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Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1990, Agricultural Experiment Station, Plant Science Department

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 1990 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State University Plant Science Department. This report includes information on the 1990 crop season, including precipitation data, grain and crop research, breeding, and variety testing, soybean row space study, weed control, crop performance test, 1990 crop yields system productivity from 1985-1990, plant nutrition, soil test and research, estimated soil erosion.

Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm Annual Progress Report, 1990, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This thirtieth annual report of the research program at the Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm has special significance for those engaged in agriculture and the agriculturally related businesses in the nine county area of southeast South Dakota. Reports in this document include information on: temperatures and precipitation data, corn production and performance, soybean research and planting, soil testing, alfalfa yield test, fertilizer testing, herbicide research, crop rotation, sorghum, small grains, livestock research, and pest and weed control.

West River Agricultural Research And Extension Center Progress Report, 1990, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 1990 annual progress report of the West River Crops Soils Research and Extension Center, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. This report includes: a weather summary for all west river counties involved in research, small grain variety trials and demonstrations, grain crops variety trials, oilseed crops variety testing, and demonstrations, management, tillage and cultural practices, weed control research projects and disease control.

The Prairie Naturalist Volume 22, No. 4. December 1990

The Prairie Naturalist

Paul B. Kannowski, Editor

Nikki R. Seabloom, Assistant Editor

Douglas H. Johnson, Book Review Editor

CONTENTS

DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS OF GREATER PRAIRIE-CHICKENS IN COLORADO ▪ B. F. Van Sant and C. E. Braun

IMPORTANCE OF AN OLD, MULTIPLE-USE RESERVOIR TO MIGRATING AND WINTERING DABBLING DUCKS ▪ D. M. Leslie, Jr. , and W. J. Stancill

SIMILARITY OF MALLARD NESTING ON A SOUTH DAKOTA ISLAND BETWEEN 1967-68 and 1985-87 ▪ S. G. Simpson and D. Limmer

BOBCAT HABITAT USE IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA DURING PERIODS OF HIGH AND LOW LAGOMORPH ABUNDANCE ▪ B. J. Giddings, G. L. Risdahl, and L. R. Irby …

The Western Kentucky University Horticultural Gardens: A Design & Implementation Plan, Catharine Schriver

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The purpose of this thesis was to design a master landscape plan rnd serve as a preliminary planning tool for the development of Horticulture Gardens at Western Kentucky University. The planning process involved the development of a mission statement and goals for the gardens, analysis of the site, and design of a landscape plan for the proposed six acre Horticultural Gardens located at the WKU farm. Other areas related to the Garden's development explored in the thesis include: an outline of course learning objectives that could be achieved through learning activities conducted at the Horticultural Gardens, an examination of ways …

Horticultural Capability Study Of Soils Adjacent To Plantations At Carnarvon, Western Australia, M R. Wells, J A. Bessell-Browne

Resource management technical reports

A detailed soil survey and horticultural capability assessment was undertaken over 1,804 ha of land adjacent to existing plantations on levees of the Gascoyne River near Carnarvon. The study provides mapped land resource data and advice in relation to land management and the possibility of further land release for horticulture. In the assessment of horticultural capability primary consideration has been given to the risk of erosion during flood events, to salinity, and to soil drainage conditions.

Sand Bluestem And Prairie Sandreed Establishment, Robert A. Masters, Kenneth P. Vogel, Patrick E. Reece, Dennis Bauer

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Sand bluestem [Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus (Nash) Fern,] and prairie sandreed (Calamovitfa longifolia Hook.) are native warm-season grasses used to revegetate cropland and degraded rangeland on highly erodible sandy soils in the central Great Plains. The objectives of this study were to compare establishment success of the 2 grasses and to determine if application of atrazine at time of planting enhanced grass establishment. Eight plantings, including 'Goldstrike' and 'Garden' sand bluestem and 'Goshen' and 'Pronghorn' prairie sandreed, were made from 1985 to 1987 at locations in eastern, north central, and western Nebraska. Three plantings were established under irrigation …

