Ornithology Commons^™

Differential Migration Timing And The Form And Function Of Avian Wings, Jessica E. Deakin

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

A common differential migration strategy in birds is protandry, whereby males arrive earlier than females. The probable causes of protandry are well studied from the perspective of innate and physical environmental cues, but the influence of the social environment and wing morphology are less known. Theoretical models propose that sex ratio influences protandry; male-biased sex ratios are predicted to advance timing in males due to increased intrasexual competition. To empirically test this, I investigated the spring migration traits of male Yellow-rumped Warblers Setophaga coronata under differing sex ratios. An integrated automated telemetry approach was used, where locomotor movement of captive …

Random Mating In The Face Of Balancing Selection At The Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I In Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia), Scout R.L Thompson

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large group of genes encoding cell-surface proteins that recognize and bind pathogens to initiate an adaptive immune response. MHC loci experience intense pathogen-mediated selection which may be directional, where specific alleles provide the best disease protection, or balancing, where rare alleles or diverse combinations are most protective. However, balancing selection (specifically heterozygote advantage) is more common and often accompanied by disassortative mating. I sought to use genetic and behavioural information to evaluate whether balancing selection and disassortative mating occur at MHC class I (MHCI) in a population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia …

The Role Of Serotonin In The Estradiol-Dependent Selectivity Of Auditory Regions In Songbirds, Calista J. Henry

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Breeding-typical levels of estradiol in songbirds has been shown to lead to selective auditory processing and induce a release of serotonin in auditory regions of the forebrain. These findings triggered the question of whether auditory discrimination is driven by estradiol directly, or by the associated release of serotonin. I treated non-breeding female white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) with either blank implants, 17β-estradiol, serotonin enhancer and blank implants, or serotonin antagonist and 17β-estradiol implants. Birds then heard male conspecific songs or control tones, and ZENK-immunoreactivity was quantified in the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) and caudomedial mesopallium (CMM). While I did not …

Post-Breeding Survival Of Adult And Hatch-Year Bank Swallows (Riparia Riparia) In The Great Lakes Region: A Radio Telemetry Study, Christian M.M Buchanan-Fraser

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The post-breeding period poses significant threats to newly fledged birds due to predation, starvation, exposure to inclement weather, and collision risk prior to their first southward migration. I used automated radio telemetry to track 100 adult and 100 hatch-year Bank Swallows (Riparia riparia) in the Great Lakes ecoregion during the 2021 post-breeding period. Additionally, 74 hatch-year birds tracked in 2018 by Mitchell et al. were included. In 2021, daily apparent survival probability was higher for adults compared to hatch-years; we estimated that ~10% of hatch-year birds die within two weeks post-fledging but high rates of tag loss in …

Stable Hydrogen Isotopes Of Aquatic-Emergent Versus Terrestrial Insects In Southern Ontario, Celina Y. Tang

Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference

Aquatic-emergent insects are vectors of both contaminants and nutrients, linking the aquatic system to the terrestrial system. Aquatic-emergent insects are high in omega-3 fatty acids that benefit terrestrial aerial insectivores, such as bats and birds. With aerial insectivores on a decline, a contributing factor could be a decrease in the quality of insects. We collected insects from lakeshore and inland locations in Southern Ontario. Insects sampled included bees, wasps, ants, beetles, caddisflies, craneflies, dragonflies, marchflies, mayflies, midges, other flies, and true bugs. Insects’ wings and powdered bodies were then analyzed for stable hydrogen isotopes (d²H) in order …

Food Caching Decisions In Canada Jays (Perisoreus Canadensis), Robert J. Martin

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Food scarce periods pose serious challenges for birds, particularly when those periods coincide with demanding life history stages such as overwintering. For resident birds in the Northern hemisphere, resource scarcity typically occurs simultaneously with winter conditions. In order to combat these compounded stressors, some species cache food to ensure a reliable supply of resources. Food caching is the storing of food items for subsequent retrieval and consumption after some delay. Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) are year-round residents of the North American boreal forest and some high elevation areas in the United States, and cache food to combat resource …

