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University of Nebraska - Lincoln

2005

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Articles 1 - 30 of 898

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Results Of The Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. Xiv. Mammals Of Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname, Burton K. Lim, Mark D. Engstrom, Hugh H. Genoways, François M. Catzeflis, Kelly A. Fitzgerald, Sandra L. Peters, Marijem Djosetro, Sandra Brandon, Sutrisno Mitro Dec 2005

Results Of The Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. Xiv. Mammals Of Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname, Burton K. Lim, Mark D. Engstrom, Hugh H. Genoways, François M. Catzeflis, Kelly A. Fitzgerald, Sandra L. Peters, Marijem Djosetro, Sandra Brandon, Sutrisno Mitro

University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers

An inventory of mammals in the vicinity of Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname, incorporated a number of different sampling methods including examining museum voucher specimens, an animal-rescue operation, transect surveys, camera photo-traps, and interviews with local inhabitants. We document a total of 125 mammal species present in the Park. These include ten opossums, five pilosans, four armadillos, 58 bats, eight monkeys, 13 carnivores, one tapir, four artiodactyls, and 22 rodents. Nine of these species are reported for the first time from Suriname: one mouse opossum (Marmosops pinheiroi); one naked-backed moustached bat (Pteronotus gymnonotus); four fruit-eating bats ( …

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Sequencing Of Aspergillus Nidulans And Comparative Analysis With A. Fumigatus And A. Oryzae, James E. Galagan, Sarah E. Calvo, Christina Cuomo, Li-Jun Ma, Jennifer R. Wortman, Serafim Batzoglou, Su-In Lee, Meray Baştürkmen, Christina C. Spevak, Vladimir Kapitonov, Jerzy Jurka, Claudio Scazzocchio, Mark Farman, Jonathan Butler, Seth Purcell, Steven D. Harris, Gerhard H. Braus, Oliver Draht, Silke Busch, Christophe D'Enfert, Christiane Bouchier, Gustavo H. Goldman, Deborah Bell-Pedersen, Sam Griffiths-Jones, John H. Doonan, Jaehyuk Yu, Kay Vienken, Arnab Pain, Michael Freitag, Eric U. Selker, David B. Archer, Miguel Á. Peñalva, Berl R. Oakley, Michelle Momany, Toshihiro Tanaka, Toshitaka Kumagai, Kiyoshi Asai, Masayuki Machida, William C. Nierman, David W. Denning, Mark Caddick, Michael Hynes, Mathieu Paoletti, Reinhard Fischer, Bruce Miller, Paul Dyer, Matthew S. Sachs, Stephen A. Osmani, Bruce W. Birren Dec 2005

Sequencing Of Aspergillus Nidulans And Comparative Analysis With A. Fumigatus And A. Oryzae, James E. Galagan, Sarah E. Calvo, Christina Cuomo, Li-Jun Ma, Jennifer R. Wortman, Serafim Batzoglou, Su-In Lee, Meray Baştürkmen, Christina C. Spevak, Vladimir Kapitonov, Jerzy Jurka, Claudio Scazzocchio, Mark Farman, Jonathan Butler, Seth Purcell, Steven D. Harris, Gerhard H. Braus, Oliver Draht, Silke Busch, Christophe D'Enfert, Christiane Bouchier, Gustavo H. Goldman, Deborah Bell-Pedersen, Sam Griffiths-Jones, John H. Doonan, Jaehyuk Yu, Kay Vienken, Arnab Pain, Michael Freitag, Eric U. Selker, David B. Archer, Miguel Á. Peñalva, Berl R. Oakley, Michelle Momany, Toshihiro Tanaka, Toshitaka Kumagai, Kiyoshi Asai, Masayuki Machida, William C. Nierman, David W. Denning, Mark Caddick, Michael Hynes, Mathieu Paoletti, Reinhard Fischer, Bruce Miller, Paul Dyer, Matthew S. Sachs, Stephen A. Osmani, Bruce W. Birren

