Other Animal Sciences Commons^™

Can Kangaroos Survive In The Wheatbelt?, Graham Arnold

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

One of the costs of agricultural development in Western Australia over the past 100 years has been the loss of most of the native vegetation and, consequently, massive reductions in the numbers of most of our native fauna. Thirteen mammal species are extinct and many bird and mammal species are extinct in some areas. These losses will increase as remnant native vegetation degrades under the impact of nutrients washed and blown from farmland, from the invasion by weeds and from grazing sheep.

Even kangaroos are affected. Unless the community manages remnant vegetation to minimise degradation and enhance the regeneration of …

The Western Australian Pig Health Monitoring Scheme, Ashley Mercy

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Over 30,000 slaughter pigs from 245 Western Australian piggeries have been examined for the presence of 16 diseases since the Western Australian Pig Health Monitoring Scheme (PHMS) started in January 1987. The scheme was developed by the author in conjunction with Dr Chris Brennan, a pig veterinary consultant. Monitoring of slaughter pigs is an important part of providing an effective veterinary service to commercial piggeries. It can be used in accreditation schemes and to help in certifying herds free of particular disease

Postfinishing Mineralization Of Skeletal Tissue In Replacement Gilts (1990), R I. Nicholson, G E. Fitzner, Robert H. Hines, Robert D. Goodband, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Thirty-two crossbred gilts averaging 250 /b were selected for the experiment at the conclusion of the finishing phase. Eight of the gilts were slaughtered on d 0 to serve as a pretreatment control group. The remaining 24 gilts were assigned to three dietary treatments to provide daily 100% (14 g/d Ca and 11.3 g/d P), 150% (22.5 g/d Ca and 16.6 g/d P), and 200% (29.9 g/d Ca and 22.0 g/d P) of the Ca/P level consumed per d during the finishing phase. These gilts were slaughtered 35 d later at 291 lb. Gilts receiving 29.9 g/d Ca and 22.0 …

Comparison Of Two Atrophic Rhinitis Vaccines For Young Pigs (1990), D A. Schoneweis, Robert H. Hines

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two farrowing groups (340 pigs) were used to evaluate two atrophic rhinitis vaccines (Atrobac III and Tocivac for the young pig. Both vaccines were effective, because no clinical evidence of atrophic rhinitis was observed for either treatment during the experiment. Although the swine herd had been observed in previous farrowing do have various degrees of conjunctivitis, none was observed in the pigs vaccinated with either vaccine. Weight gains of pigs at 14 d and 35 d postweaning were the same for each treatment.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1990

Effect Of Acidification On Starter Pig Performance And Nutrient Digestibility (1990), T L. Weeden, J A. Hansen, K L. Richardson, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred ninety-six pigs (21 d of age and 12.3 lb initial wt) were used to evaluate the effect of adding an organic acid blend (OAB) to starter diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. The four dietary treatments consisted of a control diet and the GAB replacing corn at 3, 4.5, and 6 lb/ton in both phases 1 and 2. In phase 1 (0 to 14 d) diets, contained 20% dried skim milk, 20% dried whey, and 5% soybean oil. Phase 2 diets (15 to 35 d) contained 10% dried whey and 5% soybean oil. There was no response …

Effect Of L-Carnitine On Starter Pig Performance And Fat Utilization (1990), T L. Weeden, J A. Hansen, G E. Fitzner, D F. Li, S A. Blum, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Three hundred early-weaned pigs with average initial weights of 12.3 and 13.2 lb, respectively, were utilized in two 5-wk experiments to determine the effect of L-carnitine on growth Performance. Diets contained 20% dried skim and 20% dried whey in phase 1 ( 0 to 14 d) for both experiments and 20 and 10% dried whey, respectively for experiments 1 and 2 in phase 2 (15 to 35 d). In experiment 1, L-carnitine at levels of 0, 500, and 1000 ppm was combined with 0 or 10% soybean oil in phase 1, levels were reduced by 50% in phase 2 to …

