Life Sciences Commons^™

Wheat And Grain Sorghum In Four-Year Rotations, A. Schlegel, J. Holman, A. Burnett

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

In 1996, an effort began to quantify soil water storage, crop water use, and crop productivity on dryland systems in western Kansas. Research on 4-year crop rotations with wheat and grain sorghum was initiated at the Southwest Research-Extension Center near Tribune, KS. Rotations were wheat-wheat-sorghum-fallow (WWSF), wheat-sorghum-sorghum-fallow (WSSF), and continuous wheat (WW). Soil water at wheat planting averaged about 9 in. following sorghum, which is about 3 in. more than the average for the second wheat crop in a WWSF rotation. Soil water at sorghum planting was only about 1.5 in. less for the second sorghum crop compared with sorghum …

Annual Summary Of Weather Data For Parsons - 2020, M. Knapp

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

This report includes the annual summary of precipitation and temperatures from 2020 at the research locations represented in the 2020 Southeast Research and Extension Center Agricultural Research Report.

Outlook Alone And In Mixtures For Efficacy In Corn, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of the study was to compare Outlook (dimethenamid) alone and in various tank mixtures for season-long weed control in corn. Kochia control with most herbicides was 95% or more late in the season. However, Russian thistle control did not exceed 83% with any herbicide tested. Palmer amaranth control at 59 days after the postemergence treatments was similar among all herbicides, while green foxtail control was 93% or more with each treatment. All herbicides increased grain yields relative to the untreated control, but corn treated with Outlook or Verdict alone yielded less grain than the best yielding plots.

Assessment Of Soy-Based Imports Into The Us And Associated Foreign Animal Disease Status, Allison K. Blomme, Cassandra K. Jones, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Jason C. Woodworth, Chad B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Soy-based products are known to pose a viable risk to US swine herds because of their ability to harbor and transmit virus. This study evaluated soy imports into the US as a whole and from foreign animal disease positive (FAD+) countries to determine which products are being imported in the highest quantities and observe potential trends in imports from FAD+ countries. Import data were accessed through the United States International Trade Commission website (USITC DataWeb) and summarized using R (version 4.0.2, R core team, Vienna, Austria). Twenty-one different Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) codes were queried to determine quantities (US tons, …

Weed Control With Single And Split Herbicide Applications In Corn, R. S. Currie, P. W. Geier

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of the study was to compare season-long weed control from single and sequential herbicide applications in corn. Kochia control was 90% or more late in the season, and did not differ among herbicides. All herbicides except Lumax EZ provided 90% or more Russian thistle control by the season’s end. Palmer amaranth control was lowest when Bicep II Magnum was applied preemergence (PRE) and followed by Lexar EZ postemergence (POST), and when Acuron was applied PRE and again POST. Compared to the untreated control, corn receiving herbicide treatments yielded more than three times as much grain, but yields did …

Testing Irrigated Cotton Production, J. Aguilar, R. S. Currie, D. Tomsicek, L. Haag, S. Duncan

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Cotton research was initiated in Garden City, KS, which is the northern rim of the typical cotton production area. Initial results showed that with specific seed varieties and strategic irrigation management, cotton could be grown and provide decent yield in this region. There is still additional research that needs conducted, particularly with regards to germination and seeding rates.

Feed Mitigant Efficacy For Control Of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus And Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus When Inoculated Alone Or Together In Feed, C. Grace Elijah, Gage E. Nichols, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Cassandra K. Jones, Jason C. Woodworth, Steve S. Dritz, Jianfa Bai, Joe W. Anderson, Elizabeth G. Poulsen Porter, Aaron Singrey, Chad B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Research has demonstrated that swine feed can be a fomite for viral transmission and feed additives can reduce viral contamination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate two feed additives in feed contaminated with PEDV or PRRSV. Feed additives included: no treatment, 0.33% commercial formaldehyde-based product, and 0.50% medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) blend. Feed samples were inoculated with PEDV and PRRSV alone or together at an inoculation concentration of 10⁶TCID₅₀/g for each virus. Once inoculated, feed was stored at room temperature for 24 h before analyzing via qRT-PCR. For samples inoculated with PEDV …

Relationships Among Terminal Traits And Sale Prices Of Red Angus Bulls Sold At Auction From 2017 Through 2019, M. J. Smith, K. E. Fike, M. E. King, E. D. Mccabe, G. M. Rogers, K. G. Odde

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of terminal traits in the form of selection indices and expected progeny differences on the sale price of Red Angus Bulls sold at auction from 2017 through 2019 across the United States.

