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Articles 181 - 210 of 238
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
An Evaluation Of High Protein Oat Forage For Dairy Cattle, Thomas Lee Schroeder
An Evaluation Of High Protein Oat Forage For Dairy Cattle, Thomas Lee Schroeder
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
As world population climbs toward the 6 billion mark predicted for the turn of the century, it becomes of grave importance that we meet the challenge of human food production. In developed nations, urban sprawl is devouring land once used for agricultural purposes, while in underdeveloped nations, malnutrition is commonplace. The technology of the 21st century will need to develop new methods and means whereby grains can be increasingly used to provide the nutritional needs of humans. Therefore, animal scientists must work toward even more efficient utilization of roughages by ruminant animals. Efficient conversion of roughages to high quality human …
Reasons Why Cows Were Removed From The Sdsu Fairy Herd 1. Discriminant Analysis To Classify Cows With Or Without Reproductive Problems, Fred Tidemann
Reasons Why Cows Were Removed From The Sdsu Fairy Herd 1. Discriminant Analysis To Classify Cows With Or Without Reproductive Problems, Fred Tidemann
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One of the keys to financial success in the dairy business is the ability of management to detect herd problems and correct them instead of culling cows. It is well known that the average productive life of the dairy cow is less than 4 yr, which is short compared with her potential life. Involuntary removal of cows causes economic loss directly as a result of its effect on yearly milk production, increased replacement cost, and indirectly because the potential selection differential is reduced with premature loss of high producing cows. The degree of culling is related to important economic considerations …
Effect Of Heat Treatment On Protein Quality And Utilization Of Soybean And Sunflower Meals By Dairy Cattle, Mohammad Ahrar
Effect Of Heat Treatment On Protein Quality And Utilization Of Soybean And Sunflower Meals By Dairy Cattle, Mohammad Ahrar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Effect of heat treatment on soybean and sunflower meal proteins were studied using in vitro and in vivo techniques. In experiment I, soybean meal (SBM) and sunflower meal (SFM) were subjected to steam heating about 120 C for 25 to 30 seconds using a commercial cooker extruder. The heat treatment was designed to reduce solubility of the SBM and SFM in the rumen, thereby allowing more soybean meal protein and sunflower meal protein to be undigestible in the rumen but still digestible in the lower digestive tract when fed to cattle. Solubilities of protein in SBM and SFM were reduced …
Influence Of Season On Immunoglobulin Absorption And Status In Young Calves, Lynn Maureen Boyd
Influence Of Season On Immunoglobulin Absorption And Status In Young Calves, Lynn Maureen Boyd
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A high rate of calf mortality can represent a major economic loss to the dairy farmer. Despite increased knowledge in calf rearing, mortality rates of 10 to as high as 25% are not uncommon. The loss of heifer calves alone cost dairymen an estimated $81 million in 1975. This figure does not include the additional costs of extra labor, medication and veterinary expenses, and the loss of genetic potential. The most critical period for calf survival is the first 2 to 3 wk of life. During this time, the calf depends upon colostral immunoglobulins absorbed during the first 24 h …
A Comparison Of Cottage Cheese Yields Using Culture And Direct Acidification, David Edward Satterness
A Comparison Of Cottage Cheese Yields Using Culture And Direct Acidification, David Edward Satterness
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Commercial production of cottage cheese constitutes a significant portion of the total fluid milk utilization in the U.S. Since 1955, yearly per capita consumption of cottage .cheese has steadily increased from 1. 77 kg (3.9 lb) to a high of 2.45 kg (5.4 lb) in 1971 and 1972 (101, 122). A relatively sharp increase in the price of milk solids-not-fat depressed the yearly per capita consumption of cottage cheese to 2. 14 kg (4. 7 lb) in 1974 and 1975 (121). A gradual recovery from this depression was experienced in 1976 with the yearly per capita consumption increasing from 2.10 …
Free Fatty Acids Associated With Induced Rancidity In Cream And Butter, John Alan Anderson