Utilization Of Surimi-Like Products From Pork With Sex-Odor In Restructured, Precooked Pork Roasts (1990), C M. Garcia Zepeda, Curtis L. Kastner, Melvin C. Hunt, P B. Kenney, J R. Schwenke, D S. Schleusener, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Surimi-like materials from boar and sow muscle and Alaska pollack surimi were evaluated at a 5% inclusion level in a restructured, precooked (158°F) pork roast. Meat batches were formulated to contain 95% chunked ham muscles and either 5 or 0% surimi-like or surimi binder, either 0.2 or 1.0% NaCl, and 0.5% phosphate. The surimi washing process did not remove or decrease boar taint intensity of the binder or enhance instrumental and sensory textural characteristics of the finished product. Products without binder were comparable or superior in textural and microbial characteristics to those with binders. Increasing salt content had detrimental effects …

Effects Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging And Carcass Chill Rate On Pork Loins (1990), O Sorheim, Melvin C. Hunt, M Menninen, K E. Warren, Donald H. Kropf

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Use of 10% oxygen in a modified gas atmosphere package resulted in more off-odor, higher microbial counts, and a less desirably colored loin and loin chops. Furthermore, it reduced chop display life and is not recommended.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1990

The Costs And Returns Associated With Corn-, Milo-, And Wheat-Based Swine Diets (1990), Michael R. Langemeier

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feed costs per hundred weight for farrow-to-finish operations in Kansas were generally lower for a milo-based diet than for corn-based or wheat-based diets. Use of corn and wheat in the diet was economical for short periods of time only. Feed costs were found to be consistently higher and returns per head consistently lower when com and wheat were fed over the entire farrowing to market period.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1990

Litter Size For Gilts Fed Higher Levels Of Folic Acid And Riboflavin During Gestation (1990), C Zhang, D Li, Jim L. Nelssen, Duane L. Davis

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

We fed gilts diets containing either additional folic acid throughout gestation (1.5 g/ton, 4.5 lb/gilt daily), additional riboflavin (100 mg/gilt daily) from d 4 to 10 of gestation, both folic acid and riboflavin, or neither supplement All diets provided all KSU recommended allowances for all other nutrients. Neither farrowing rate nor litter size was affected by the treatments.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 1990

Price Discovery And Basis Risk For Live Hogs (1990), Ted C. Schroeder, B K. Goodwin

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The short- and long-run daily price relationships between cash and futures markets for live hogs were examined over the 1975-89 period. Price discovery generally originates in the futures market with about 65% of new information being passed from the futures to the cash market. However, at times, especially during large price moves that are not necessarily anticipated in the futures market, the cash market price relies less on the futures market. The very short-term basis for hogs is fairly stable, with approximately 85% of yesterday's nearby-basis persisting today. Generally, little can be gained by speculating on basis from day to …

The Effects Of Dietary Threonine And Porcine Somatotropin Dosage On Nitrogen Balance In Finishing Swine (1990), J A. Swanson, B R. Schricker, D F. Li, J A. Hansen, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Fifteen crossbred barrows were utilized to determine the effects of porcine somatotropin (pST) administration in combination with increasing dietary threonine levels on nitrogen retention and growth performance. Barrows averaging 147.3 lb were allotted in a split-plot arrangement with pST dosage (0, 4, or 8 mg/d) as the whole plot, and dietary threonine level (.45, .55, .65, .75, and .85%) as the subplot. These threonine values ranged from 112 to 212% of the dietary threonine estimate for finishing pigs (NRC 1988). All pigs within each pST dosage treatment received each diet for an 8-d period in a Latin square design. Diets …

Effects Of Daily Administration Of Porcine Somatotropin On Performance Of Growing Pigs (55 To 130 Lb) (1990), G E. Fitzner, T L. Weeden, B J. Healy, B R. Schricker, Robert H. Hines, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband, Donald H. Kropf, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixty crossbred barrows initially weighing 55.7 lb were used to evaluate six experimental treatments during a 5-wk growth trial. Pigs received one of three levels of dietary lysine (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0%) and were injected daily with either 3 mg porcine somatotropin (pST) or placebo. During the first 2 wk of the trial, there was no effect from either pST injection or increasing level of dietary lysine on average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). Also, there was no effect of pST injections on feed conversion (F/G), but those pigs fed diets containing higher levels of lysine …