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The aspergilli comprise a diverse group of filamentous fungi spanning over 200 million years of evolution. Here we report the genome sequence of the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, and a comparative study with Aspergillus fumigatus, a serious human pathogen, and Aspergillus oryzae, used in the production of sake, miso, and soy sauce. Our analysis of genome structure provided a quantitative evaluation of forces driving long-term eukaryotic genome evolution. It also led to an experimentally validated model of mating-type locus evolution, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction in A. fumigatus and A. oryzae. Our analysis of sequence …

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Mechanomyographic Amplitude And Frequency Responses During Dynamic Muscle Actions: A Comprehensive Review, Travis W. Beck, Terry J. Housh, Joel T. Cramer, Joseph P. Weir, Glen O. Johnson, Jared W. Coburn, Moh H. Malek, Michelle Mielke Dec 2005

Mechanomyographic Amplitude And Frequency Responses During Dynamic Muscle Actions: A Comprehensive Review, Travis W. Beck, Terry J. Housh, Joel T. Cramer, Joseph P. Weir, Glen O. Johnson, Jared W. Coburn, Moh H. Malek, Michelle Mielke

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

The purpose of this review is to examine the literature that has investigated mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions. To date, the majority of MMG research has focused on isometric muscle actions. Recent studies, however, have examined the MMG time and/or frequency domain responses during various types of dynamic activities, including dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) and isokinetic muscle actions, as well as cycle ergometry. Despite the potential influences of factors such as changes in muscle length and the thickness of the tissue between the muscle and the MMG sensor, there is convincing evidence that during …

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Evidence For Direct Roles Of Two Additional Factors, Secp43 And Soluble Liver Antigen, In The Selenoprotein Synthesis Machinery, Xue-Ming Xu, Heiko Mix, Bradley A. Carlson, Paula J. Grabowski, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J. Berry, Dolph L. Hatfield Dec 2005

Evidence For Direct Roles Of Two Additional Factors, Secp43 And Soluble Liver Antigen, In The Selenoprotein Synthesis Machinery, Xue-Ming Xu, Heiko Mix, Bradley A. Carlson, Paula J. Grabowski, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Marla J. Berry, Dolph L. Hatfield

Vadim Gladyshev Publications

Selenocysteine (Sec) is inserted into selenoproteins co-translationally with the help of various cis- and trans-acting factors. The specific mechanisms of Sec biosynthesis and insertion into protein in eukaryotic cells, however, are not known. Two proteins, SECp43 and the soluble liver antigen (SLA), were previously reported to interact with tRNA [Ser]Sec, but their functions remained elusive. Herein, we report that knockdown of SECp43 in NIH3T3 or TCMK-1 cells using RNA interference technology resulted in a reduction in the level of methylation at the 2’-hydroxylribosyl moiety in the wobble position (Um34) of Sec tRNA [Ser]Sec, and consequently reduced glutathione peroxidase …

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Improving Feed Efficiency Through Genetics, Mark F. Allan Dec 2005

Improving Feed Efficiency Through Genetics, Mark F. Allan

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Feed efficiency is not a new topic to the beef industry. Historically this topic has been revisited by the industry every 10 to 15 years with little benefit to the producer. The lack of progress in understanding the genetics of feed efficiency stems from the difficulty in trying to accurately measure individual intakes, coupled with extreme costs and a long generation interval. Feed efficiency is difficult to define and needs to be evaluated in the producing female, as well as the growing/finishing animal. Heritability of feed efficiency has been estimated to be moderate, with values ranging from .28-.44. These values …

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Food-Bourne Pathogens – Control Through Management, Terry J. Klopfenstein, David R. Smith, Rodney A. Moxley, Robert Peterson, Galen E. Erickson Dec 2005

Food-Bourne Pathogens – Control Through Management, Terry J. Klopfenstein, David R. Smith, Rodney A. Moxley, Robert Peterson, Galen E. Erickson

