Viburnum particularly interesting to phylogeographers and phylogeneticists. This diverse genus is also horticulturally valuable with varying traits such as fragrance, fruit color, and bud and inflorescence form. There is sufficient morphological diversity in the genus for there to be more than 70 species and intraspecific hybrids in cultivation, and in …
Primary Industries Development Research Highlights 2021, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Tim Scanlon
Primary Industries Development Research Highlights 2021, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Tim Scanlon
Books & book chapters
The Primary Industries Development Research Highlights 2021 showcases the breadth and depth of the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development’s research and development activities over the past several years.
Stories featured in Research Highlights 2021 stem from about 60 (of 140) current and recently-completed projects undertaken by the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development’s (DPIRD) 1100 scientists, technical experts and economists throughout the State.
Explore our Research Highlights 2021.
The publication demonstrates the innovative and applicable research that DPIRD and its collaborators and investment partners deliver to Western Australia.
Download the Research Highlights 2021 here. Alternatively, …
Best Papers Introduction, Douglas D. Archbold
Best Papers Introduction, Douglas D. Archbold
Horticulture Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Harvest Time On The Incidence Of Red Drupelet Reversion And Development Of Tetraploid Linkage Maps In Blackberry, Mitchell E. Armour
Effect Of Harvest Time On The Incidence Of Red Drupelet Reversion And Development Of Tetraploid Linkage Maps In Blackberry, Mitchell E. Armour
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The cultivated eastern U.S. blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) has gone through tremendous strides in both trait improvement and market outreach at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture (UA System). What began as primarily a pick-your-own local fruit found mostly in the wild, has become a commercialized year-round product in most major U.S. grocery retailers. This could not have been achieved without decades of diligent breeding efforts. Although the genetic improvement of fresh-market blackberries has advanced, there are still issues that need to be addressed. One issue is the prevalence of red drupelet reversion (RDR), a physiological …
A Review Of Horticultural Therapy And Horticultural Therapy Education In The United States: Addressing Challenges And Opportunities, Derrick R. Stowell
A Review Of Horticultural Therapy And Horticultural Therapy Education In The United States: Addressing Challenges And Opportunities, Derrick R. Stowell
Doctoral Dissertations
The Horticultural Therapy (HT) profession has been formally organized in the United States since 1973. Despite the long history of horticulture being used as therapy, the profession of HT in the United States has not advanced as quickly as other allied healthcare professions. This study will review the current challenges and opportunities for HT and HT education in the United States.
A qualitative study of the status of the profession was conducted to determine what challenges and opportunities the profession of HT currently has and how the profession can meet those challenges and opportunities. The study sample was recruited from …
Performance Evaluation Of Four Arkansas Table Grape Cultivars Grown On Three Trellis Systems Under High Tunnels At Two Locations In Arkansas., Jose Hernandez
Performance Evaluation Of Four Arkansas Table Grape Cultivars Grown On Three Trellis Systems Under High Tunnels At Two Locations In Arkansas., Jose Hernandez
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the most important horticultural crops world-wide. In the southern U.S. region, hot and humid climate accompanied by high pest pressure requires high levels of labor and pesticide inputs, making open field table grape production unsustainable. Previous research at University of Arkansas has demonstrated that table grape production under high tunnels (HTs) is a viable option to overcome biotic and abiotic challenges in the region. This project evaluated two HTs established in Arkansas. In the spring of 2014, at Fayetteville, three table grape cultivars (Faith, Gratitude, and Jupiter) were established in an 8 x …
Hydroponic And Soilless Culture Systems And Transplant Practices Influence Production Of Basil (Omicum Basilicum L.), Samuel Warren Edward Doty
Hydroponic And Soilless Culture Systems And Transplant Practices Influence Production Of Basil (Omicum Basilicum L.), Samuel Warren Edward Doty
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Two controlled-environment greenhouse experiments evaluated (1) plant growth and morphology of basil (Omicum basilicum L.) grown in three different hydroponic and soilless substrate systems and (2) seedling tray cell-count and transplant date into hydroponic culture effects on basil growth and yield at harvest. For the first experiment, four basil cultivars (‘Genovese’, ‘Mrs. Burns Lemon’, ‘Sweet Thai’, and ‘Cinnamon’) were grown in deep flow technique (DFT) hydroponics, nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics, and a novel shallow aggregate ebb-and-flood (SAEF) soilless substrate system and were harvested after 21 d. Plant yield and morphological characteristics measured at harvest included shoot fresh mass, shoot …
