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Articles 301 - 330 of 330
Full-Text Articles in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
A Major Evolutionary Transition To More Than Two Sexes?, Joel D. Parker
A Major Evolutionary Transition To More Than Two Sexes?, Joel D. Parker
Joel D Parker
Two recently discovered cases of genetic caste determination in social insects might provide the first example of a major evolutionary transition from two to more than two sexes. I argue here that the system can be interpreted as comprising primarily individuals requiring gametes from three parental types and having four sexes from the perspective of demographic extinction. Additionally, I show how this mating system can be seen as a major evolutionary transition. For these populations, it is apparent that the mechanism for a three- or four-sex system does not lie within the myriad of possible arrangements of chromosomes within individuals, …
Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913), Charles H. Smith
Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913), Charles H. Smith
DLPS Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Trying To Fix The Development In Evolutionary Developmental Psychology, David S. Moore
Trying To Fix The Development In Evolutionary Developmental Psychology, David S. Moore
Pitzer Faculty Publications and Research
If we agree for a moment that there is such a thing as human nature, we immediately encounter an extraordinarily thorny question: Where does our nature come from? This question drives David Bjorklund and Anthony Pellegrini’s new book The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. The question is so challenging, in part, because human nature reflects at least two conceptually distinct processes: evolution and development. The former, which operates across generations, allows the continued existence of characteristics that permitted survival and reproduction in our ancestors; the latter, which operates during a person’s lifetime, contributes to the appearance of …
Reconstructing Cetacean Brain Evolution Using Computed Tomography, Lori Marino, Mark D. Uhen, Nicholas D. Pyenson, Bruno Frohlich
Reconstructing Cetacean Brain Evolution Using Computed Tomography, Lori Marino, Mark D. Uhen, Nicholas D. Pyenson, Bruno Frohlich
Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection
Until recently, there have been relatively few studies of brain mass and morphology in fossil cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises) because of difficulty accessing the matrix that fills the endocranial cavity of fossil cetacean skulls. As a result, our knowledge about cetacean brain evolution has been quite limited. By applying the noninvasive technique of computed tomography (CT) to visualize, measure, and reconstruct the endocranial morphology of fossil cetacean skulls, we can gain vastly more information at an unprecedented rate about cetacean brain evolution. Here, we discuss our method and demonstrate it with several examples from our fossil cetacean database. This …
Linking Dispersal To Local Population Dynamics: A Case Study Using A Headwater Salamander System, Winsor H. Lowe
Linking Dispersal To Local Population Dynamics: A Case Study Using A Headwater Salamander System, Winsor H. Lowe
Dartmouth Scholarship
Dispersal can strongly influence local population dynamics and may be critical to species persistence in fragmented landscapes. Theory predicts that dispersal by resident stream organisms is necessary to offset the loss of individuals to downstream drift. However, there is a lack of empirical data linking dispersal and drift to local population dynamics in streams, leading to uncertainty regarding the general demographic significance of these processes and the power of drift to explain observed dispersal patterns. I assessed the contribution of dispersal along a first-order stream to population dynamics of the headwater salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae). I conducted mark–recapture surveys of …
Proprioception, Non-Law, And Biolegal History, Owen D. Jones
Proprioception, Non-Law, And Biolegal History, Owen D. Jones
Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications
This Article explores several advantages of incorporating into law various insights from behavioral biology about how and why the brain works as it does. In particular, the Article explores the ways in which those insights can help illuminate the deep structure of human legal systems. That effort is termed "biolegal history."