Study Description:Information describing factors about Red Angus bulls marketed through auctions were obtained from the Red Angus Association of America (Commerce City, CO) in an electronic format. Data were collected for 21,362 Red Angus bulls offered for sale from 2017 through 2019. Multiple regression models were developed using backward selection procedures to examine the effect of …

The Effect Of Live Yeast And Yeast Extracts Included In Lactation Diets On Sow And Litter Performance, Jenna A. Chance, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Joel M. Derouchey, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Joseph A. Loughmiller, Brian Hotze

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 80 sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) across three farrowing groups were used in a study to evaluate the effect of feeding live yeast and yeast extracts to lactating sows on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by BW and parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of a standard corn-soybean meal lactation diet or a diet that contained yeast-based preand probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Diets were fed from d 110 of gestation until weaning (approximately d …

Effects Of Providing A Liquid Sensory Attractant To Suckling Pigs In Lactation And After Weaning On Post-Weaning Pig Performance, Madie R. Wensley, Ty Kim, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Denny Mckilligan, Nathan Upah, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 28 litters (241 × 600, DNA) corresponding with 355 nursery pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 13.0 lb) were used in 42-d trial (17-d pre-weaning and 24-d post-weaning). This trial was conducted to determine the effect of providing a sensory attractant liquid (BlueLite Pro2Lyte; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) to suckling pigs on the underline of sows after farrowing and in late lactation, and after weaning on post-weaning feed intake and growth. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of: 1) pre-weaning treatment (without or with attractant); 2) postweaning treatment (without …

Effects Of Mat Feeding On The Growth Performance And Mortality Of Pigs After Weaning, Madie R. Wensley, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Matt Allerson, Mariana Menegat

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different mat feeding strategies on the growth performance and morbidity and mortality of pigs after weaning. Upon arrival to the nursery facility, pigs were randomized to pen. A total of 96 pens (48 feeders) with 30 to 35 pigs/pen were used for each experiment, with one barrow pen and one gilt pen per feeder. Thus, feeder (2 pens) was the experimental unit. Feeders were then blocked by group (date of placement) and randomly allotted to treatment. In Exp. 1, treatments consisted of two feed management strategies; mat feeding vs. no mat …

Effect Of Calcium Carbonate Level With Or Without Benzoic Acid On Weanling Pig Growth Performance, Fecal Dry Matter, And Blood Calcium And Phosphorus Concentrations, Alan J. Warner, Joel M. Derouchey, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 360 barrows (DNA Line 200 × 400; initially 13.6 ± 0.07 lb) were used in a 38-d study to evaluate the interactive effects of added dietary calcium carbonate and benzoic acid on nursery pig growth performance, fecal dry matter, and blood Ca and P concentration. Upon arrival to the nursery research facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0.45, 0.90, or 1.35% calcium carbonate, with or without 0.5% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM …

Effect Of Dietary Salt And Zinc Level On Growth Performance And Fecal Dry Matter Of Nursery Pigs, Ethan B. Stas, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 360 pigs (Line 600 × 241, DNA; initially 12.6 ± 0.5 lb) were used to determine the effect of feeding different levels of dietary Na alone or in combination with pharmacological levels of Zn on growth performance and fecal dry matter of nursery pigs. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to pens (6 pigs per pen) and fed a common diet for 7 days. On d 7 after weaning (d 0 of the trial), pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 …

Evaluation Of Vomitoxin Control Strategies On Nursery Pig Growth Performance And Blood Measures, Larissa L. Becker, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Joel M. Derouchey, Jason C. Woodworth, Arnau Vidal, Christos Gougoulias

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 4,318 pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 14.3 ± 0.18 lb) were used in a 35-d growth trial to evaluate mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig performance and blood measures. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. The randomized complete block design was blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry into the facility, and average pen BW. A total of 160 pens were used with 80 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 …

Effects Of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level On Growth Performance Of 80 To 120 Lb Dna Grow-Finish Pigs, Rafe Q. Royall, Robert D. Goodband, Mike D. Tokach, Joel M. Derouchey, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Jason C. Woodworth

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 80- to 120-lb DNA grow-finish pigs. A total of 608 barrows and gilts (600 × 241, DNA; initially 80.2 ± 2.0 lb) were used in two separate studies lasting 14 and 21 d, respectively. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7 to 9 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Similar number of barrows and gilts were placed in each pen. Dietary treatments were …

Effects Of Reducing The Digestible Lysine And Tryptophan To Lysine Ratio On Growth Performance Of Grow-Finish Pigs, Andres F. Tolosa, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Craig Steck, Matt L. Wolfe

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,080 finishing pigs (327 × 1050, PIC; initially 71.3 ± 1.91 lb) were used in a 119-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of reducing the dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio on growth performance to find strategies to reduce growth rate of pigs during the grow-finish period. Pigs were allotted by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized block design with 27 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets with DDGS. Three dietary regimes were formulated to contain either 100, …

Foreword, Swine Day 2021

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

It is with great pleasure that we present the 2021 Swine Industry Day Report of Progress. This report contains updates and summaries of applied and basic research conducted at Kansas State University during the past year. We hope that the information will be of benefit as we attempt to meet the needs of the Kansas swine industry.