Weathering The Storm: Physiological And Behavioural Responses Of White-Throated Sparrows To Inclement Weather Cues, Andrea C. Boyer

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Changes in weather patterns and extreme weather events are becoming more common with the onset of climate change. This predicted increase in severe weather globally is alarming and it draws concern for the adaptability and ultimate survival of many species. It is clear that birds are able to cope with and respond to inclement weather with physiological and behavioural responses in many circumstances, but as environmental conditions become more severe, the adaptive coping responses of many species may be pushed to their limit. As such, it is important to understand the effects that such changes in environmental conditions will have …

Effect Of Stress And Methylmercury Exposure On Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia) Energy Balance., Claire Bottini

Western Research Forum

Mercury is an endocrine disruptor well known for its deleterious impacts on wildlife and humans but its effects on songbirds’ populations still require more investigation. In their natural habitat, birds face multiple stressors (e.g. predation, food unpredictability, inclement weather) in addition to pollutants. However the accumulated effects of both stress and pollutants are rarely studied. Such co-occurring pressures may synergistically increase risk for birds as both stress and mercury exposure may disrupt energy acquisition and/or allocation. My project aims to determine the interactive effects of stress and mercury exposure on songbird energy balance. Adults’ song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) …

Hitchhiker's Guide To Migration: Effects Of Experimental Parasitic Infection And Other Immune Challenges On Migratory Traits Of Sparrows, Tosha R. Kelly

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Seasonal migration exposes animals to a variety of habitats and parasites, and if infected migratory birds migrate successfully there is great potential for birds to transport infectious diseases long distances. Our current understanding of whether birds contribute to the spread of disease relies upon observational field studies that are limited in their ability to discern cause from effect. Using captive and field-based experiments for my doctoral research, I answered three research questions: (1) are nocturnal migratory restlessness (Zugunruhe) and body condition affected by mounting an acute phase immune response during migration; (2) what are the impacts of parasitic …

The Effects Of Perceived Predation Threat On Stress Response And Memory In Birds, Chlöe S. N. Carter

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

This study examined how perception of predator cues, across three sensory modalities, affects physiology and behaviour of songbirds. I hypothesized that the perception of predator threat would elicit physiological and behavioural responses in both acute and chronic exposure conditions. My first study examined the responses of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), as well as lab-bred zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), to acute predation cue exposure by coding video recorded behaviour and corticosterone analysis. My second study examined changes in black-capped chickadees’ foraging behaviour and memory retention after chronic exposure to …

Using Computer Algorithms To Elucidate Zebra Finch Reproductive Behaviour, Tanya T. Shoot, Sophie C. Edwards, Robert J. Martin, Susan D. Healy, David F. Sherry, Mark J. Daley

Western Research Forum

Birds that experience variation in climatic conditions must maintain a stable nest temperature during incubation for successful hatching of offspring. Varying nest structure and incubation behaviour may be the methods birds use to regulate nest temperature. We used a modeling approach to investigate how birds adjust incubation behaviour to ambient temperature.

Hidden Markov Models (HMM) have been used previously to predict the spatial distribution of animals based on the models’ ability to classify movement behaviour. We used a HMM to predict zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) incubation behaviour and nest structure from a nest temperature data set. The full …

Resource Selection, Survival, And Departure Of Adult Female Mallards From The Lake St. Clair Region During Autumn And Winter, Matthew Palumbo

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

During autumn and winter, mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) maximize fitness through their spatiotemporal distribution to avoid mortality risks while balancing trade-offs to access foods to undergo migration and maintain homeostasis. Thousands of mallards use Lake St. Clair as it is an important, but threatened, migratory staging area in the Great Lakes. My goal was to understand how mallards were selecting resources in the region and potential relationships of selection strategies. My objectives were to estimate resource selection of adult female mallards, in relation to perceived risk of hunting mortality, and determine if selection strategies were related to survival and …

P24. The Birds And The Beats: Perception Of A Beat In An Avian Model, Brendon Samuels

Western Research Forum

Background: Beat perception is a complex cognitive skill that enables humans to “feel” the beat in music, and is an essential component of synchronization of behavior and dance. The mechanisms in the human brain that facilitate beat perception are not entirely understood, and have only been studied thus far using non-invasive techniques. Some animals, such as songbirds, also seem to be able to detect a beat in rhythms, though this has never been formally tested independent of motor synchronization.