Out Of Africa: Origins Of The Taenia Tapeworms In Humans, Eric P. Hoberg, Nancy L. Alkire, Alan De Queiroz, Arlene Jones
Out Of Africa: Origins Of The Taenia Tapeworms In Humans, Eric P. Hoberg, Nancy L. Alkire, Alan De Queiroz, Arlene Jones
Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty and Staff Publications
Phylogenetic and divergence date analyses indicate that the occurrence of Taenia tapeworms in humans pre-dates the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and domestication of cattle (Bos spp.) or swine (Sus scrofa) Taeniid tapeworms in Africa twice independently colonized hominids and the genus Homo prior to the origin of modern humans. Dietary and behavioural shifts, from herbivory to scavenging and carnivory, as early Homo entered the carnivore guild in the Pliocene/Pleistocene, were drivers for host switching by tapeworms to hominids from carnivores including hyaenids and felids. Parasitological data provide a unique means of elucidating the historical ecology, foraging behavior …
Access To Another Mind: Naturalistic Theories Require Naturalistic Data, Mark A. Krause, Gordon Burghardt
Access To Another Mind: Naturalistic Theories Require Naturalistic Data, Mark A. Krause, Gordon Burghardt
Gordon Burghardt
If there is to be a natural theory of consciousness that would satisfy both philosophers and scientists, it must be based on naturalistic data and minimal clutter accumulated from semantic arguments. Carruthers offers a 'natural' theory of consciousness that is rather myopic. To explore the evolutionary basis of consciousness, a natural theory should include comparative psychological and neurological data that encompass nonlinguistic measures. Such an approach could provide a clearer picture of the adaptive function, mechanisms, and origins of consciousness.
The Tadpole Of Pseudis Minuta (Anura: Pseudidae), An Apparent Case Of Heterochrony, Rafael O. De Sá, Esteban O. Lavilla
The Tadpole Of Pseudis Minuta (Anura: Pseudidae), An Apparent Case Of Heterochrony, Rafael O. De Sá, Esteban O. Lavilla
Biology Faculty Publications
The external morphology, oral disc, and coloration pattern of the larva of Pseudis minuta are described. Tadpoles are mostly bottom dwellers that have a small, terminal oral disc with a labial tooth row formula 1(1-1)/(1-1)2. Internal oral anatomy is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, representing the only description available for the family Pseudidae. The coloration pattern of P. minuta tadpoles is compared with that of other pseudids. Pseudis minuta larvae do not exhibit the ontogenetic coloration change reported for P. paradoxa. Considering larval coloration, larval size, and reports of adult size, acceleration or hypermorphosis are suggested as possible heterochronic mechanisms …
Population Thinking And Tree Thinking In Systematics, Robert O’Hara
Population Thinking And Tree Thinking In Systematics, Robert O’Hara
Robert J. O’Hara
Two new modes of thinking have spread through systematics in the twentieth century. Both have deep historical roots, but they have been widely accepted only during this century. Population thinking overtook the field in the early part of the century, culminating in the full development of population systematics in the 1930s and 1940s, and the subsequent growth of the entire field of population biology. Population thinking rejects the idea that each species has a natural type (as the earlier essentialist view had assumed), and instead sees every species as a varying population of interbreeding individuals. Tree thinking has spread through …
Biology: What One Needs To Know, Ursula Goodenough
Biology: What One Needs To Know, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations
Biology on this planet represents an astonishing experiment in carbon-based chemistry which, over billions of years, has generated billions of species adapted to countless major and minor fluctuations in ecological circumstances. In one sense there is no way to generalize about biology. While biological activities can all be ultimately explained by physical laws (like everything else in the universe), it is the emergent intensely particular properties of organisms that most interest us. This essay represents an attempt to describe some of the more prominent patterns that emerge from the sea of biological particularities, patterns that present many opportunities for religious …