Use Of O3 Trial Feed To Reduce Omega-6:3 Ratio In Prrs-Virus Challenged Nursery Pigs, Jenna J. Bromm, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Joel M. Derouchey, Chad W. Hastad, Zach B. Post, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)), originating from an active PRRSV-positive sow farm, were used in a 46-d study to evaluate growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed, a source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid). At placement in the nursery, pens of pigs were randomly assigned 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 22 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments included increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3%) with pigs …

Effects Of Increasing Soybean Meal In Corn-Wheat Midds-Based Diets On Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Late Finishing Pigs, Julia P. Holen, Robert D. Goodband, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Chad W. Hastad, Zach B. Post

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 786 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02); initially 213.2 lb ± 2.37 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in corn-wheat middsbased diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments with 9 replications per treatment. Experimental diets were corn-based with 30% wheat midds. Soybean meal levels increased from 0 to 16% replacing added feed grade AA. Pens of pigs were weighed to evaluate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure …

Evaluation Of Selenium Source On Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Serum And Tissue Selenium Concentrations, And Serum Antioxidant Status, Zhong-Xing Rao, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. Derouchey, Robert D. Goodband, Michele De Marco, Steven Moreland, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 3,888 pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 13.1 ± 0.10 lb) were used in a 42-d trial. At the time of placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry into the facility, and average pen body weight. A total of 144 pens were used with 72 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and 1 pen contained 27 barrows. There …

Effects Of Added Calcium Carbonate On Weanling Pig Growth Performance, Alan J. Warner, Joel M. Derouchey, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 695 barrows (DNA Line 200 × 400; initially 12.9 lb) were used in two groups in a 28-d study to evaluate the effects of added dietary calcium carbonate on phase 1 nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter. Upon arrival to the nursery research facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 27 or 28 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0, 0.45, 0.90, 1.35, and 1.80% calcium carbonate added at the expense of corn. Analyzed Ca for treatment …

Influence Of High Crystalline Amino Acid Inclusion On Poultry Diet Formulation And Pellet Quality, Kara M. Dunmire, Courtney N. Truelock, Jason Lee, Keith Haydon, Charles R. Stark, Chad B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 3 broiler diets were pelleted to determine the effects of diet formulation on pellet quality. Dietary treatments consisted of corn and soybean meal (SBM)-based control, the control with crystalline Val, and the control with crystalline Val and Ile. As crystalline amino acids (AA) increased in the diets, corn concentrations increased as SBM and choice white grease (CWG) were removed to balance for nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn). Diets contained 54.2, 56.4, and 57.5% corn; 39.1, 37.1, and 36.2% SBM; and 2.5, 2.1, and 1.9% CWG in the control, Val, and Val + Ile diets, respectively. Corn was ground …

Effects Of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level On Growth Performance In 170 To 220 Lb Dna Finishing Pigs, Rafe Q. Royall, Robert D. Goodband, Mike D. Tokach, Joel M. Derouchey, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Jason C. Woodworth

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

The objective of this study was to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 170- to 220-lb finishing pigs. A total of 616 barrows and gilts (600 × 241, DNA; initially 168.3 ± 2.7 lb BW) were used in two separate studies each lasting 21 d. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments with 8 to 10 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. A similar number of barrows and gilts were placed in each pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to 0.58, …

Effects Of Guanidinoacetic Acid, Creatine, And Choline On Protein Deposition And Creatine Status In Growing Cattle, M. S. Grant, M. D. Miesner, E. C. Titgemeyer

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:This study was conducted to evaluate effects of guanidinoacetic acid and creatine supplementation in the presence or absence of supplemental choline on body creatine status and lean tissue growth.