Effect Of Extrusion On The Nutritional Value Of Soybeans And Sorghum Grain In Finishing Pigs (1990), G E. Fitzner, T L. Weeden, Terry L. Gugle, Robert H. Hines, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 112 finishing pigs (avg initial wt of 139 lb) was used to determine the effects of adding extruded soybeans and/or sorghum grain to diets for finishing pigs. Treatments were: 1) sorghum-soybean meal control (sorghum-SBM), 2) extruded soybeans and ground sorghum, 3) SBM and extruded sorghum, and 4) extruded soybeans and sorghum. All diets were isocaloric and isolysinic. Using extruded soybeans and/or sorghum improved efficiency of gain compared to the sorghum-SBM control. This response was apparently related to the improved digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen with the use of extruded ingredients. Optimum digestibility of dry matter and …

Low Test-Weight Sorghum For Growing-Finishing Swine (1990), J A. Hansen, R C. Thaler, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert H. Hines, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two growth studies were conducted to determine the effects of substituting lower test-weight sorghum (35 lb/bu as LOW or 45 lb/bu as MED) for normal test-weight sorghum (55 lb/bu NORM), in growing and finishing swine diets. One-hundred twelve pigs (50 lb initial wt) were fed for 28 d in the grower study and 80 pigs (120 lb initial wt) were fed for 51 d in the finisher study. Diets were formulated to contain .80 and .65% lysine for the grower and finisher trials, respectively, using NORM and soybean meal; LOW and MED were substituted on a wt/wt basis for NORM. …

Interrelationship Between Hypersensitivity To Soybean Proteins And Growth Performance In Early-Weaned Pigs (1990), D F. Li, P G. Reddy, Frank Blecha, R Klemm, Jim L. Nelssen, Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred twenty-five pigs were orally infused with 6 g/d of either dried skim milk, soybean meal (48% CP), soy protein concentrate, extruded soy protein concentrate, or experimental soy protein concentrate from 7 to 11 d of age and then fed a diet containing the corresponding protein sources from weaning (d 21) to 35 d of age. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine, and 3% soybean oil for the remaining 21 d of the experiment. Skin-fold thickness following intradermal injection of protein extracts, xylose absorption, and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were …

Effect Of Replacing Dried Skim Milk With Soy Products On Function And Morphology Of The Small Intestine In Nursery Pigs (1990), D B. Jones, P G. Reddy, R D. Klemm, Frank Blecha, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Sixty-six pigs (averaging 21 d of age and 11.8 lb) were used in a 7-d experiment to evaluate the effects of specially processed soy products on function and morphology of the small intestine. Treatments were: 1) corn-milk products control; 2, 3, 4, and 5) simple corn-based diets with either soybean meal, soy isolate2, soy concentrate3, or modified soy flour4 as the major protein source; 6) a high nutrient density diet (HNDD) containing 20% dried skim milk and 20% dried whey; 7, 8, and 9) the HNDD with soy isolate, soy concentrate, or modified soy flour plus lactose replacing 100% of …

Effect Of Replacing Dried Skim Milk With Specially Processed Soy Products On Digestibility Of Nutrients And Growth Performance Of Nursery Pigs (1990), D B. Jones, P G. Reddy, R D. Klemm, Frank Blecha, Joe D. Hancock

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred twenty-eight pigs (21 d of age and 11.7 lb) were used to determine the effects of feeding specially processed soy products and lactose versus dried skim milk on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. For d 0-14, pigs received pelleted diets that were: 1) corn-soybean meal-whey control; 2) a high nutrient density diet (HNDD) containing 20% dried skim milk and 20% dried whey; 3 and 4) the HNDD with soy protein isolate replacing 50% and 100% of the protein supplied by dried skim milk; 5 and 6) the HNDD with soy protein concentrate replacing 50% and 100% of the …

Effect Of Substituting Spray-Dried Plasma Protein For Milk Products In Starter Pig Diets (1990), J A. Hansen, K G. Friesen, T L. Weeden, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Two growth trials utilizing 444 weaned pigs were conducted to determine the efficacy of substituting spray-dried porcine plasma protein (PP) for dried skim milk (DSM) and/or dried whey (DW) in starter pig diets. Trial 1 was a field study in which 240 pigs were fed either a control diet containing 20% DSM and 20% DW during phase I (0 to 14 d postweaning) and 15% DW and 5% select menhaden fishmeal in phase II (14 to 28 d postweaning) of the 28 d trial. Plasma protein was substituted on a lysine basis for DSM in the phase I diet and …

