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Articles 1 - 30 of 52
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Teaching Ethnobotany In China, Gordon C. Tucker
Teaching Ethnobotany In China, Gordon C. Tucker
Gordon C. Tucker
China has a rich and well documented tradition and diverse usage of plants. China provides examples of the incorporation of plant derived drugs in medicine. The diverse usage of plants is also reflected in the many kinds of Chinese food that are consumed by people of various nations around the world. China is one of the "cradles" of agriculture, the birth place of the cultivation of many important crops, including rice, millet, soybeans, and water chestnuts, and is the only undisrupted major ancient civilization in the world. Some plants find use in almost every aspect of Chinese life, such as …
Teaching Ethnobotany In China, Gordon C. Tucker
Teaching Ethnobotany In China, Gordon C. Tucker
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
China has a rich and well documented tradition and diverse usage of plants. China provides examples of the incorporation of plant derived drugs in medicine. The diverse usage of plants is also reflected in the many kinds of Chinese food that are consumed by people of various nations around the world. China is one of the "cradles" of agriculture, the birth place of the cultivation of many important crops, including rice, millet, soybeans, and water chestnuts, and is the only undisrupted major ancient civilization in the world. Some plants find use in almost every aspect of Chinese life, such as …
Cryopreservation Of Spin-Dried Mammalian Cells, Nilay Chakraborty, Michael A. Menze, Jason Malsam, Alptekin Aksan, Steven C. Hand, Mehmet Toner
Cryopreservation Of Spin-Dried Mammalian Cells, Nilay Chakraborty, Michael A. Menze, Jason Malsam, Alptekin Aksan, Steven C. Hand, Mehmet Toner
Faculty Research & Creative Activity
This study reports an alternative approach to achieve vitrification where cells are pre-desiccated prior to cooling to cryogenic temperatures for storage. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells suspended in a trehalose solution were rapidly and uniformly desiccated to a low moisture content (<0.12 g of water per g of dry weight) using a spin-drying technique. Trehalose was also introduced into the cells using a high-capacity trehalose transporter (TRET1). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the uniformity of water concentration distribution in the spin-dried samples. 62% of the cells were shown to survive spin-drying in the presence of trehalose following immediate rehydration. The spin-dried samples were stored in liquid nitrogen (LN2) at a vitrified state. It was shown that following re-warming to room temperature and re-hydration with a fully complemented cell culture medium, 51% of the spin-dried and vitrified cells survived and demonstrated normal growth characteristics. Spin-drying is a novel strategy that can be used to improve cryopreservation outcome by promoting rapid vitrification.
Terrestrial Macrofungi Of Illinois Old-Growth Prairie Groves, Scott J. Meiners, Andrew Methven, Vincent P. Hustad
Terrestrial Macrofungi Of Illinois Old-Growth Prairie Groves, Scott J. Meiners, Andrew Methven, Vincent P. Hustad
Scott J. Meiners
ABSTRACT.—Macrofungi from two old-growth prairie grove remnants in the Midwestern United States (Brownfield and Trelease Woods. Champaign Co., IL ) were surveyed over two summer and fall fruiting periods. Communities of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Myxomycètes were sampled and compared using multivariate statistical analyses. Standard estimations of species richness were calculated for comparison with other studies of fungal diversity. Environmental factors (rainfall, humidity, air temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm depth) as well as leaf litter composition, and woody plant communities were surveyed to assess their impact on fungal communities. Fungal community structure was found to differ significandy both between …
Chemical Characterization And In Vitro Fermentation Of Brassica Straw Treated With The Aerobic Fungus, Trametes Versicolor, J. E. Ramirez-Bribiesca, Y. Wang, L. Jin, Thomas Canam, J. R. Town, A. Tsang, T. J. Dumonceaux, T. A. Mcallister
Chemical Characterization And In Vitro Fermentation Of Brassica Straw Treated With The Aerobic Fungus, Trametes Versicolor, J. E. Ramirez-Bribiesca, Y. Wang, L. Jin, Thomas Canam, J. R. Town, A. Tsang, T. J. Dumonceaux, T. A. Mcallister
Thomas Canam
Brassica napus straw (BNS) was either not treated or was treated with two strains of Trametes versicolor; 52J (wild type) or m4D (a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient mutant) with four treatments. Glucose was provided to encourage growth of the mutant strain. All treatments with T. versicolor decreased (P<0.05) neutral-detergent fibre and increased (P<0.05) protein and the concentration of lignin degradation products in straw. Ergosterol was highest (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J, suggesting it generated the most fungal biomass. Insoluble lignin was reduced (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J and B-m4D, but not with B-m4Dg. Mannose and xylose concentration were generally higher (P<0.05) in straw treated with fungi, whereas glucose and galactose were lower as compared with C-BNS. The four treatments above were subsequently assessed in rumen in vitro fermentations, along with BNS treated with 5 N NaOH. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids after 24 and 48h were lower (P<0.05) in incubations that contained BNS treated with T. versicolor as compared with C-BNSor NaOH-treated BNS. Compared with C-BNS, in vitrodry matter disappearance and gas production were increased (P<0.05) by NaOH, but not by treatment with either strain of T. versicolor. Although treatment with T. versicolor did release more lignin degradation products, it did not appear to provide more degradable carbohydrate to in vitro rumen microbial populations, even when a mutant strain with compromised carbohydrate metabolism was utilized. Production of secondary compounds by the aerobic fungi may inhibit rumen microbial fermentation.
