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Articles 1 - 30 of 66
Full-Text Articles in Legal History
Regulating Driving Automation Safety, Matthew Wansley
Regulating Driving Automation Safety, Matthew Wansley
Faculty Articles
Over forty thousand people die in motor vehicle crashes in the United States each year, and over two million are injured. The careful deployment of driving automation systems could prevent many of these deaths and injuries, but only if it is accompanied by effective regulation. Conventional vehicle safety standards are inadequate because they can only test how technology performs in a controlled environment. To assess the safety of a driving automation system, regulators must observe how it performs in a range of unpredictable, real world edge cases. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is trying to adapt by experimenting …
Qualified Immunity’S Flawed Foundation, Alexander A. Reinert
Qualified Immunity’S Flawed Foundation, Alexander A. Reinert
Faculty Articles
Qualified immunity has faced trenchant criticism for decades, but recent events have renewed focus on this powerful defense to liability for constitutional violations. This Article takes aim at the roots of the doctrine—fundamental errors that have never been excavated. First, this Article demonstrates that the Supreme Court’s qualified immunity jurisprudence is premised on a flawed application of a dubious canon of statutory construction—namely, that statutes in “derogation” of the common law should be strictly construed. Applying the Derogation Canon, the Court has held that 42 U.S.C. § 1983’s silence regarding immunity should be taken as an implicit adoption of common …
Disaggregating Slavery And The Slave Trade, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum
Disaggregating Slavery And The Slave Trade, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum
Faculty Articles
International law prohibits slavery and the slave trade as peremptory norms, customary international law prohibitions and crimes, humanitarian law prohibitions, and non-derogable human rights. Human rights bodies, however, focus on human trafficking, even when slavery and the slave trade—and not human trafficking—are enumerated within their mandates. International human rights law has conflated human trafficking with slavery and the slave trade. Consequently, human trafficking has subsumed the slave trade and, at times, slavery prohibitions, increasing perpetrator impunity for slavery and the slave trade abuses and denying full expressive justice to survivors.
This Article disaggregates slavery from the slave trade and slavery …
Lawyering The Presidency, Deborah Pearlstein
Lawyering The Presidency, Deborah Pearlstein
Faculty Articles
Among its many profound effects on American life, the Trump presidency has triggered a surge of interest in the project of law reform to better check the exercise of presidential power. Yet these reform efforts arise against a wholly unsettled debate about the function and effectiveness of existing checks, perhaps none more so than the role of executive branch legal counsel. With courts often deferential, and Congress hamstrung by partisan polarization, scholars have drawn on the experiences of executive branch lawyers to assess whether counsel functions as part of an “internal separation of powers” form of constraint. Yet while these …
Yom Ha’Shoah In An Even More Special Context, Richard Weisberg
Yom Ha’Shoah In An Even More Special Context, Richard Weisberg
Faculty Online Publications
This always precious day of mournful memory is linked in 2022 to the 80th anniversary of the event that gave birth to all that unutterable sadness: the Wannsee Conference of 1942. In an otherwise innocuous building you can visit anytime you are in Berlin, a handful of men, over cakes and liqueur, devised the “Final Solution”. It took them around two days, well heated and protected from the ice and snow outdoors, to list mechanically their estimates of how many Jews lived in Europe’s various countries and how these Jews might be – though their written minutes never use …
Defending "Universal Vacatur" - Nationwide Injunctions For Administrative Law, Michael E. Herz
Defending "Universal Vacatur" - Nationwide Injunctions For Administrative Law, Michael E. Herz
Faculty Online Publications
The nationwide injunction has seized the imagination of courts and law professors in recent years. Not surprisingly, JOTWELL’s pages screens have given it extensive attention. Recent jots have described important work by Samuel Bray (twice), Amanda Frost (also twice), Russell Weaver, and Alan Trammell that attacks, defends, or theorizes nationwide (or “universal”) injunctions. Jack Beermann, in praising Bray and Frost, did have one complaint: “As an administrative law nut, I wish they both grappled more with the meaning of the APA’s instruction that reviewing courts should ‘hold unlawful and set aside’ unlawful agency action.” Mila Sohoni has now filled that …
The Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein
The Executive Branch Anticanon, Deborah Pearlstein
Faculty Articles
Donald Trump’s presidency has given rise to a raft of concerns not just about the wisdom of particular policy decisions but also about the prospect that executive actions might have troubling longer term “precedential” effects. While critics tend to leave undefined what “precedent” in this context means, existing constitutional structures provide multiple mechanisms by which presidential practice can influence future executive branch conduct: judicial actors rely on practice as gloss on constitutional meaning, executive branch officials rely on past practice in guiding institutional norms of behavior, and elected officials outside the executive branch and the people themselves draw on past …