Range Beef Cow Symposium

We likely have the safest food in history. So why the concern about food safety? Why did NCBA have an E. coli Summit in 2003 and a Beef Safety Summit in 2005? The obvious answer is that it is an important issue for the Beef Cattle Industry. Meat and Poultry magazine estimated that E. coli O157:H7 cost the Cattle Industry about $2.7 billion from 1993 to 2003. From a local standpoint, we witnessed the bankruptcies of Hudson Foods and Beef America, two important beef processors in Nebraska. E. coli O157:H7 causes illness in less than .00002% of the meals eaten …

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New Demands On Beef Products, Jim Coakley Dec 2005

New Demands On Beef Products, Jim Coakley

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The natural beef business is founded on the idea of providing food products that are an alternative to commonplace and are inherently high quality. A brand that is built on trust of the company and its suppliers to produce food products using specified raising practices that measure up to what the consumer desires and believes to be best for family and planet.
In 1989 the company wrote a mission statement that said:
By understanding our customers we will lead in the profitable marketing of natural and organic products using ecologically focused principles.

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Using New Selection Tools, R. Mark Enns, D. J. Garrick, B. W. Brigham Dec 2005

Using New Selection Tools, R. Mark Enns, D. J. Garrick, B. W. Brigham

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The goal of most beef production systems is to increase or at least maintain profitability. Producers can attempt to increase profitability in a variety of ways that might include reducing feed costs, changing their marketing program, or perhaps by changing the performance of their herd through genetic improvement. Focusing on this latter option, there are two primary genetic tools available: selection and mating where selection refers to the selection of breeding animals and mating includes which females are mated to which bulls, for example, crossbreeding systems. This paper focuses on the former, the selection of the appropriate animals for a …

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The Future Of The Beef Industry, Gary C. Smith Dec 2005

The Future Of The Beef Industry, Gary C. Smith

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Weaber and Miller (2004) said “The structure of the cattle industry has changed dramatically over time, particularly in the packing and feeding segments. It’s a change driven by market dynamics that require participants to minimize production costs while at the same time, maintaining or improving quality. Producers that have met these two demands have remained in business through the various ‘boom or bust’ cycles in the beef industry.”

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Utilizing Carcass Traits In A Breeding Program, Rich Blair Dec 2005

Utilizing Carcass Traits In A Breeding Program, Rich Blair

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Blair Brothers Angus is a multi-generational ranching operation in Western S.D. near Sturgis, which is much better known worldwide for Hogs than Angus cattle. However, by hogs I mean Harley Davidson motorcycles and the local biker bar does advertise Certified Angus Beef. Our normal annual rainfall is 14-15 inches, but normal the past few years would be welcome. We calve the heifers in late February, and cows begin the first of March. We run the cows in groups of 300-400 head, on a timed rotation grazing system, which works well with June rains. We supplement cows in the wintertime with …

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Management Strategies To Reduce Embryonic Loss, Tom Geary Dec 2005

Management Strategies To Reduce Embryonic Loss, Tom Geary

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Embryonic loss may represent the single greatest economic loss for cow/calf producers. With 40,000,000 beef cows and heifers exposed to breeding each year in the U.S., annual losses exceed $1.2 billion. The mechanisms involved in pregnancy establishment and maintenance are complex, and based on the literature, we have made little progress reducing embryo wastage in the past 90 years. This paper will focus on when and why pregnancy failures occur and discuss some management practices that may alleviate these losses.

In beef cattle, it is generally accepted that fertilization rates to a single service are between 90 and 100% regardless …

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Forecasting Forage Production, Alexander J. Smart Dec 2005

Forecasting Forage Production, Alexander J. Smart

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The ability to forecast annual forage yield from weather data would be useful for making appropriate adjustments to stocking rates in order to achieve or maintain desired plant communities. Identifying the key weather variables that determine forage yield would help managers focus their attention on what to measure and when to make grazing decisions.