Defoliation Effects On Production And Morphological Development Of Little Bluestem, J. J. Mullahey, Lowell E. Moser, Steven S. Waller

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Response of key warm-season grasses to time, frequency, and duration of defoliation is needed to develop grazing systems for the Nebraska Sandhills. A 3- year (1986 to 1988) study was conducted on a Valentine fine sand (mixed, mesic Typic Ustipsamments) at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory near Whitman, Nebraska, to determine the effect of defoliation on little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash]. Treatments were: 1 defoliation (to 7 cm) on 10 June, 10 July, or 10 Aug.; 2 defoliations on 10 June and 10 Aug.; and 3 defoliations on 10 June, 10 July, and 10 Aug. Control plants were harvested …

Elliptical Combing Motion For Harvesting Bell Peppers, J. H. Wilhoit, George A. Duncan, Larry G. Wells

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

A new concept for mechanically harvesting bell peppers, intended specifically for multiple-pass harvesting, utilized spaced horizontal fingers combing vertically upward through plant foliage in an elliptical path alternating from both sides of the row. An apparatus based on this concept was designed and built, and harvest tests were conducted to determine the effect of two main machine operating parameters, vertical picking speed and disk angle. Harvesting performance was evaluated in terms of harvest efficiency, fruit damage, and plant damage as it related to multiple-pass harvesting. Fruit removal, both harvestable size and immature, increased significantly as vertical picking speed increased. Branch …

Arrow Arum, Duck Corn Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth, Gene Silberhorn

Reports

The Wetland Flora Technical Report series provides concise information regarding the identification, growth habits, distribution, habitat, ecology and wetland indicator status for the title species. Illustrations are also included to aid in specimen identification.

Notes On Neotropical Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae), W. John Hayden

Biology Faculty Publications

Lectotypes are designated for Amanoa caribaea Krug & Urban and A. guianensis Aublet; presumed syntypes of the latter taxon are shown to be heterogeneous by inclusion of a previously unrecognized species. Four new species of Amanoa are described: A. congesta from French Guiana and northeastern Brazil; A. gracillima from Manaus, Brazil; A. nanayensis from Amazonian Peru and adjacent Colombia and Brazil; and A. neglecta from French Guiana and Surinam. Amanoa sinuosa is proposed as a new name for the later homonym A. robusta Leal. A key to the 13 neotropical species is presented.

Risk-Based Oversight Of Experiments In The Environment, Henry I. Miller, Robert H. Burris, Anne K. Vidaver, Nelson A. Wivel

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The new biology has come of age. Basic research in fields ranging from immunology to plant biology has been transformed so as to be almost unrecognizable to those whose biology education ended before 1970. The spillover into commercial development likewise has been remarkable. Hardly a week passes without news of some new advance in an area such as therapeutics, vaccines, or plants and animals for food, feed, or fiber. These uses of biotechnology in "contained" laboratories, pilot plants, greenhouses, and production facilities have engendered little controversy. The National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA have exempted from …

Soybean Chlorosis Studies On High Ph Bottomland Soils, E. J. Penas, R. A. Wiese, R. W. Elmore, G. W. Hergert, R. S. Moomaw

Historical Research Bulletins of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

Soybean varieties are different in tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis. Field trials were conducted to evaluate variety performance on soils where chlorosis in soybeans was a known problem. Thirty-six varieties out of 177 were identified as tolerant to soil conditions that cause chlorosis. Eleven varieties of these 36 were found to have the most consistent yield performance on high pH soils. Tolerant varieties must be planted at adequate densities for best performance. A seeding rate of 13.5 seeds per foot of row, the highest seeding rate employed, did not appear to maximize yield on soils where chlorosis was severe. On some …

Ermelo Weeping Lovegrass Response To Clipping, Fertilization, And Watering, Robert A. Masters, Carlton Britton