Free Fatty Acids Associated With Induced Rancidity In Cream And Butter, John Alan Anderson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One of the most significant problems in the dairy industry today is the flavor defect known as rancidity. This defect has been recognized for some time, but recent trends in milk handling have increased the problem of rancidity. Recently the dairy industry on the farm has changed to the increased use of pipeline milkers and bulk handling of milk. Processing plants are becoming larger and more centralized, resulting in more movement over longer distances for the raw product. These changes result in increased foaming and agitation of the milk, contributing to the rancidity problem. The butter industry has changed. Butter …
Detection Of Antibiotic Residues In Bovine Milk, Mark Edward Johnson
Detection Of Antibiotic Residues In Bovine Milk, Mark Edward Johnson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act antibiotics are considered as ·adulterants in milk and milk products. Cultured dairy products cannot be made with milk containing small concentrations -of antibiotics. Also, minute quantities of antibiotics cause allergic reactions in some people. Penicillin is the most common antibiotic to which people are allergic, and penicillin is also the most commonly used antibiotic in the treatment of infections in bovines. Antibiotics, whether injected intravenously or intramuscularly, or infused into the udder of the cow, can be secreted into the milk. It is for this reason that withdrawal times for milk from cows …
Intake And Digestibility Of Brown-Midrib Corn Silage By Lactating Dairy Cows, James Allen Rook
Intake And Digestibility Of Brown-Midrib Corn Silage By Lactating Dairy Cows, James Allen Rook
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Two short-term trials evaluated brown-midrib-3 (bm3) mutant (low lignin) corn silage for early lactation Holstein cows. In trial 1, five cows per group were individually fed a ration of silage and grain (60:40 ratio, dry matter basis) from week 2 through 8 of lactation. Lignin percentages for bm3 and normal silages were 4.9 and 6.4. Cattle fed the bm3 ration consumed 19% more total dry matter as percent of body weight than cows fed normal. Digestibilities of dry matter, cell-wall contents, acid detergent fiber, and energy were 3 to percentage units higher for the bm3 …
A Study Of Milk Composition In South Dakota, Jeng-Jung Yee
A Study Of Milk Composition In South Dakota, Jeng-Jung Yee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The composition of cow's milk, including both the fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) content, is known to vary over rather broad ranges. Breed and individuality of the cow are the major factors influencing this, but many other factors are known to exert their influence. However, it has generally been observed that compensation or complementing occurs when the milk of cows is mixed together; so that the composition of milk from a herd will tend toward averages or norms. This effect usually is even more marked as the milk from two or more herds is commingled. Payment for milk on the basis …
Factors Affecting The Development Of Lipase Flavor In Butter, Lawrence I. Bell
Factors Affecting The Development Of Lipase Flavor In Butter, Lawrence I. Bell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Current trends in the dairy industry have resulted in an increase in the incidence of lipase flavored butter. Raw cream, fresh and aged 24 h, was divided into 3 fractions and heat treated at temperatures of 72 C, 85 C, and 93 C. Each fraction of cream was churned into butter, with the butter divided and stored at -28. 9 C and 4.4 C. Lipase flavor development was measured organoleptically, by acid degree value (ADV), and free fatty acids (FFA) using a colorimetric procedure. Age of the cream had a significant effect (P< .01) on FFA and. ADV .levels, whereas heat treatment .of the cream had a significant effect (P< .01) on flavor only. Storage time had a significant effect (P< .01) on FFA, ADV, and flavor and the temperature of storage had a significant effect (P< .01) on FFA ·and flavor. Correlation between FFA and ADV was 0.86. There was no correlation between flavor and either JTFA or ADV
Initiation Of Parturition In Dairy Cows With Dexamethasone And Dexamethasone Plus Estradiol Benzoate, Gary Lee Beardsley
Initiation Of Parturition In Dairy Cows With Dexamethasone And Dexamethasone Plus Estradiol Benzoate, Gary Lee Beardsley