Trees Of History In Systematics And Philology, Robert O’Hara
Trees Of History In Systematics And Philology, Robert O’Hara
Robert J. O’Hara
«The Natural System» is the name given to the underlying arrangement present in the diversity of life. Unlike a classification, which is made up of classes and members, a system or arrangement is an integrated whole made up of connected parts. In the pre-evolutionary period a variety of forms were proposed for the Natural System, including maps, circles, stars, and abstract multidimensional objects. The trees sketched by Darwin in the 1830s should probably be considered the first genuine evolutionary diagrams of the Natural System—the first genuine evolutionary trees. Darwin refined his image of the Natural System in the well-known evolutionary …
Taxonomic Differences Between Birds And Mammals In Their Responses To Chemical Irritants, Russell Mason, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah
Taxonomic Differences Between Birds And Mammals In Their Responses To Chemical Irritants, Russell Mason, Larry Clark, Pankaj Shah
Larry Clark
Ninety-five products are registered with the u.s. Environmental Pro tection Agency as bird damage control chemicals, but 38 (40%) are non lethal chemical repellents (Eschen and Schafer, 1986). Of these products, the active ingredients in 27 (71%) are methiocarb (a physiologic repellent that acts through food avoidance learning) or polybutene (a tactile repel lent). In general, chemical repellents are effective either because of aversive sensory effects (irritation), or because of post-ingestional ma laise (sickness). If the former, then chemicals are usually stimulants of trigeminal pain receptors (i.e., undifferentiated free nerve endings) in the nose, mouth, and eyes (Mason and Otis, …
"Introduction" (To Alfred Russel Wallace; An Anthology Of His Shorter Writings), Charles H. Smith
"Introduction" (To Alfred Russel Wallace; An Anthology Of His Shorter Writings), Charles H. Smith
DLPS Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
A Model For Evaluating Time Constraints On Short-Term Reproductive Success In Altricial Birds1, Larry Clark
A Model For Evaluating Time Constraints On Short-Term Reproductive Success In Altricial Birds1, Larry Clark
Larry Clark
We develop a simple single dimension model incorporating the time and energy commitments of breeding altricial birds in an effort to understand the evolutionary constraints on parental care. We chose time as the dimension of preference, because it is a naturally bounded constraint, e.g., length of day or breeding season. The utility of the model was evaluated by comparing simulations of time allocation of various breeding scenarios for the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to field data. The structure of the model may prove useful in determining the evolutionary constraints on parental care imposed by the developmental pattern of chicks.
Book Review Of Evolution As Religion, Carl J. Bajema
Book Review Of Evolution As Religion, Carl J. Bajema
Other Scholarly Publications
No abstract provided.
Origins Debate: Part Iii - A Suggested Answer, Russell W. Maatman
Origins Debate: Part Iii - A Suggested Answer, Russell W. Maatman
Pro Rege
For part 1 see Pro Rege vol. 14, March 1986, pp. 2-9. For part 2 see Pro Rege vol. 14, June 1986, pp. 9-19.
Origins Debate: Part Ii - Removing Peripheral Questions, Russell W. Maatman
Origins Debate: Part Ii - Removing Peripheral Questions, Russell W. Maatman
Pro Rege
For part 1 see Pro Rege vol. 14, March 1986, pp. 2-9. For part 3 see Pro Rege vol. 15, September 1986, pp. 22-30.
Origins Debate: Part I - Background, Russell W. Maatman
Origins Debate: Part I - Background, Russell W. Maatman
Pro Rege
For part 2 see Pro Rege vol. 14, June 1986, pp. 9-19. For part 3 see Pro Rege vol. 15, September 1986, pp. 22-30.
Book Review Of "The Little Universe Of Man" By C. D. Darlington, Carl J. Bajema
Book Review Of "The Little Universe Of Man" By C. D. Darlington, Carl J. Bajema
Other Scholarly Publications
No abstract provided.