Methods: An operant experiment is used to assess if European starlings, a type of songbird, are capable of categorizing …

The Impact Of Various Predator Perceptions On Stress Response And Spatial Memory In Birds, Chlöe S. N. Carter

Western Research Forum

The Impact of Various Predator Perceptions on Stress Response and Spatial Memory in Birds

Background

This project will explore the impact of environmental stressors on the cognitive abilities of birds. Predator perception has been demonstrated to elicit a stress response by elevating stress hormones which can alter the behaviour of birds. The aim of this study is to observe if chronic stress from differently perceived threats of predation in an individual’s environment will lead to differences in the spatial memory abilities in two species of birds. I predict that chronic stress resulting from predator stimuli will impair the bird’s performance …

Fear Of Predators Compromises Parental Care And Juvenile Survival In A Songbird, Philip Blair Dudeck

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Predators kill, but the risk of being killed is also a powerful force affecting survival because scared prey eat less, thereby increasing the likelihood of starvation. Young of most animals are extremely vulnerable to predators and may alter their behaviour to limit detection. I investigated the previously unexplored effects that predation risk has on the behaviour of newly fledged offspring and their parents, and the impact this has on offspring survival. I manipulated predation risk using sound and found that parent song sparrows reduced their feedings, providing 60% less food overall. Critically, not only did this parental response estimate survival …

Ecological And Evolutionary Interactions Between Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia) And Their Bloodborne Parasites, Yanina Sarquis-Adamson

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Local adaptation is the result of natural selection operating at a local scale, such that trade-offs in fitness across different environments result in individuals having higher fitness in their place of origin than when transported into a foreign environment. Populations may become locally adapted to features of their abiotic environment, or in the case of coevolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites, to other species comprising their biotic environment. If host populations are adapted to their local (sympatric) parasites, or conversely if parasites are adapted to their local hosts, then interactions with local parasite strains may influence the fitness consequences …

Environmental Factors Influencing Spring Migration Chronology Of Lesser Scaup (Aythya Affinis), Taylor A. Finger

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Weather likely affects the timing and rate of migration by waterfowl to their breeding grounds. I hypothesized that timing of migration by lesser scaup during spring is affected by annual variation in temperature, precipitation and ice cover. I used satellite telemetry data, waterfowl survey data and corresponding weather data to evaluate competing models that explained variation in timing and rate of migration by lesser scaup. Timing of spring migration occurred earlier and faster when lesser scaup encountered warmer temperatures and greater precipitation, both of which are known to influence thermoregulation and habitat availability for waterfowl. Migration chronology of lesser scaup …

Tundra Swan (Cygnus Columbianus Columbianus) Habitat Selection During The Nonbreeding Period, Katelyn H. A. Weaver

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Changes in availability and foraging profitability of agricultural and aquatic habitats have the potential to greatly influence population dynamics of waterfowl. Therefore, the purpose of my research was to understand habitat selection by Tundra Swans during the nonbreeding period and to explore the scale-dependency of these relationships. Habitat selection was influenced by seasonal changes in nutritional requirements and food availability; Tundra Swans selected open water and agriculture in winter, wetlands were weakly selected during migration when open water was strongly selected (especially during autumn), and there was a 2-fold increase in use of agriculture from autumn to spring. It appears …

Environmental Physiology Of Flight In Migratory Birds, Alexander R. Gerson

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Migratory birds complete amazing journeys between their breeding and wintering grounds. Each journey comprises a series of flights that last hours to days, followed by stopovers where fuel stores are replenished. Despite the long flights undertaken by migratory birds, where respiratory water losses are high for extended periods of time, birds are not dehydrated after flight. My studies demonstrate that birds maintain hydration by modulating rates of endogenous water production in response to rates of water loss. In resting, water restricted house sparrows (Passer domesticus) I used quantitative magnetic resonance body composition analysis (QMR) and hygrometry to demonstrate that stressed …