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Parturition was initiated in 25 of 29 (Trial 1) and 26 of 26 (Trial 2) Holstein cows given dexamethasone (Trial 1), 4.4 mg/100 kg body weight, or dexamethasone plus .25 mg estradiol benzoate (Trial 2) at day 273 of gestation. Parturition occurred at 45.l z +/-11.1 h (Trial 1) and 40.8 ± 9.6 h (Trial 2) after injection. Twenty-nine control cows (Trial 1) and 26 control cows (Trial 2) had average gestation lengths of 280 and 281 days, respectively. In Trial 1, calving difficulty was greater (P <.05) while birth weight of calves was 3.0 kg less (P<.05) for the induced cows compared to controls. In Trial 2, no differences in calving difficulty were found, while calf birth weight was 2.5 kg less (P <.10) for the induced cows compared to controls. Average birth weights of calves were 42.4 and 45.4 kg, Trial 1; and L~o.8 and 43.3 kg for Trial 2, for induced and control groups. Severity of udder edema did not differ for either trial. Average daily milk production for the first 9 wk of lactation was 2l~.8 kg and 27.8 kg (Trial 1) and 24.2 kg and 27.7 kg (Trial 2), for induced and control groups. In both trials, differences in milk fat or fat corrected milk were nil. Total milk production (305 day-2X-mature equivalent) was not significantly different for either trial. Changes in body weight were similar for control and induced cows in both trials. The incidence of retained placental membranes was 76 and 10'/4 (Trial 1) and 50 and 4% (Trial 2) for induced and control cows. Average days to first heat, days to firs+, service, days to conception, and services per conception for induced cows were: 58 .4, 79-9, 117.8, 2.0 (Trial l); 80.7, 81.4, 102.2, 1.64 (Trial 2); and for control cows were: 58.6, 82.3, 105.5, 1.8 (Trial l); 89.0, 91.4, 128~6, 1.94 (Trial 2). In Trial 1, the incidence of milk fever in cows with no previous history was 24 and 10'/4 for induced a"'1.d control cows. There were no differences in the incidence of metabolic disorders in Trial 2. Results of California Mastitis Tests were similar for control and induced cows in both trials. In both Trial 1 and Trial 2, fat, protein, total solids, and gamma globulin content of the colostrum did not differ between control an treatment groups;· Casein values were lower (P <.05) for the treatment group in both trials. Average daily gains from 0 to 10 weeks were .63 and .60 kg, for Trial 1; and .51 and .46 kg, for Trial 2, for induced and control calves. No differences were found in calf death loss or health disorders between groups. Similar levels of serum gamma globulin were found for both groups at 0 (before sucking) and 3 days of age in both trials. No meaningful differences were found in total serum protein, albumin, and alpha and beta globulin levels in both trials. No differences were found at birth, in chest depth, shoulder width, head circumference, hip width, and wither height of calves.
Dried Whey As An Additive For Alfalfa Haylage And As A Grain Supplement For Dairy Cows, Sitakantha Dash
Dried Whey As An Additive For Alfalfa Haylage And As A Grain Supplement For Dairy Cows, Sitakantha Dash
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research was conducted to explore the possibility of utilizing surplus whey in dairy cattle rations. Four experiments determined the influence of whey on preservation, digestibility and feeding value of alfalfa haylage. The last experiment was initiated to evaluate dried whey as a grain supplement. When dried whole whey was added at O, 1, and 10% levels to reconstituted alfalfa haylage (chopped baled hay plus 50% water) and preserved in sealed metal containers, it reduced pH, decreased acetic acid, and increased lactic acid. The general pattern of fermentation was better in whey-treated haylages than in corresponding untreated haylages. An in …
The Vitamin E Status Of Lactating Dairy Cows After Receiving Stored Feeds For 15 Months, Marc Dellhime Eckhart
The Vitamin E Status Of Lactating Dairy Cows After Receiving Stored Feeds For 15 Months, Marc Dellhime Eckhart
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The trend in dairying in recent years has been towards more confinement housing and higher producing animals. Such confinement housing often leads to year-around feeding of stored feeds, such as silage, haylage, and hay with no pasture grazing or feeding of freshly cut forages. Since stored feeds contain substantially less vitamin E than those same forage when freshly cut or grazed, it may be important to re-evaluate the vitamin E status of cows fed stored feeds continuously. The requirement of cattle for vitamin E are largely unknown. The one study involving adult cattle, conducted 25 years ago, found that 1.82 …
Partial Characterization Of Animal Growth Inhibitors From Soybeans, Joseph Richard Uckert
Partial Characterization Of Animal Growth Inhibitors From Soybeans, Joseph Richard Uckert
