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Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2021 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2021 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the twenty-fourth year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2021, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007, ASMFC 2020).
We also report on two fishery independent monitoring programs using anchor gillnets in the Rappahannock River (year 4) and the Chickahominy River (year 7; a major tributary of the James River), to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the adult spawning run …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2022 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2022 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2022, evaluating hatchery programs and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007a; ASMFC 2020). We also report on a fishery-independent monitoring program to determine abundance and stock structure of river herring (A. pseudoharengus, and A. aestivalis) in Virginia by evaluating the adult spawning runs in the Chickahominy River, a major tributary of the James River, and the Rappahannock River. Further, a …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2020 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia’S Rivers 2020 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the twenty-third year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2020, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007, ASMFC 2020).
We also report on two fisheryindependent monitoring programs using anchor gillnets in the Rappahannock River (year 3) and the Chickahominy River (year 6; a major tributary of the James River), to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the adult spawning run of …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2019 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2019 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the twenty-second year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2019, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007). We also report on two fishery-independent monitoring programs using anchor gillnets in the Rappahannock River (year 2) and the Chickahominy River (year 5; a major tributary of the James River), to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the adult spawning run of river herring …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2018 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2018 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the twenty-first year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2018, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007). We also report on two fishery-independent monitoring programs using anchor gillnets in the Rappahannock River (year 1) and the Chickahominy River (year 4; a major tributary of the James River), to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the adult spawning run of river herring …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2017 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2017 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the twentieth year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2017, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007). We also report on two fishery-independent monitoring programs, one using staked gillnets in the Rappahannock River (year 2) and the other using anchor gillnets in the Chickahominy River (year 3; a major tributary of the James River),to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the …
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2016 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring The Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia's Rivers - 2016 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
This report describes the results of the nineteenth year of a continuing study to estimate the relative abundance and assess the status of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) stocks in Virginia by monitoring the spawning runs in the James, York and Rappahannock rivers in spring 2016, evaluating hatchery programs, and contributing to coast-wide assessments (ASMFC 2007). We also report on a new fishery-independent monitoring program using staked gillnets to determine relative abundance and stock structure for the adult spawning run of river herring (A. pseudoharengus, and A. aestivalis) in the Rappahannock River. Data are also reported from two separate fishery-independent monitoring …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia Rivers 2015 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia Rivers 2015 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Patrick E. Mcgrath, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia Rivers 2014 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad And River Herring In Virginia Rivers 2014 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2013 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2013 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Robert Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2012 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2012 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2011 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2011 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2010 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2010 Annual Report, Eric J. Hilton, Rob Latour, Brian Watkins, Ashleigh Magee
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2009 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins, Eric J. Hilton
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2009 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins, Eric J. Hilton
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2008 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2008 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (AS
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2007 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2007 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Brian Watkins
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2006 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristen Delano Walter
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2006 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristen Delano Walter
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2005 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristen A. Delano
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2005 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristen A. Delano
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2004 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia Rivers 2004 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, and …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2003 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2003 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (AS
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2002 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2002 Annual Report, John E. Olney