Efficacy Of Antimicrobial Mitigation On Escherichia Coli Cfu And Growth And Development Of Hydroponic Leafy Greens, Nathan J. Eylands
Efficacy Of Antimicrobial Mitigation On Escherichia Coli Cfu And Growth And Development Of Hydroponic Leafy Greens, Nathan J. Eylands
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have set new standards that apply to agriculturalists producing crops eaten fresh and/or raw by consumers. This new produce safety rule, known as the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), has established science-based standards for all areas of production in agriculture with regards to microbial contamination. Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is a particular bacterium of concern under FSMA guidelines. Grower compliance is mandatory and therefore vital to the continuation of any farm. Greenhouse hydroponic growers have shown advantages in efficiency when compared to conventional farming methodology. Those, however, with recirculating hydroponic systems face unique …
Horticulture For Pollinator Conservation, Carter M. Westerhold
Horticulture For Pollinator Conservation, Carter M. Westerhold
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
Pollinators worldwide are declining. Consequently, the agricultural and ecological services these insects provide are in danger of being lost. Land use intensification, via urbanization, has greatly influenced this decline in pollinators. Luckily, through targeted horticultural practices, stable populations of pollinators can be sustained within urban areas. The horticultural practices of planting diverse floral resources and managing pollinator habitat in urban areas can sustain these populations. Two studies were conducted with the intent to identify horticultural knowledge gaps that could be reduced to aid in pollinator conservation efforts. First, a study to compare Nebraska native and non-native ornamental plants was conducted. …
Better Health Through Horticulture: Using Horticulture To Influence Behavior And Reduce Stress, Rachel Ochylski
Better Health Through Horticulture: Using Horticulture To Influence Behavior And Reduce Stress, Rachel Ochylski
All NMU Master's Theses
Horticultural intervention in the form of gardening workshops connect participants to nature while they nurture another living organism. Horticultural intervention provides opportunities to socialize and engage in a meaningful activity, which have been recognized as helpful in the treatment of common mental health difficulties such as depression and anxiety. There is a lack of experimental studies based on quantitative data that focus on the effects of horticulture on holistic human health. The author evaluated the effects of a horticultural intervention on two separate groups, older adults and college students. The behavioral effects of engaging in gardening activities were evaluated using …
Optimization Of Overhead Irrigation In Relation To Irrigation Water Use Efficiency In The Louisiana Nursery Industry, Mark A. Wilson
Optimization Of Overhead Irrigation In Relation To Irrigation Water Use Efficiency In The Louisiana Nursery Industry, Mark A. Wilson
LSU Master's Theses
Irrigation efficiency is an essential component of nursery production in the United States. To increase productivity of Louisiana growers, a series of studies were conducted to evaluate current nursery water practices. The objectives were to determine current irrigation practices; evaluate actual water usage; and compare nursery media for water utilization. A mailed survey determined that the majority of growers used can yard production (63%), overhead irrigation (79%), had no irrigation manager (82%) and did not collect/reuse water(61%); 50% do not test/calibrate their irrigation system. Based on this information, five nurseries using overhead irrigation were selected to determine water application and …
Improving Wildflower Longevity In Roadside Seeding Areas, Walter Schacht, Jonathan M. Soper, Carol Wienhold
Improving Wildflower Longevity In Roadside Seeding Areas, Walter Schacht, Jonathan M. Soper, Carol Wienhold
Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports
Re-vegetation efforts on bare roadsides of newly-constructed highways are primarily focused on the stabilization of soil to reduce rates of erosion. The Nebraska Department of Transportation (NDOT) seeds roadsides with a diverse mixture of grasses and wildflowers for site stabilization as well as to enhance the visual quality of roadsides. Although grasses dominate roadside plantings in terms of cover and density, wildflowers are largely responsible for the visual enhancement of recently-seeded roadsides. In addition to the visual component, wildflowers provide essential ecological functions on roadsides. Wildflowers improve water and nutrient cycling in the compacted roadside soils by increasing water infiltration …
Sagers Solar Greenhouse, Larry A. Sagers
Sagers Solar Greenhouse, Larry A. Sagers
Archived Gardening Publications
No abstract provided.