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A management strategy using short-duration grazing and fertilization was simulated in a study with individual 'Ermelo' weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Shrad.)Nees] plants. Influence of 2 levels of clipping [unclipped during the growing season and clipped (C) to 10-cm stubble height each time regrowth reached 40 cm]; fertilizer [unfertilized and 70-34-44 kg N-P-K/ha (F)]; and watering frequency [irrigated to field capacity at 7- (WET) and 14- (DRY) day intervals] on cumulative herbage dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and water-use efficiency, and root mass of individual weeping lovegrass plants grown in soil contained in polyethylene tubes was determined. Clipping combined …

Warm-Season Grass Establishment As Affected By Post-Planting Atrazine Application, C. C. Bahler, Lowell E. Moser, T. Griffin, Kenneth P. Vogel

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N’-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] provides effective weed control during big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatrum L.) establishment. However, most other desirable warm-season grasses are susceptible to atrazine injury at establishment. The objective of this study was to determine if atrazine applications after seedling would affect susceptible warm-season grass establishment. Big bluestem, switchgrass, Indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.], and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash] were needed into greenhouse flats or field plots and 2.2 kg a.i. atrazine/ha applied at 0 (atrazine control), 7, 14, or 21 days after …

Saltmeadow Hay, Spartina Patens (Aiton) Muhl, Gene M. Silberhorn

Reports

The Wetland Flora Technical Report series provides concise information regarding the identification, growth habits, distribution, habitat, ecology and wetland indicator status for the title species. Illustrations are also included to aid in specimen identification.

The Prairie Naturalist Volume 22, No. 3. September 1990

The Prairie Naturalist

Paul B. Kannowski, Editor

Nikki R. Seabloom, Assistant Editor

Douglas H. Johnson, Book Review Editor

CONTENTS

ASSEMBLAGES OF SMALL FISH IN THREE HABITAT TYPES ALONG THE PLATTE RIVER, NEBRASKA ▪ D. T. O'Shea, W. A. Hubert, and S. H. Anderson

SPAWNING HABITAT OF CHANNEL CATFISH IN THE POWDER RIVER SYSTEM, WYOMING-MONTANA D. R. Gerhardt and W. A. Hubert

OCCURRENCE OF AMERICAN WHITE PELICANS ALONG THE PLATTE RIVER, NEBRASKA ▪ J. G. Sidle, C. A. Faanes, and W. G. Jobman

DIET OF CANVASBACKS DURING BREEDING ▪ J. E. Austin, J. R. Serie, and J. H. Noyes

BROOD HABITAT USE OF RIO …

Pesticide Use On Crops In Nebraska - 1987, Maurice Baker, Nancy Peterson, Shripat T. Kamble

Historical Research Bulletins of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

This is the third and most comprehensive study of pesticide use on crops in Nebraska. The first was completed in 1978 and the second one in 1982. The first study indicated that approximately 25 million pounds (11.34 million kg) of active ingredients were used on the major crops in Nebraska. This increased to approximately 30.2 million pounds (13.7 million kg) in 1982. The USDA requires accurate information to meet their responsibilities. Thus, this survey was undertaken to determine: 1) the use of pesticides on crops, pasture and rangeland and 2) to identify pest management practices.

Triazine Resistant Pigweeds In Kentucky Corn Fields, Jonathan D. Green, Michael Barett, Mike Radford

Agronomy Notes

Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) control from atrazine and/or simazine (Princep) has been unsatisfactory in some Kentucky corn fields. Many of these fields have grown corn where one or both of these herbicides have been used continuously for several years. These two triazine herbicides, particularly atrazine, are used annually on over 90% of the corn grown in Kentucky. Other areas in the U.S. and around the world have reported. unsatisfactory control from atrazine where triazine resistant pigweed has developed.