The Effects Of Additional Niacin During Gestation And Lactation On Sow And Litter Performance (1990), T L. Weeden, D F. Li, Robert D. Goodband, Jim L. Nelssen

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

One hundred and twenty-one first-litter sows were utilized to evaluate the effects of additional niacin on sow and litter performance through two parities. The control diet provided sows with 50 mg/d niacin during gestation and 100 mg/d niacin during lactation. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide sows with either 5 or 10 times the level of supplemental niacin in the control diet. Litter size was equalized within dietary treatment by 24 hr after farrowing. During the first parity, total pigs born, number of pigs born alive, and pigs equalized per litter decreased then increased as dietary niacin level increased. However, …

Improving On-Farm Mixing Efficiency (1990), Robert D. Goodband

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Particle size reduction has a great impact on efficiency of feed utilization. Decreasing particle size improves digestibility of nutrients by increasing surface area and allowing for greater interaction with digestive enzymes. In addition, particle size reduction can influence how uniformly feed is mixed and potential for segregation of ingredients. Mixing equipment and times also need to be evaluated to ensure feed uniformity. Very often suggested mixing times underestimate the amount of time necessary to thoroughly mix feed. Items such as worn paddles or ribbons, ribbon or paddle speed, and overfilling mixers increase the time necessary for adequate feed mixing and …

Dose Response To Supplemental Fat By Finishing Steers, S.M. Gramlich, Robert T. Brandt Jr., Ronald V. Pope

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A trial with 100 head of crossbred steers (avg wt 879 lb) was conducted to determine the effects of tallow (none, 2, 4, 6, 8% of ration dry matter) on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle fed a corn-based diet. Protein levels were maintained at a constant ratio to the calculated metabolizable energy concentration of the diets. Initially, feed intake decreased as tallow increased; however, similar intakes were obtained after 11 days. Dry matter intakes throughout the finishing period were reduced 5.2, 6.9 and 7.7%, respectively, for the 4, 6 and 8% tallow diets. Average daily gain was …

Effect Of Fats And Ionophores On In Vitro Fermentation Of A High Concentrate Diet, E.M. Clary, Robert T. Brandt Jr., Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Batch culture fermentations were used to determine the effects of fat type [none, animal tallow (AT), soybean oil soapstock (SOY), or yellow grease (YG)] and ionophore type [none, lasalocid (L), monensin + tylosin in a ratio of 2.5:1 (MT), or a 50:50 combination of Land MT (LMT)] on in vitro concentrations of lactate (LA) and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fat-containing substrates had 4% fat on a dry basis. No significant interactions between fat and ionophore treatments were observed. Ionophore treatment resulted in a reduced pH, with the greatest reduction in the L treatment. lbtal VFA and LA increased with ionophore …

Influence Of Ruminal Butyrate Supply On Net Nutrient Production And Absorption In Steers, C.R. Krehbiel, D.L. Harmon, J.E. Schneider

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Six Holstein steers were used to evaluate the effects of increasing ruminal butyrate on net nutrient production and absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Ruminal and arterial concentrations and net hepatic flux of butyrate increased with increasing butyrate infusion. Concentrations of glucose and a-amino-N in arterial blood decreased as butyrate infusion increased. Of the ruminal butyrate infused, 24.5% appeared in portal blood as butyrate. Acetoacetate, D-β-hydroxybutyrate, and a-amino-N were the nutrients most altered by increasing ruminal butyrate.

Aspirated Oat Liftings For Growing Calves, Robert T. Brandt Jr., Gerry L. Kuhl, F.K. Brazle, L.R. Corah, Ronald V. Pope

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feed value of aspirated oat liftings (AOL), a by-product of the oat milling industry, was evaluated by using it to replace 33, 67, or 100% of 36 lb/bu oats in a growing diet fed to heifers. Ammonia treatment of AOL was also tested. Dry matter intake and feed/gain increased linearly (P<.10) with increased AOL. Daily gains were similar for 33, 67, and 100% AOL inclusions, which were lower (P<.01) than the control (0% AOL). Despite lower performance, cheaper costs of production may be achieved with AOL depending on its price relative to other feedstuffs. Ammonia treatment of AOL had no beneficial effect on heifer performance in this study.