Stocking rate decisions are critical in determining long-range sustainability and productivity of range ecosystems and ultimately the financial success of ranches. Over-stocking of rangeland has led to reduced vegetative cover, increased runoff of water and sediment, and increased weedy forbs and woody plant species. All of …

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Factors Affecting Breeding Success, George Perry Dec 2005

Factors Affecting Breeding Success, George Perry

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Reproductive failure is a major source of economic loss in the beef industry. The majority of this loss occurs because cows do not become pregnant during a defined breeding season. Therefore, the goal of any breeding program is to maximize the number of females that become pregnant. This means that fertility plays a major role in the success of any breeding program. There are several methods by which fertility can be measured: 1) conception rates (number of animals pregnant/number of animals inseminated), 2) pregnancy rates (number of animals pregnant/number of animals available for breeding), and 3) calving rates (number of …

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Getting The Most Out Of A Vaccine Program, Charles L. Stoltenow Dec 2005

Getting The Most Out Of A Vaccine Program, Charles L. Stoltenow

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Vaccination programs have long been touted to be the answer to all your cattle disease problems. It isn’t that way. Vaccination is only one of many tools that producers and ranchers have at their disposal to try and manage an efficient and profitable operation. There are many other tools at their disposal.

When discussing vaccines, I have a favorite quote from Dr. Tim Richards at Kamuela, HI. He was the veterinarian for Parker ranch, the largest ranch in the United States. When Dr. Richards made that quote, Parker ranch was sending their feeder cattle by boat to the mainland for …

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Bovine Trichomoniasis, Russ Daly Dec 2005

Bovine Trichomoniasis, Russ Daly

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Trichomoniasis is a venereal disease of cattle that has caused significant economic losses in American cattle herds for many years. Its return to prominence in South Dakota in 2004-2005 is contrasted by the long-standing more endemic nature of the disease in other western states. The rate of diagnosis of trichomoniasis in the region has increased in recent years; whether this is due to an actual increase in numbers of affected herds or simply heightened awareness of the disease is not clear.

Few detailed studies have been conducted to determine the actual prevalence of trichomoniasis in U.S. herds, but a 1990 …

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Supplementation, Winter Cow Nutrition, Don C. Adams Dec 2005

Supplementation, Winter Cow Nutrition, Don C. Adams

Range Beef Cow Symposium

It is generally accepted that protein supplements help beef cows efficiently utilize dormant forages and maintain body condition score (BCS) during fall-winter grazing. Additionally, protein supplements fed during fall and winter may impact subsequent cow reproductive performance and calf growth. Applications of supplementation in different extended grazing systems are presented.

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“Decoding” The Alphabet Soup Of Animal I.D. And Marketing Programs, Jack C. Whittier Dec 2005

“Decoding” The Alphabet Soup Of Animal I.D. And Marketing Programs, Jack C. Whittier

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Wow! What a difference two years makes. At the Range Beef Cow Symposium in 2003, we endeavored to address the topic “Traceback, Verification, and Animal Identification on the Ranch: Big Brother of Best Buddy?” On the very day of this presentation, December 9, 2005, a Holstein cow in the state of Washington was harvested and due to abnormalities observed in this cow, tissue samples were taken for further evaluation. Later that month, on December 23, 2003, it was announced that this cow tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This event, along with associated policy from USDA, combined to rocket …

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Determining The Best Time To Wean, Steve Paisley, Kellie Chichester Dec 2005

Determining The Best Time To Wean, Steve Paisley, Kellie Chichester

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Production analysis and survey data suggests that the greatest contribution to annual cow production costs in the Northern Plains is harvested and purchased feed (Taylor and Field, 1995). Harvested hay is not only expensive to purchase, but it is expensive to put up and feed. Dunn (2002) showed that interest and depreciation on capital (required to handle hay) were major factors limiting profitability of ranching operations. Profit margins in cow/calf production are slim due to high production costs (Taylor and Field, 1995) and lost opportunity to capture value from marketable ranch products (NASS, 1999). Low input systems, or systems that …

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Key Indicators Of Success In Ranching: A Balanced Approach, Barry H. Dunn, Matthew Etheredge Dec 2005

Key Indicators Of Success In Ranching: A Balanced Approach, Barry H. Dunn, Matthew Etheredge