Study Description:Six ruminally-cannulated Holstein steers (321 lb) were utilized in an experiment consisting of six 10-day periods, where each steer received one of six treatments in each period. Treatments were abomasal infusion of a saline solution (control), 15 g/day guanidinoacetic acid, or 16.8 g/day creatine, in combination with 0 or 5 g/day choline, with all treatment combinations represented. Complete collection of urine and feces was conducted to calculate nitrogen …

Evaluating The Impact Of Presence Of Organic Matter On Environmental Samples And Sample Processing Technique On Rna Detection Of Pedv, C. Grace Elijah, Allison K. Blomme, Olivia L. Harrison, Jianfa Bai, Jason C. Woodworth, Cassandra K. Jones, Elizabeth G. Poulsen-Porter, Chad B. Paulk, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Environmental sampling has become a commonly accepted diagnostic sampling technique for a means of identifying breaks in biosecurity. However, environmental samples have yet to be validated for reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and there is no standardization for environmental sample processing. Therefore, the objective of this project was to evaluate different types of environmental samples, and whether processing the samples prior to qRT-PCR analysis would impact results. Steel coupons were inoculated with PEDV in different types of environmental conditions, then were environmentally swabbed using cotton gauze. Treatments were arranged as a 5 × 4 factorial with five treatments for …

Comparison Of The Antifungal Efficacy Of Everwild And Citrus Extracts Challenged Against Aspergillus Flavus In Semi-Moist Pet Treats, Samuel Kiprotich, Janak Dhakal, Cynthia Rasmussen, Charles G. Aldrich

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

There are increasing requests by pet owners to pet food manufacturers to formulate diets with fewer synthetic additives in favor of more ‘natural’ and sustainably sourced substitutes. Pet owners believe that natural alternatives are healthier and offer longevity to their pets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate and compare the antifungal efficacy of two natural products, fermented whey protein (EverWild; EV) and citrus extract essential oil, when challenged againstAspergillus flavusinoculated in semi-moist pet treats. Semi-moist treats generally contain moisture levels of 20–30%, which is ideal for mold proliferation. The experiment was completely randomized in design. …

Determining The Phosphorus Release Of Grainzyme Phytase In Nursery Pigs, Larissa L. Becker, Madie R. Wensley, Joel M. Derouchey, Jason C. Woodworth, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt, R. Michael Raab, Philip A. Lessard

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 360 pigs (200 × 400, DNA; initially 21.9 ± 0.42 lb) were used in a 21-d growth trial to determine the available P (aP) release curve for GraINzyme Phytase (Agrivida Inc., Woburn, MA). Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial BW and fed common starter diets. From d 18 to 21 post-weaning, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP. On d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs …

Effect Of Benzoic Acid And Essential Oil Blends On Viral Load In Swine Feed And Vitamin Premix, Allison K. Blomme, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Cassandra K. Jones, Jason C. Woodworth, Elizabeth G. Poulsen Porter, Jianfa Bai, Chad B. Paulk

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Feed has been shown to harbor viable virus of interest to swine producers over an extended period of time. The use of mitigants and kill steps have been investigated with variable results. This study investigated the use of benzoic acid (BA) and an essential oil blend (EO) to mitigate the presence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Senecavirus A (SVA) in a complete diet (Exp. 1) and a vitamin premix (Exp. 2). Four treatments consisting of 0.5% BA; 0.5% BA and 200 ppm EO; 0.3% BA and 120 ppm EO; and 0.25% …

Comparison Of The Physical Attributes Of Plant-Based Ground Beef Alternatives To Ground Beef, K. M. Harr, S. G. Davis, S. B. Bigger, D. U. Thomson, M. D. Chao, J. L. Vipham, M. D. Apley, S. M. Ensley, M. D. Haub, M. D. Miesner, A. J. Tarpoff, K C. Olson, T. G. O'Quinn

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical attributes of three different plant-based, ground beef alternatives in comparison to ground beef of three different fat percentages.

Study Description:Ground beef of three different fat percentages, a retail pea protein-based ground beef alternative, and a traditional soy-based ground beef alternative were obtained from retail stores (n=15 lots/treatment). Samples from 15 lots of a foodservice soy protein-based ground beef alternative were obtained from a foodservice chain. All samples were fabricated into 0.25 lb patties assigned to one of four assays: color analysis, texture profile analysis, shear force, …

Evaluation Of Agrimune Liquid On Growth Performance Of Commercial Nursery Pigs, Andres F. Tolosa, Joel M. Derouchey, Jason C. Woodworth, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports

A total of 1,188 pigs (L337 × 1050; PIC; initial BW of 11.1 lb) were used in a 40-d trial to determine the effect of a combination of mannan oligosaccharides, yeast culture, and beta-glucans (AgriMune Liquid; AFI-Agri Feed International, L.L.C., Rockwell, IA) on growth performance, morbidity, and mortality of pigs during the nursery period. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and placed in pens (27 pigs per pen) based on initial BW. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 22 pens (replications) per treatment. Treatments consisted of the …