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The pH 4. 4 supernatant from raw (unheated) soybean meal was separated into 5 fractions on a Sephadex G-25 column in efforts to isolate the animal growth inhibitors present soybeans. Each fraction was added to the diet of growing mice and growth inhibition (GI) activity was determined by comparing their_ growth rates to g1"'owth rates achieved on an autoclaved soybean meal diet. Fractions I and II each contained about 50% of the GI activity, with a trace in fraction III and none in fractions IV and V. Only fraction I contained trypsin inhibitor and caused pancreatic enlargement. Fraction I was …
Sephadex G-25 And Charcoal Separation Of Mouse Growth Inhibitors In Soybeans From Trypsin Inhibitors, Larry James Tidemann
Sephadex G-25 And Charcoal Separation Of Mouse Growth Inhibitors In Soybeans From Trypsin Inhibitors, Larry James Tidemann
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Rising costs have changes man’s ideals and eating habits. Plant ingredients, because of their relatively low costs, have been increasingly used as a substitute for animal proteins. If these plant ingredients could be directly utilized by man, this would be a more efficient use of energy and nutrients. One plant source currently used in such a manner is soybeans, which is a prime source of protein for human and livestock nutrition. However, soybeans contain several factors that are detrimental to man and livestock. Heating of soybeans counteracts these factors, since the undesirable factors are heat labile. However, heat alters the …
Responses Of Rumen Microflora To Whey Products Added To High-Grain Low-Roughage Rations, Virgil L. Metzger
Responses Of Rumen Microflora To Whey Products Added To High-Grain Low-Roughage Rations, Virgil L. Metzger
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Many factors present in livestock feeds affect the numbers and types of protozoa and bacteria in the rumen. A small particle size of feed and a fast rate of passage of the feed through the ruminant decreases protozoal numbers. Full feeding of a concentrate ration and an acid pH in the rumen also tend to reduce protozoa numbers. Bacteria numbers tend to increase as the protozoa numbers decrease. Knowledge of rumen microflora population changes on different rations is lacking. It is known that restricted-roughage rations will generally cause lower protozoal numbers. Since whey is an available source of lactose and …
Effects Of Feeding Leptaden To Dairy Cows, Sitakantha Dash
Effects Of Feeding Leptaden To Dairy Cows, Sitakantha Dash
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Leptaden is a herbal drug which was recently introduced to the market by Alarsin Pharmaceuticals, Bombay, India. It consists of the extracts of two indigenous medical plants, namely Leotadenia reticulata (Jeevanti) and Breynia patens (Kamboji) in equal proportions. In 1947, Patel first drew the attention of gynaecologists to the usefulness of Leptaden in habitual abortions and allied conditions in women and later on pointed out its lactogenic and galactagogue properties. His original observations are supported by growing clinical experience over a twenty year period of medical practice. Published clinical experience shows that in most cases Leptaden stimulates, lactation within twelve …
The Lipid Composition Of Milk As Affected By High Grain-Limited Roughage Rations Containing Whey Products, Roger Charles Peper
The Lipid Composition Of Milk As Affected By High Grain-Limited Roughage Rations Containing Whey Products, Roger Charles Peper
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Certain rations fed to lactating dairy cows appear to have a dramatic influence on the lipid composition of milk fat produced. A high grain ration fed with a limited amount of roughage tends to cause a depression in milk fat production while at the same time changing the milk fat composition. There have been various attempts to alleviate the depression in milk fat. Minerals used in the ration seem to slightly relieve the milk fat depression caused by high grain rations. One drawback has been lower milk production due to a decline in concentrate consumption. Whey products added to a …
Flavor Preference And Stability Of A Low-Fat Dairy Spread, James Robert Miller
Flavor Preference And Stability Of A Low-Fat Dairy Spread, James Robert Miller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Low-fat dairy spread has been defined as a product which contains only dairy ingredients and has a lower fat content than the commonly used spreads, butter and margarine (5). Although some low-fat spreads have contained very little fat, most of those which have been developed during the past 30 years have contained about one-third to two-thirds as much fat as the commonly used spreads and have had a higher protein content. ·The low-fat dairy spread studied in this project contained about ten times more protein and only one-half as much fat as butter and margarine. The present day justification of …