Range Beef Cow Symposium

While it has often been recognized that a ranch is greater than the sum of its parts, measuring and reporting the performance of the parts seems to be the common method of measuring the success of a ranch. Depending on the interest of the owner and manager, emphasis may be focused on cattle performance, or range management, or financial performance, or individual or personal accomplishments. Seldom does the discussion of success encompass some overarching measurement. The management tool known as “The Balanced Scorecard,” first developed by Robert S. Kaplin and David P. Norton in the early 1990s (Kaplin and Norton, …

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Natural Beef In The Feedlot: Risk & Return To Feeder Calf Premiums, Turk Stovall, Jack Mccaffery Dec 2005

Natural Beef In The Feedlot: Risk & Return To Feeder Calf Premiums, Turk Stovall, Jack Mccaffery

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Significant premiums can be realized in producing and marketing cattle through natural beef programs. However, if not executed with caution, the premiums can be quickly replaced with losses. “Natural” has been one of the hottest buzz words in feeder cattle sales over the last several years. The challenge is to make sure that everyone defines the term “natural” the same way. The “never-ever” programs seem to have been adapted as the industry’s gold standard. This standard requires natural cattle to “never-ever” have been given antibiotics or hormones of any kind from birth to harvest. Thus if you treat a calf …

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Eye On The Id, Ray And Linda Gilbert, Andrea Gilbert, Lloyd, Patty, Sawyer, And Grey Gilbert Dec 2005

Eye On The Id, Ray And Linda Gilbert, Andrea Gilbert, Lloyd, Patty, Sawyer, And Grey Gilbert

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The Gilbert family has ranched in northwestern South Dakota for over one hundred years. We run a commercial Angus cow herd of approximately 900 mother cows. Our emphasis is on replacement heifers and feeder steers. The hot iron brand has been and is the method of identification used on Gilbert Angus cattle within the brand inspection area of Western South Dakota. The first brand was registered in the late 1800’s according to the brand papers held by Frank Gilbert. The Cross J Bar brand was the identification used to distinguish Gilbert cattle then and is still used today. As the …

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Crossbreeding The Forgotten Tool, Jim Gosey Dec 2005

Crossbreeding The Forgotten Tool, Jim Gosey

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Most ranchers know crossbreeding can increase output, but perhaps, don’t appreciate the potential 25% crossbred advantage in lifetime productivity of crossbred cows. Yes, you read that correctly; 25% crossbred advantage in lifetime productivity. In recent years many commercial cow herds have changed dramatically as producers have opted to repeatedly top-cross Angus bulls on their commercial cows resulting in loss of heterosis and loss of complementary breed effects. Some of the reasons for this shift are; 1) a desire to simplify breeding programs (perception that crossbreeding systems are too complex), 2) use of black hide color as a proxy for market …

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Heifer Development: Revisiting Target Weights And Management Approaches, Trey Patterson, Richard T. Clark, Robin Salverson, Wayen Fahsholtz, Tony Line Dec 2005

Heifer Development: Revisiting Target Weights And Management Approaches, Trey Patterson, Richard T. Clark, Robin Salverson, Wayen Fahsholtz, Tony Line

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Developing heifers can be among the most expensive practices in many beef production businesses (Sprinkle, 2000). We have heard time and again about the importance of getting heifers bred at high rates. The logic used is that it is expensive to develop heifers, so you can reduce the cost of a pregnant heifer by improving pregnancy rates. This tends to lead into a cycle of adding more costs to further increase pregnancy rates. A production driven approach to developing heifers may have negative impacts on ranch profitability.

It is generally recommended that heifers need to be developed to 60-65% of …

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Distillers Grains For Range Cattle, Ivan G. Rush Dec 2005

Distillers Grains For Range Cattle, Ivan G. Rush

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Corn by-products are becoming more available in range country as more corn is used for ethanol and other products. Ethanol plants have increased dramatically in the past five years and many more plants are being planned and are going into production each year. Many of the plants are being constructed in areas where corn production is very high and yet large numbers of cattle are fed in relative close proximity of the corn processing plants. Because of the cost of drying it is more economical to feed the by-product wet, however because of limited cattle in close proximity of the …