Missing In Action: The International Crime Of The Slave Trade, Patricia Viseur Sellers, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum
Missing In Action: The International Crime Of The Slave Trade, Patricia Viseur Sellers, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum
Faculty Articles
The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognized and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (AP II), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition and a non-derogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State …
Dean Melanie Leslie's Remarks For The Launch Of Women's Votes, Women's Voices: The 19th Amendment At 100, Melanie B. Leslie
Dean Melanie Leslie's Remarks For The Launch Of Women's Votes, Women's Voices: The 19th Amendment At 100, Melanie B. Leslie
Faculty Speeches & Presentations
On June 4, 2019, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law launched Women's Votes, Women's Voices: The 19th Amendment at 100. Women's Votes, Women's Voices is a year of celebration and scholarly discussion marking one hundred years of the 19th Amendment, which prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of sex, though not all women would have the same ability to vote or to make their voices heard. Bookended by the anniversaries of the passage of the amendment in June 1919 and its ratification in August 1920, #19at100 will commemorate these historical milestones with interactive …
Getting Past The Imperial Presidency, Deborah Pearlstein
Getting Past The Imperial Presidency, Deborah Pearlstein
Faculty Articles
In an age in which the “imperial presidency” seems to have reached its apex, perhaps most alarmingly surrounding the use of military force, conventional wisdom remains fixed that constitutional and international law play a negligible role in constraining executive branch decision-making in this realm. Yet as this Article explains, the factual case that supports the conventional view, based largely on highly selected incidents of presidential behavior, is meaningless in any standard empirical sense. Indeed, the canonical listing of presidential decisions to use force without prior authorization feeds a compliance-centered focus on the study of legal constraint rooted in long-since abandoned …
Commercial Speech Protection As Consumer Protection, Felix T. Wu
Commercial Speech Protection As Consumer Protection, Felix T. Wu
Faculty Articles
The Supreme Court has long said that “the extension of First Amendment protection to commercial speech is justified principally by the value to consumers of the information such speech provides.” In other words, consumers—the recipients or listeners of commercial speech—are the ones the doctrine is meant to protect. In previous work, I explored the implications of taking this view seriously in three contexts: compelled speech, speech among commercial entities, and unwanted marketing. In each of those contexts, adopting a listener-oriented approach leads to the conclusion that many forms of commercial speech regulation should receive far less First Amendment scrutiny than …
Plus Ça Change: A Century-Old Removal For Cause, Michael E. Herz
Plus Ça Change: A Century-Old Removal For Cause, Michael E. Herz
Faculty Online Publications
Lots of ink has been spilled over when Congress can give federal officials for-cause protection. One would think that a necessary antecedent to that discussion would be a determination of exactly what for-cause protection entails. What is “inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office”? Yet no one knows; the debate over the permissibility of that restriction proceeds in blissful uncertainty as to its scope.
Reconceptualizing The Eighth Amendment: Slaves, Prisoners, And Cruel And Unusual Punishment, Alexander A. Reinert
Reconceptualizing The Eighth Amendment: Slaves, Prisoners, And Cruel And Unusual Punishment, Alexander A. Reinert
Faculty Articles
The meaning of the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause has long been hotly contested. For scholars and jurists who look to original meaning or intent, there is little direct contemporaneous evidence on which to rest any conclusion. For those who adopt a dynamic interpretive framework, the Supreme Court’s “evolving standards of decency” paradigm has surface appeal, but deep conflicts have arisen in application. This Article offers a contextual account of the Eighth Amendment’s meaning that addresses both of these interpretive frames by situating the Amendment in eighteenth and nineteenth-century legal standards governing relationships of subordination.
In particular, I …
The Supreme Court's Civil Assault On Civil Procedure, Alexander A. Reinert
The Supreme Court's Civil Assault On Civil Procedure, Alexander A. Reinert
Faculty Articles
No abstract provided.
European Legal Development: The Case Of Tort: Comparative Studies In The Development Of The Law Of Tort In Europe, Vol 9, Anthony Sebok
European Legal Development: The Case Of Tort: Comparative Studies In The Development Of The Law Of Tort In Europe, Vol 9, Anthony Sebok
Faculty Articles
This review addresses volumes 7-9 of the series Comparative Studies in the Development of the Law of Torts in Europe, edited by John Bell and David Ibbetson and published by Cambridge University Press.