Abnormal Milk Evaluations In Eastern South Dakota Milk Plants And Dairy Herds, Edwin J. Kleen
Abnormal Milk Evaluations In Eastern South Dakota Milk Plants And Dairy Herds, Edwin J. Kleen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
For many years bovine mastitis has been a major problem for dairy producers, the seriousness of which can be measured by the volumes of literature which have been written about it as well as the economic losses incurred by the dairy industry because of it. The fact that mastitis is still a virulent disease in spite of the vast amount of research conducted on it would suggest either that the underlying causes of mastitis still are not completely understood or that the knowledge gained through research has not been presented effectively to those who need it most—namely the dairy farmer. …
The Effect Of Harvesting And Storage Methods On Chemical Composition And In Vitro Digestibility Of First Cutting Alfalfa Hay, Perry A. Fales
The Effect Of Harvesting And Storage Methods On Chemical Composition And In Vitro Digestibility Of First Cutting Alfalfa Hay, Perry A. Fales
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The importance of alfalfa hay in dairy cattle feeding is generally acknowledged. The reasons why alfalfa is used so extensively in dairy cattle rations are due to its high protein content, high acceptability by cattle, its wide ·area of adaptation, and high yields. A popular way of handling the forage is to put it up as hay. South Dakota produced 3,261,000 tons of alfalfa hay in 1968. There were 73 million tons of alfalfa hay produced in the United States during 1968 (10) making it a crop of major importance. Farming practices have changed considerably the last ten years. Among …
Effect Of Days Open On Lactation Production, Roger L. Ripley
Effect Of Days Open On Lactation Production, Roger L. Ripley
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Accurate evaluation of dairy production records is essential if dairymen are to establish and maintain profitable dairy herds and efficient culling programs. Improper record evaluation may result in. saving breeding stock that otherwise might be eliminated. Many factors may influence the validity of individual production records. Adjustment factors, currently in use by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for sire and cow evaluations, are generally accepted as removing the majority of these influences. Consequently, these factors are invaluable to practical dairymen. The adjustment factors, suggested by McDaniel, et al. (24) in 1967, take into account the geographical location, season …
Indoor Versus Outdoor Calf Rearing At Three Weaning Ages, Larry J. Jorgenson
Indoor Versus Outdoor Calf Rearing At Three Weaning Ages, Larry J. Jorgenson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In order to be profitable, a dairy herb must have good heifers to meet replacement needs. According to USDA (51), these needs are substantial because 25% of the cows in an average herd must be replaced each year as they no longer return a profit. Meeting these herd replacement needs has long been a serious problem of the dairyman. Nation-wide calf loss estimates ranged between 8 and 25% with an estimated annual loss to the industry of $50 million (10). South Dakota dairymen are not immune to these mortality losses and some studies (28, 52) indicate that their losses may …
A Comparison Of Cheese Yields Produced From Normal And Abnormal Milk, Raymond L. Rennich
A Comparison Of Cheese Yields Produced From Normal And Abnormal Milk, Raymond L. Rennich
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mastitis has long been a problem to the Dairy Industry. All milk constituents are affected. Abnormal milk usually has a slightly higher total nitrogen and a lower casein content than does normal milk. Since the percent casein is believed to have the greatest influence on the yield of cheese, it is postulated a lower casein content in milk will produce a proportionately smaller amount of cheese for a given volume of milk. Cheese factories presently buy milk on the basis of fat percentage and weight with no regard to the amount of total protein or casein present. Therefore, it would …
The Feeding Value Of High Dry Matter Corn Silage, Myers J. Owens
The Feeding Value Of High Dry Matter Corn Silage, Myers J. Owens