Succession, Scott J. Meiners, Steward Pickett
Succession, Scott J. Meiners, Steward Pickett
Scott J. Meiners
Succession in a strict sense refers to the recovery and revegetation of an area following a disturbance such as the cessation of agriculture, the retreat of a glacier, or an intense forest fi re. Succession is a special case of vegetation dynamics, although many early ecologists referred to all vegetation change as succession. Succession includes a series of compositional and structural changes, often in a directional manner. The common occurrence of natural disturbances coupled with the extent of human activity on the planet makes succession one of the most ubiquitous ecological processes. Because invasion is a crucial feature of succession, …
Quantitative Analysis Of Lignocellulosic Components Of Non-Treated And Steam Exploded Barley, Canola, Oat And Wheat Straw Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, P. K. Adapa, L. G. Schonenau, Thomas Canam, T. Dumonceaux
Quantitative Analysis Of Lignocellulosic Components Of Non-Treated And Steam Exploded Barley, Canola, Oat And Wheat Straw Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, P. K. Adapa, L. G. Schonenau, Thomas Canam, T. Dumonceaux
Thomas Canam
Rapid and cost effective quantification of lignocellulosic components (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) of agricultural biomass (barley, canola, oat and wheat) is essential to determine the effect of various pre-treatments (such as steam explosion) on biomass used as feedstock for the biofuel industry. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was considered as an option to achieve this objective. Regression equations having R2 values of 0.89, 0.99 and 0.98 were developed to predict the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin compounds of biomass, respectively. The average absolute difference in predicted and measured cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in agricultural biomass was 7.5%, 2.5%, and 3.8%, respectively.
Domain And Propositions Of Succession Theory, Steward Pickett, Scott J. Meiners, Mary L. Cadenasso
Domain And Propositions Of Succession Theory, Steward Pickett, Scott J. Meiners, Mary L. Cadenasso
Scott J. Meiners
Succession is perhaps the oldest of ecological concepts, having arisen when ecology was emerging as a self-conscious discipline (Mcintosh 1985). Yet it continues to address many fundamental issues in ecology, to support important applications, and to synthesize the insights and perspectives of other theories. Thus, it fulfills two functions key in assessing the utility of a contemporary ecological theory. First, it exhibits the attributes of a mature, welldeveloped, and intensively tested theory (Glenn-Lewin et al. 1992; Pickett and Cadenasso 2005). Second, it provides a linkage among theories and applications that have usually been considered separately (Walker et al. 2007). For …
Aceraceae - Acer Griseum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Aceraceae - Acer Griseum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Family
Acer griseum was first brought to North America in 1907 by Ernest Henry Wilson in the form of two seedlings that were collected from Hubei Province in China. These two original plants remain at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, and were the source of the first North American horticultural distribution of the plant in 1927 (Del Tredici 2007). It is a handsome plant with very showy bark and is becoming more popular and easier to obtain than it has been in the past.
Magnolia Virginiana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Magnolia Virginiana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Magnolia virginiana has a native range from Florida, north to Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, and south to Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas in swamps (Callaway 1994).
Magnolia Macrophylla, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Magnolia Macrophylla, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
While never becoming a dominant tree, the bigleaf magnolia has a wide natural range in forests as far south as Georgia, west to Louisiana and Arkansas, north up to Ohio and Kentucky with it being most common in south central Mississippi. It prefers shady and moist areas along gorges (Callaway 1994).
Parrotia Persica, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Parrotia Persica, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Persian ironwood has a native range in moist forests of lowlands and low mountains in northern Iran (Binka 2003).
Musa Basjoo, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Musa Basjoo, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
While often listed to be native to Japan, Musa basjoo, was actually introduced into Japan from China where the only wild populations remain in the Sichuan Province. The original Japanese account was of a cultivated specimen (Liu 2002).