Historical Common Names Of Great Plains Plants, With Scientific Names Index. Volume Ii: Scientific Names Index, Elaine Nowick
Historical Common Names Of Great Plains Plants, With Scientific Names Index. Volume Ii: Scientific Names Index, Elaine Nowick
Zea E-Books Collection
Containing thousands of entries of both vernacular and scientific names of Great Plains plants, the literature that informs this exhaustive listing spans nearly 300 years. Author Elaine Nowick has drawn from sources as diverse as Linnaeus, Lewis and Clark, and local university extension publications to compile the gamut of practical, and often fanciful, common plant names used over the years. Each common name is accompanied by a definitive scientific name with references and authority information. Interspersed with scientifically-correct botanical line drawings, the entries are written in standard ICBN format, making this a useful volume for scholars as well as lay …
Historical Common Names Of Great Plains Plants, With Scientific Names Index. Volume I: Common Names, Elaine Nowick
Historical Common Names Of Great Plains Plants, With Scientific Names Index. Volume I: Common Names, Elaine Nowick
Zea E-Books Collection
Containing thousands of entries of both vernacular and scientific names of Great Plains plants, the literature that informs this exhaustive listing spans nearly 300 years. Author Elaine Nowick has drawn from sources as diverse as Linnaeus, Lewis and Clark, and local university extension publications to compile the gamut of practical, and often fanciful, common plant names used over the years. Each common name is accompanied by a definitive scientific name with references and authority information. Interspersed with scientifically-correct botanical line drawings, the entries are written in standard ICBN format, making this a useful volume for scholars as well as lay …
Horticulturae — An International, Multidisciplinary, Open Access Journal, Douglas D. Archbold
Horticulturae — An International, Multidisciplinary, Open Access Journal, Douglas D. Archbold
Horticulture Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
A Utah Flora, Fifth Edition, Revised, Stanley L. Welsh, N. Duane Atwood, Sherel Goodrich, Larry C. Higgins
A Utah Flora, Fifth Edition, Revised, Stanley L. Welsh, N. Duane Atwood, Sherel Goodrich, Larry C. Higgins
Books by Faculty of the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum
Abstract
This is a revised version of a comprehensive treatment of the vascular flora of Utah. All new taxa and distributional records discovered since the publication of the second edition in 2003 are included.
Keys are provided to families, genera, species, and infraspecific taxa (when present). Taxa are described, ecological data is given, and geographical information is provided. County distribution in Utah is given for each species and infraspecific taxon. General geographical information is given for taxa that extend beyond the boundaries of Utah. Chromosome numbers are provided for each taxon, where that information was available in literature.
In the …
Ento 403/803: Management Of Horticultural Crop Pests—A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Thomas J. Weissling
Ento 403/803: Management Of Horticultural Crop Pests—A Peer Review Of Teaching Project Benchmark Portfolio, Thomas J. Weissling
UNL Faculty Course Portfolios
ENTO 403/803, management of horticultural crop pests, is an important class for many students. It is required by undergraduate horticulture majors at UNL, but because it is offered online, it is also of interest to entomology and horticulture graduate students across the U.S. and globally. I chose this class for the peer review process because I find it challenging due to online course delivery, and the breadth of knowledge of students that are enrolled. I feel I need to take this course to a higher level where I can engage students of all backgrounds, and ensure that each of them …
Sfa Gardens Newsletter, Summer 2013, Sfa Gardens, Stephen F. Austin State University
Sfa Gardens Newsletter, Summer 2013, Sfa Gardens, Stephen F. Austin State University
SFA Gardens Newsletters
No abstract provided.