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fisheryindependent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, spawning …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2001 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristin L. Maki
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2001 Annual Report, John E. Olney, Kristin L. Maki
Reports
Concern about the decline in landings of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) along the Atlantic coast prompted the development of an interstate fisheries management plan (FMP) under the auspices of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Management Program (ASMFC 1999). Legislation enables imposition of federal sanctions on fishing in those states that fail to comply with the FMP. To be in compliance, coastal states are required to implement and maintain fishery-dependent and fishery-independent monitoring programs as specified by the FMP. For Virginia, these requirements include spawning stock assessments, the collection of biological data on the spawning run (e.g., age-structure, sex ratio, spawning …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2000 Annual Report, John E. Olney, John M. Hoenig
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia’S Rivers 2000 Annual Report, John E. Olney, John M. Hoenig
Reports
Since the moratorium, there have been no monitoring programs that provided direct assessment of stock recovery until this project began in 1998. The ban on in-river fishing in Virginia remained in effect, creating a dilemma for managers who needed reliable information in order to make a rational decision on when the in-river ban could safely be lifted. To address this deficiency, we proposed a method of scientific monitoring to estimate catch rates relative to those recorded before the prohibition of in-river fishing in 1994. This monitoring program began in 1998 and consisted of sampling techniques and locations that were consistent …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia's Rivers Annual Report 1999, John E. Olney Sr., John M. Hoenig
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia's Rivers Annual Report 1999, John E. Olney Sr., John M. Hoenig
Reports
A moratorium on the taking of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries was established by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) beginning 1 January 1994. The prohibition applied to both recreational and commercial fishers. The moratorium was imposed at a time when commercial catch rates of American shad in Virginia's rivers were experiencing declines. Data from the commercial fishery were the best available for assessing the status of individual stocks. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data were compiled from logbooks that recorded landings by commercial fishermen using staked gill nets at various locations throughout the middle reaches of …
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia's Rivers Annual Report 1998, John E. Olney, John Hoenig
Monitoring Relative Abundance Of American Shad In Virginia's Rivers Annual Report 1998, John E. Olney, John Hoenig
Reports
A moratorium on the taking of American shad in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries was established by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) beginning 1 January 1994. The prohibition applied to both recreational and commercial fishers. The moratorium was imposed at a time when commercial catch rates of American shad in Virginia's rivers were experiencing declines. Data from the commercial fishery were the best available for assessing the status of individual stocks. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data were compiled from logbooks that recorded landings by commercial fishermen using staked gill nets at various locations throughout the middle reaches of the three …
A Stock Assessment Program For Chesapeake Bay Fisheries: Development Of An Alosa Juvenile Index Of Abundance: Annual Report 1990, Douglas A. Dixon, Joseph G. Loesch
A Stock Assessment Program For Chesapeake Bay Fisheries: Development Of An Alosa Juvenile Index Of Abundance: Annual Report 1990, Douglas A. Dixon, Joseph G. Loesch
Reports
This presentation is the annual report for Contract No. NA90AA-H-SF671 "A Stock Assessment Program for Chesapeake Bay Fisheries: Development of an Alosa Juvenile Index of Abundance," for the period 15 June 1990 to 31 July 1991. The fishes of concern were the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), American shad (A. sapidissima), and the blueback herring (A. aestivalis).
The abundance of the Alosa stocks, once an important component of the landings of Virginia fisheries, have dramatically decreased in the last decade. The 1981 landings of Alosa species in Virginia were the lowest ever recorded. American shad and river herring are also pursued by …
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1988, Loisirene Blumberg, Joseph G. Loesch
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1988, Loisirene Blumberg, Joseph G. Loesch
Reports
Objectives
1. Estimate fishing effort, landings, and catch-per-unit-of-effort of aduit river herring (alewife and blueback herring) and American shad in Virginia during the 1988 fisheries.
2. Determine the present status of the stocks relative to former yean; by comparison of landings and CPUE.
3. Estimate current biological statistics (age and size frequencies, species composition, etc.) of river herring and American shad.
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1987, Loisirene Blumberg, Joseph G. Loesch
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1987, Loisirene Blumberg, Joseph G. Loesch
Reports
This presentation is the annual report for P. L. 89-304, AFC 20 project "Study of Alosa stock composition and year-class strength in Virginia," for the period 1 February 1987 to 31 July 1988. The fishes of concern were the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), American shad(A. sapidissima), and the blueback herring(A. aestivalis).
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Completion Report 1984-1986, Joseph G. Loesch, William H. Kriete Jr., Roxanne P. Trapani
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Completion Report 1984-1986, Joseph G. Loesch, William H. Kriete Jr., Roxanne P. Trapani
Reports
This presentation is the completion report for P. L. 89-304, AFC 13-1-3 project "Study of Alosa stock composition and year-class strength in Virginia," for the period 1 January 1984 to 31 July 1986. The fishes of concern were the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), American shad (. sapidissima), and the blueback herring A. aestivalis).
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1985, Joseph G. Loesch, William H. Kriete Jr., Roxanne P. Trapani
Study Of Alosa Stock Composition And Year-Class Strength In Virginia - Annual Report 1985, Joseph G. Loesch, William H. Kriete Jr., Roxanne P. Trapani
Reports
This presentation is the annual report for P. L. 89-304, AFC 13-2 project "Study of Alosa stock composition and year-class strength in Virginia," for the period 15 February 1985 to 14 February 1986. The fishes of concern were the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), American shad (A. sapidissima), and the blueback herring (A. aestivalis).