Evaluation Of Imazaquin, Imazethapyr & Postemergence Herbicide Combinations For Control Of Johnsongrass (Sorghum Halepense) In Soybeans (Glycine Max), Terry Mashburn

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) competition in soybeans (Glycine max) has adverse effects on soybean yields. Profitable soybean production in Kentucky and the Southeastern United States has depended upon good, cost effective johnsongrass control. Several herbicides have been developed to control johnsongrass in soybeans. Four of these recently developed compounds were imazaquin (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methy1-4- (1-methyl-ethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazo1-2-y1]-3-quino1inecarboxy1ic acid), imazethapyr (+/-)-2-C4,5-dihydro-4-methy1-4-(1-methy. lethyl)-5-oxo-IH-imidazol-2-y1)-5-ethy1-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, quizalofop 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl) oxylphenoxyjpropaonic acid,ethyl ester, and analog of quizalofop (DPX Y6202-31).

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 to evaluate (a) the effectiveness of imazaquin and imazethapyr preplant incorporated, postemergence, or in combination with pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropy1)-3,4-dimethy1-2.6-dinitrobenzenamine], and (b) herbicide antagonism with fluazifop[butyl(R)-2-(4-[(5- trifluoromethy 1 …

Toward Better Minimum Tillage For South-Coastal Sandplain Soils, W L. Crabtree

Resource management technical reports

Seventeen farmers compared their conventional cropping practices with some form of minimum tillage cropping. The minimum tilled crops yielded 21 percent less grain than the conventionally sown crops. The reasons for these decreased yields were in most cases related to inexperienced management. The minimum tilled treatments usually had very poor weed kill strategies which often resulted in large weeds at sowing, very cloddy seed-beds, and numerous insects in the young crops.

Towards An Improved Taxonomy Of Xanthomonas, L. Vauterin, J. Swings, K. Kersters, M. Gillis, T. W. Mew, M. N. Schroth, N. J. Palleroni, D. C. Hildebrand, D. E. Stead, E. L. Civerolo, A. C. Hayward, H. Maraîte, R. E. Stall, A. K. Vidaver, J. F. Bradbury

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Improvement of the taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas and especially of Xanthomonas campestris, which is subdivided into more than 125 pathovars, is discussed. Recent contributions to the taxonomy of Xanthomonas are reviewed, and on the basis of these data and unpublished data from several laboratories, the usefulness of different phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic techniques is discussed. The heterogeneity of several X. campestris pathovars has been demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and fatty acid fingerprinting. The host selectivity of the pathovars is not correlated with their relationships as revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. In order to …

Life History Of Paracantha Gentilis (Diptera: Tephritidae), David H. Headrick, Richard D. Goeden

Horticulture and Crop Science

The life history of Paracantha gentilis Hering in southern California is described. This stenophagous tephritid reproduces in the capitula of native Cirsium thistles. Courtship and mating behavior are described from field and laboratory observations. Territorial and courtship behavior of males and the morphological characters involved in possible male pheromone emission are described and illustrated, as are the oviposition behavior and reproductive morphology of females. Egg clutch sizes ranged from one to 13 eggs, with a maximum of six clutches per capitulum. Larvae fed gregariously within stage-specific niches. Pupariation occurred in the capitula, from which adults emerged in mid-June through early …

Automated Harvesting Of Burley Tobacco I. System Development, Larry G. Wells, George B. Day V, Timothy D. Smith

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

A fully automated system for harvesting and handling mature buriey tobacco has been developed. This article identifies the operations essential to this harvesting concept and describes the development of the mechanisms by which they were accomplished. The system detaches, inverts and places mature plants into portable holders for air curing under waterproof covering without requiring any manual handling of the crop. Manual labor currently required to harvest buriey tobacco would be reduced by 80-85% and the system would eliminate the drudgery associated with manual handling. The harvesting system has an approximate capacity of 1.4 to 2.0 ha/day (3.5 to 5.0 …

Automated Harvesting Of Burley Tobacco Ii. Evaluation Of System Performance, Larry G. Wells, George B. Day V, Timothy D. Smith

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

A prototype system for fully automated harvesting of burley tobacco has been developed and tested. Three years of field testing has shown that mechanical losses associated with the system were only slightly higher than via conventional methods. The system performed reliably at a sustained harvesting rate of approximately 1.4 ha/day (3.4 acre/day), while indicating that a rate of 2 ha/day (5 acre/day) should be easily achievable. The system is operated by two workers and reduces conventional labor requirement by approximately 80-85%.