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Dawn redwood has a limited native range consisting of a number of populations in the mixed forests of the western Hubei, eastern Sichuan, and southern Hunan Provinces of China. There are also single trees that exist outside its range that are evidence of a wider range that is suspected to have existed before settlement of these areas and subsequent harvesting of the trees for anthropogenic use (Williams 2005).
Carpinus Caroliniana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Carpinus Caroliniana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Carpinus caroliniana has a native range from Texas, north to Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, throughout the rest of the eastern United States, including Ontario and Quebec, occurring in understories along waterways (USDA 2011, Dirr 1998).
Magnolia Tripetala, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Magnolia Tripetala, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
In the wild, the umbrella magnolia is found in forests from Pennsylvania south to Georgia and west to Arkansas and Mississippi. It prefers moist soil along mountain streams and edges of swamps (Callaway 1994). As broad as its range, it is never common.
Koelreuteria Paniculata, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Koelreuteria Paniculata, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Koelreuteria paniculata is native to temperate regions in China, Korea and Japan and is typically found in dry valleys (Dosmann 2006).
Cedrus Libani, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Cedrus Libani, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Cedar of Lebanon had an extensive ancient range through Lebanon, Syria, and Southern Turkey. It now is greatly reduced and fragmented through economic exploitation for 5000 years, agricultural clearing, and war. Populations are found in the Taurus Mountains and Black Sea region of Turkey, the eastern side of Jabal an-Nusayriya in Syria, and the western mountain range in Lebanon (Khuri 2000).
Franklinia Alatamaha, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Franklinia Alatamaha, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Noted botanists John and William Bartram were the first to come across Franklinia on October 1, 1765 along the Altamaha (formerly Alatamaha) River near Fort Barrington, Georgia (Fry 2000, Tredici 2005). It was last observed growing in nature in 1803, and has long been extinct in the wild.
Davidia Involucrata, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Davidia Involucrata, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
The dove tree has a native distribution in the West Szechuan and West Hupeh regions of China (Dirr 1998).
Diospyros Virginiana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Diospyros Virginiana, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Diospyros virginiana has a native range from Nebraska, east through the Midwest to the East Coast into New York and Maryland, throughout the Southeast and down to Texas, including Utah and California (USDA 2011).
Ginkgo Biloba, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Ginkgo Biloba, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Natural stands of Ginkgo biloba are all but eliminated from the wild with the exception of those occurring in mountains along the Yangtze River in China (Royer 2003).
Aceraceae - Acer Triflorum Komar, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Aceraceae - Acer Triflorum Komar, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Family
The three flowered maple is an attractive plant particularly for its exfoliating bark and vibrant fall foliage offering shades of orange, red, yellow, and purple that doesn’t get the horticultural attention that may be deserving of its ornamental character (Hill 2010).
Acer Triflorum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Acer Triflorum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Acer triflorum has a native range in forests of Manchuria and south-central Korea (Dirr 1998, Jones 1999).
Acer Griseum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Acer Griseum, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Acer griseum was first brought to North America in 1907 by Ernest Henry Wilson in the form of two seedlings that were collected from Hubei Province in China. These two original plants remain at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, and were the source of the first North American horticultural distribution of the plant in 1927 (Del Tredici 2007). It is a handsome plant with very showy bark and is becoming more popular and easier to obtain than it has been in the past.
Elliottia Racemosa, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Elliottia Racemosa, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Georgia plume has a limited range occurring on sandy soils in seventy discrete stands in Georgia along the Altamaha- Ogeechee- Savannah river system and one location in South Carolina (Tucker 2009).
Fagus Grandifolia, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Fagus Grandifolia, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
American beech has a broad native range across eastern North America from northern Florida, north to Maine and Nova Scotia, west to Michigan and eastern Wisconsin, south along the southeastern border of Illinois and Missouri and into southern Arkansas, southeastern Texas, and Louisiana across the Gulf of Mexico states all forming a perimeter wherein it is distributed (Burns 1990).
Nyssa Sylvatica, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Nyssa Sylvatica, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Nyssa sylvatica has a native range from Texas, north into Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, and east throughout the rest of the United States, including Ontario in Canada (USDA 2011).
Quercus Alba, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Quercus Alba, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Quercus alba has a natural range from Texas, north through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, and Ontario, east throughout the rest of the United States, including Ontario and Quebec in Canada (USDA 2011).
Tetradium Daniellii, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Tetradium Daniellii, Janice Coons, Nancy Coutant, Wesley Whiteside
Plants by Genus Species
Tetradium daniellii has a natural range in forests and open slopes of Korea and northern China (Dirr 1998, Zhang 2011).