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Putting Bvd Control On Your Radar Screen, Jim Kennedy Dec 2005

Putting Bvd Control On Your Radar Screen, Jim Kennedy

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral disease impacting beef cattle reproduction and performance. The key source of BVDV infection is the BVDV PI animal. PI animals are the result of fetal exposure to the virus prior to the development of its immune system approximately between day 18 and day 125 of gestation. Exposure to the virus prior to day 18 may result in embryonic death and apparent infertility, while exposure after day 125 is more commonly associated with abortion, stillbirths or congenital abnormalities. BVDV not only lessens reproductive performance but also produces disease in cattle including diarrhea, …

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Family Communication In Ag Operations: Getting The Cards On The Table, Randy Mckee Dec 2005

Family Communication In Ag Operations: Getting The Cards On The Table, Randy Mckee

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Why communication is so important.
A. Saving the family relationships
B. Avoiding the Family Feud
1. Have to back this up with a plan and with good documents
C. Producing desirable outcomes
1. Starts with having a plan
2. Plan does not have to be carved in stone
3. New techniques offer flexibility
A. Trusts
B. Durable Powers of Attorney
C. Business Entities

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A Producer’S Experience On Moving Calving Date, Mark H. Mccarty Dec 2005

A Producer’S Experience On Moving Calving Date, Mark H. Mccarty

Range Beef Cow Symposium

I grew up on a purebred operation, where we did everything the hard way. If it involved more labor, more overhead, and more inputs we did it that way. Calving season was of course the most labor intensive, coldest time of the year. We calved every cow through the barn and watched them around the clock. Each calf was weighed, tagged, vaccinated at birth, and not to mention probably nursed. Now we calve around 2,500 commercial cows and sometimes we check them, but most of the time we don’t even see the calves until branding time.

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State Of The Beef Industry And Cattle Market Situation And Outlook Dec 2005

State Of The Beef Industry And Cattle Market Situation And Outlook

Range Beef Cow Symposium

No abstract provided.

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Computer-Assisted Docking Of Flavodoxin With The Atp:Co(I)Rrinoid Adenosyltransferase (Coba) Enzyme Reveals Residues Critical For Protein-Protein Interactions But Not For Catalysis*, Nicole R. Buan, Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena Dec 2005

Computer-Assisted Docking Of Flavodoxin With The Atp:Co(I)Rrinoid Adenosyltransferase (Coba) Enzyme Reveals Residues Critical For Protein-Protein Interactions But Not For Catalysis*, Nicole R. Buan, Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The activity of the housekeeping ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) enzyme of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium is required to adenosylate de novo biosynthetic intermediates of adenosylcobalamin and to salvage incomplete and complete corrinoids from the environment of this bacterium. In vitro, reduced flavodoxin (FldA) provides an electron to generate the co(I)rrinoid substrate in the CobA active site. To understand how CobAand FldA interact, a computer model of aCobA∙FldA complex was generated. This model was used to guide the introduction of mutations into CobA using site-directed mutagenesis and the synthesis of a peptide mimic of FldA. Residues Arg-9 and Arg-165 of CobA …

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Establishment Stand Thresholds For Switchgrass Grown As A Bioenergy Crop, Marty R. Schmer, Kenneth P. Vogel, Robert B. Mitchell, Lowell E. Moser, Kent M. Eskridge, Richard K. Perrin Dec 2005

Establishment Stand Thresholds For Switchgrass Grown As A Bioenergy Crop, Marty R. Schmer, Kenneth P. Vogel, Robert B. Mitchell, Lowell E. Moser, Kent M. Eskridge, Richard K. Perrin

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season (C4) perennial grass and a potential bioenergy crop. On-farm switchgrass field scale trials, which were initiated to obtain economic production information for switchgrass grown as a bioenergy crop in the northern Plains, provided information on establishment year stands and post-establishment year yields and stands both within and across fields and were used to determine if a stand threshold exists for switchgrass grown as a biomass energy crop. Switchgrass was seeded in 10 cropland fields, ranging in size from 3 to 9.5 ha, in Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota in 2000 and …

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