The Effects Of Within-Row Spacings & Cultivars On The Yield Of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), Timothy Hafner

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The effects of within-row spacings and cultivars on the yield of bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied in two experiments. In each experiment, two cultivars and four within-row spacings (8, 15, 23 and 30 cm) were arranged in a split-plot with four replications. Spacing treatments were the whole plots and cultivars were the split plots. In 1988, the two cultivars were 'Blue Lake 274' and 'White Half Runner'. In 1989, the cultivars were 'Blue Lake 274' and 'Kentucky Wonder 125'. All rows were spaced 91 cm apart. Pods were harvested and oven dried. The data were subjected …

The Prairie Naturalist Volume 22, No. 2. June 1990

The Prairie Naturalist

Paul B. Kannowski, Editor

Nikki R. Seabloom, Assistant Editor

Douglas H. Johnson, Book Review Editor

CONTENTS

BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG IN NORTH DAKOTA ▪ R. W. Seabloom and P. W. Theisen

PATTERNS OF RESOURCE USE IN A LIZZARD COMMUNITY IN THE NEBRASKA SAND HILLS PRAIRIE ▪ R. E. Ballinger, S. M. Jones, and J. W. Nietfeldt

A THIRTEEN-YEAR SURVEY OF THE APHIDOPHAGOUS INSECTS OF ALFALFA ▪ N. C. Elliott and R. W. Kieckhefer

STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLAINS SHARP-TAILED GROUSE IN COLORADO ▪ A. W. Hoag and C. E. Braun

CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNTS FOR NORTH DAKOTA - …

Capping Of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Rna: Analysis Of Viral-Coded Guanylyltransferase-Like Activity, David Dunigan, Milton Zaitlin

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The 5’ end of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genomic RNA is capped with 7- methylguanosine. A virus-coded polypeptide with guanylyltransferase activity has been investigated. This enzyme is responsible for forming the 5’→5’ linkage of guanosine 5’-monophosphate to the 5’- diphosphate of an acceptor RNA, thereby forming the cap. A critical step in the mechanism for cap formation in the eukaryotic nucleus is for guanylyltransferase to bind covalently to guanosine 5’- monophosphate with the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate when guanosine 5’- triphosphate is the substrate. The TMV 126-kilodalton protein, which is most probably a component of the TMV replicase, was found to …

Response Of Soybeans To Available Potassium In Three Kentucky Soils, John H. Grove, William O. Thom, Lloyd W. Murdock, James H. Herbek

Agronomy Notes

Soybeans are produced in nearly all of Kentucky's soil physiographic regions. Soybean response to potassium (K) fertilization and soil test Kvaries with soil type and location. This variation may be associated with the wide range in soil chemical and mineralogical properties among the different regions. Of particular interest are differences in that level of soil test Kat which no further yield response to K fertilizer application would be expected. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the soil K-soybean response relationship on three different field sites where soybean yields were increased by fertilizer K. Several measures of soil …

Registration Of 15 Germplasm Lines Of Grain Sorghum And Sweet Sorghum, Herman J. Gorz, Francis A. Haskins, B. E. Johnson

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Four inbred lines (N97-N100) and 11 pairs of A and B (male-sterile and maintainer) lines (N101-N111) of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were developed cooperatively by the USDA-ARS and the Nebraska Agricultural Research Division and were released in April 1989. The lines contain one or more traits that may have value for use in producing hybrids and/or conducting breeding and management studies. All A-lines have milo (A1) cytoplasm.