Plant Dioecy, Ecology, Evolution And Sex Reversal, D. Carl Freeman
Plant Dioecy, Ecology, Evolution And Sex Reversal, D. Carl Freeman
Theses and Dissertations
The distribution of dioecious species among forty-four plant communities of western United States was examined. The dioecious habit is most prevalent in harsh environments. In many communities, over 20 percent of the species and 40 percent of the individuals are dioecious. Dioecy is most common among woody species which are pollinated by wind. It is concluded that inbreeding depression alone is insufficient to account for all known facts concerning dioecy. Disruptive selection acting upon differential success of gametes produced on sites of differing quality appears to have played a major role in producing separate sexed individuals. Dioecious species reported to …
Some Interactions In The Evolution Of Man And Tools, Gary W. Weston
Some Interactions In The Evolution Of Man And Tools, Gary W. Weston
All Master's Theses
This paper looks at some of the interactions between the development of tools and the evolution of man and his ancestors. It begins with a brief history of life up to the primates as a foundation. Next the use of tools by other animals is examined followed by the coverage of the period of time from Australopithecus to Modern Man showing the interweaving of physical and mental evolution of man and the development and refinement in his physical tools. Lastly, a look at possible future interactions in the physical and mental evolutionary developments in man as influenced by his tools …
5. Social Darwinism Reconsidered, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
5. Social Darwinism Reconsidered, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
Section XV: Biology and the Rise of the Social Sciences
Although the contemporary reaction to the implications of evolution was generally one of long-term optimism, an antithetical reaction did exist. Seen in stark terms, evolutionary theories were depressing to those who, on religious or humanitarian grounds, found the reduction of life to an irrational and brutal struggle for existence disturbing and provocative. There was, however, an important body of thought which accepted Darwin's findings without embracing the social or ethical implications of Social Darwinism. Many who studied Darwin came to the conclusion that it was possible to concede that man is an animal, but an animal capable of moral and …
2. The Impact Of Darwinism On Religion, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
2. The Impact Of Darwinism On Religion, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
Section XV: Biology and the Rise of the Social Sciences
The tremendous impact of evolution upon Western religious thought resulted in large part from the sweeping implications of the theory itself, which challenged the basic tenets of traditional dogma. It is difficult to understand the nature and intensity of the controversy that developed, however, if it is not understood that the challenge was given additional weight by the ascendency of science in the nineteenth century. In considering the influence of Darwin's findings on religion, as on other areas of thought, it should be kept in mind that the theory of evolution was presented to a world that was observing a …
3. Darwinism And The Rise Of Social Science, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
3. Darwinism And The Rise Of Social Science, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
Section XV: Biology and the Rise of the Social Sciences
The two areas of the social sciences which were more stimulated by Darwin's research were anthropology and sociology. The Frenchman, Auguste Comte (1798-1857), generally regarded as the father of sociology and the originator of that term, laid the groundwork for the immediate application of the law of evolution to the study of society. Comte's conception of sociology is derived from his philosophy of history. Sharing the Enlightenment belief in progress, Comte saw history evolving through three stages. The first was the theological stage, in which men supplied supernatural explanations for the natural and social phenomena. This was followed bu what …
4. Social Darwinism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
4. Social Darwinism, Robert L. Bloom, Basil L. Crapster, Harold L. Dunkelberger, Charles H. Glatfelter, Richard T. Mara, Norman E. Richardson, W. Richard Schubart
Section XV: Biology and the Rise of the Social Sciences
The singular impact of Darwin in fields other than biology can be attributed largely to one man, Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903). It was Spencer, not Darwin, who coined the expression "survival of the fittest." Although neglected today except by historians of the nineteenth century thought, Spencer's influence on his own time was so great that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes was able to wonder if "any writer of English except Darwin has done so much to affect our whole way of thinking about the universe." Herbert Spencer was born into a traditionally nonconformist English family of modest means. He refused a …
Recent Opinions Of Biologists On Evolution: 2nd Edition, Evolution Protest Movement
Recent Opinions Of Biologists On Evolution: 2nd Edition, Evolution Protest Movement
Stone-Campbell Books
No abstract provided.
Rationalists In Retreat, W. E. Filmer
Embryology And Evolution, Malo Marius Amunson
Embryology And Evolution, Malo Marius Amunson
Manuscript Thesis Collection
The proofs of evolution must be sought in the entire field of science. Direct proof is found in the study of Morphology, whose bases are comparative anatomy; embryology; in the study of paleontology, of geology, of geographical distribution, in the study of nature and experiments of today. In this vast field of direct proofs of evolution it is our purpose to present some of the evidences of evolution as furnished by one of these, namely, Comparative Embryology.
The Voice Of The Phi Sigma -- 1889 -- Vol. 11, No. 05, Phi Sigma
The Voice Of The Phi Sigma -- 1889 -- Vol. 11, No. 05, Phi Sigma
The Voice of the Phi Sigma
This item is part of the Phi Sigma collection at the College Archives & Special Collections department of Columbia College Chicago. Contact archives@colum.edu for more information and to view the collection.