Evaluation Of Attributes Affecting Tenderness Differences Between Bos Taurus And Bos Indicus Cattle, G. Whipple, M. Koohmaraie, J.D. Crouse, Melvin C. Hunt, R.D. Klemm, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Biological tenderness differences between longissimus muscles from 3/8 and 5/8 Sahiwal (Bos indicus) x Hereford-Angus and from Hereford-Angus (Bos taurus) were evaluated. No significant breed cross effects were observed for carcass traits or rates of pH and temperature decline. Loin steaks from Hereford x Angus had lower (P<.05) shear-force values and higher (P<.05) taste panel tenderness scores at 1 and 14 d postmortem. No breed effects existed for muscle fiber sarcomere length, muscle fiber type, muscle collagen, cathepsin enzyme activity, or calcium-dependent protease-I and -II activity. However, calcium-dependent protease inhibitor activity at 24 hr postmortem was greater (P<.01) in Sahiwal-crosses than for Hereford-Angus. Less protein degradation, which causes tenderization during aging, occurred in Sahiwal-crosses by d 14 than in Hereford-Angus at d 1 postmortem. Therefore, mechanisms involving calcium-dependent protease and its inhibitor may be the principal factors causing tenderness differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds.

Effects Of Processing Variables On Iridescence In Precooked Beef, H. Wang, Donald H. Kropf, Melvin C. Hunt, Curtis L. Kastner

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Beef semitendinosus (ST) muscles with injected water (3 or 10% of raw muscle weight) and phosphate (0.3%) were cooked to final internal temperatures of 130 (held at 130 for 121 min), 140 (held at 140 for 12 min), 145, or 155°1\ then sliced at 30, 45, 120, 130, or 145<>P by either a dull or a sharp slicer. Biceps femoris (BF) muscles had the same treatment but only at 3% water addition. Controls were uninjected muscles from the opposite side of the carcass. For ST muscles (all with 0.3% added phosphate), 3% added water resulted in less iridescence than …

Effect Of Inoculant And Enzyme Additives On Preservation And Nutritive Value Of Alfalfa Silage, J.S. White, K.K. Bolsen, R.A. Hart

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and several enzyme additives were evaluated in various combinations using fifth cutting alfalfa. The field-wilted crop was characterized by a high buffer capacity (63.0 meq/100g of DM), low fermentable carbohydrate (5.4% of the DM), and a high number of indigenous LAB (over one million per g). In contrast to several previous studies, the inoculants and enzymes had very little effect on rate and efficiency of fermentation. The 90-d treated silages had similar fiber and digestibility values, compared to the control. Treated silages tended to have higher lactic acid values, but all silages had relatively high …

Predicting Beef Carcass Retail Yield From Hot Carcass Traits, J.K. Apple, L.V. Cundiff, J.W. Wise, Michael E. Dikeman

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Hot carcasses from 288 steers were used to develop equations to predict weights and percentages of trimmed retail cuts. and trimmable fat yields from hot carcass traits. Independent variables examined were: (1) 12-13th rib fat probe; (2) lO-11th rib fat probe; (3) external fat score; (4) percent kidney knob; (5) hindquarter muscling score, and (6) carcass weight. Right sides of carcasses were fabricated into boneless cuts trimmed to .3 in. fat and weighed. Then. cuts were totally trimmed (.0 in.) and reweighed. Multiple regression equations developed from these variables accounted for 95 and 90% of the variation in total weight …

Comparison Of Steer Feedlot Performance And Carcass Trait Uniformity By Method Of Sorting, P.L. Houghton, D.D. Simms, James J. Higgins

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Long yearling steers (n=997) of various biological types from two origins were used to test performance and carcass trait uniformity of unsorted cattle, visually sorted cattle, and cattle sorted by ultrasound and hip height. No significant differences (P>.05) in initial backfat uniformity were identified between sorted and unsorted groups; however, very little variation existed across all treatments (.17±.033 in.). Initial backfat had positive linear relationships with initial weight and carcass backfat and negative linear relationships with days on feed and daily gain (P<.05). These data indicate a reliable measurement of initial backfat could be useful for predicting days on feed and/or carcass backfat in long yearling steers, but economic usefulness will depend upon the variability of the cattle and the method of grouping.