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The important of corn in dairy cattle feeding is generally acknowledged. A popular way of preserving the crop is to make corn silage, thus using the whole plant for feed and preserving maximum feed per acre. The increased utilization of corn silage by dairymen may be due to its high energy yields per acre, high acceptability by cattle, and ease with it is incorporated into automated systems of harvesting and feeding. The increasing importance of corn silage in the United State is evidenced by the increasing acreages harvested as corn silage. In 1950 there were 4,937,000 acres planted with a …
A Study Of Some Physico-Chemical Changes In A Spread-Type Dairy Product During Storage, Alfredo E. Gudeikis
A Study Of Some Physico-Chemical Changes In A Spread-Type Dairy Product During Storage, Alfredo E. Gudeikis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In the Dairy Science Department at South Dakota State University a new dairy spread product has been developed which has only 50% of the fat content of butter or margarine and 60% of the calorie value of the higher fat products. It is increased in solids content with nonfat milk solids. The purpose· of developing this product was to obtain a new outlet for milk constituents; desirably it was to be one that could regain the market sales which were lost by butter and are now enjoyed by the margarines. The high price of butter compared with the substitute product …
The Influence Of Artificial Insemination In Three Midwestern States, Wendell Lee. Kucker
The Influence Of Artificial Insemination In Three Midwestern States, Wendell Lee. Kucker
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Increased productivity of dairy cattle depends in part upon genetic changes brought about by select ion. Because of the long generation interval and low reproductive rate, genetic improvement in dairy cattle is slow. For this reason, the accuracy and effectiveness of selection of sires is of utmost importance. Selection of sires plays a major role in the genetic improvement of dairy cattle since a sire can leave many more descendants than a female. Consequently, the use of outstanding males is important in the genetic advancement of the dairy cattle population in the upper mid west as well as throughout the …
Factors Affecting Body, Texture, And Water Holding Capacity Of A New Low-Fat Spread-Type Dairy Product, Basil K. Dalaly
Factors Affecting Body, Texture, And Water Holding Capacity Of A New Low-Fat Spread-Type Dairy Product, Basil K. Dalaly
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
At the South Dakota State University Dairy Science Department, a challenging work is being conducted to develop a new spread type· dairy product which is made almost entirely of dairy ingredients. It contains about 40% fat, 6% protein, 40% water, and 1.9% salts. Among the problems which faced the workers on this project were the process induced changes in the protein and the water holding capacity, which are interlinked. The problem of water holding capacity is increased by the high water content of the product compared with butter, which contains about 16% water. Maintaining the stability of the fat emulsion …
Consumer Evaluation Of A New Low-Fat Spread-Type Dairy Product, Walter W. Wosje
Consumer Evaluation Of A New Low-Fat Spread-Type Dairy Product, Walter W. Wosje
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
For many years the dairy industry has been going through transitional period whereby many marketing and structural changes have resulted. Generally speaking, these changes have been advantageous to the dairy farmer. During the past years there has been a widespread and increasing interest in profitable means of utilization of dairy by-products. Because of their unique and high nutritional value, the most logical method of disposition of these by-products is, from the standpoint of the general welfare, in human food; generally this is also the most gainful method. The high nutritional value of these products also makes them valuable in feeding …
Comparison Of Two Cultures For Use In Preacidified Skimmilk For Cottage Cheese Manufacture, Daryl D. Boddicker
Comparison Of Two Cultures For Use In Preacidified Skimmilk For Cottage Cheese Manufacture, Daryl D. Boddicker
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Curd formation in a cultured dairy product is brought about by the addition of a bacterial culture capable of producing lactic acid from lactose. The primary function of this culture is to produce sufficient lactic acid to cause coagulation of the caseinate system of skimmilk. A secondary function of the culture is the production of flavor compounds considered to be desirable in these products. The flavor compounds produced by the normal growth of citric acid fermenting organisms are water soluble, and are largely removed during washing of the Cottage cheese curd. Therefore, flavor compounds are normally added to the cheese …