Racial Inclusion, Exclusion And Segregation In Constitutional Law, Michelle Adams
Racial Inclusion, Exclusion And Segregation In Constitutional Law, Michelle Adams
Faculty Articles
In Part I of the Article, I examine early cases in which the Court described segregation as a form of resource "lock-up." In several cases leading up to Brown, the Court detailed how racial segregation allows a more dominant group to hoard substantial societal resources. In these early cases, the Court's focus was on segregation as a mechanism for excluding individuals from valuable benefits on the basis of race; it did not speak explicitly to the harms associated with racial classification schemes. In this Part of the Article, I also return to Brown v. Board of Education and explore the …
Public Interest(S) And Fourth Amendment Enforcement, Alexander A. Reinert
Public Interest(S) And Fourth Amendment Enforcement, Alexander A. Reinert
Faculty Articles
Fourth Amendment events generate substantial controversy among the public and in the legal community. Yet there is orthodoxy to Fourth Amendment thinking, reflected in the near universal assumption by courts and commentators alike that the amendment creates only tension between privately held individual liberties and public-regarding interests in law enforcement and security. On this account, courts are faced with a clear choice when mediating Fourth Amendment conflicts: side with the individual by declaring a particular intrusion to be in violation of the Constitution or side with the public by permitting the intrusion. Scholarly literature and court decisions are accordingly littered …
The Historical Race Competition For Corporate Charters And The Rise And Decline Of New Jersey: 1880-1910, Charles M. Yablon
The Historical Race Competition For Corporate Charters And The Rise And Decline Of New Jersey: 1880-1910, Charles M. Yablon
Faculty Articles
No abstract provided.
Copyright And Incomplete Historiographies: Of Piracy, Propertization, And Thomas Jefferson, Justin Hughes
Copyright And Incomplete Historiographies: Of Piracy, Propertization, And Thomas Jefferson, Justin Hughes
Faculty Articles
Because we learn from history, we also try to teach from history. Persuasive discourse of all kinds is replete with historical examples – some true and applicable to the issue at hand, some one but not the other, and some neither. Beginning in the 1990s, intellectual property scholars began providing descriptive accounts of a tremendous strengthening of copyright laws, expressing the normative view that this trend needs to be arrested, if not reversed. This thoughtful body of scholarly literature is sometimes bolstered with historical claims – often casual comments about the way things were. The claims about history, legal or …
Civil Enforceability Of Religious Prenuptual Agreements, Michelle Greenberg-Kobrin
Civil Enforceability Of Religious Prenuptual Agreements, Michelle Greenberg-Kobrin
Faculty Articles
In the years since Perri Victor's divorce has been finalized, she has tried to move on with her life. She is raising a young daughter from that marriage and finishing up law school. Perri and Warren Victor were married in an Orthodox Jewish ceremony in Florida in 1976. They received a civil divorce in 1990. However, as an Observant Jew, Perri cannot remarry until Warren gives her a Jewish religious divorce known as a get. Since late 1987, she has been pleading with Warren to give her a get. When Warren asked her to give up a portion of her …
A New Birth Of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences And Genetic Defects, Louis Henkin
A New Birth Of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences And Genetic Defects, Louis Henkin
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
Constitutionalism And Revolution, Stanley N. Katz
Constitutionalism And Revolution, Stanley N. Katz
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Court’S Role In Interbranch Disputes Over Oversight Of Agency Rulemaking, John J. Gibbons
The Court’S Role In Interbranch Disputes Over Oversight Of Agency Rulemaking, John J. Gibbons
Cardozo Law Review
This paper is adapted from the Uri and Caroline Bauer Memorial Lecture delivered at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, on March 10, 1992.
Grand Jury Charges Delivered By Supreme Court Justices Riding Circuit During The 1790s, David J. Katz
Grand Jury Charges Delivered By Supreme Court Justices Riding Circuit During The 1790s, David J. Katz
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
New York Adverse Possession Law As A Conspiracy Of Forgetting: Van Valkenburgh V. Lutz And The Examination Of Intent, Lila Perelson
New York Adverse Possession Law As A Conspiracy Of Forgetting: Van Valkenburgh V. Lutz And The Examination Of Intent, Lila Perelson
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Code Of The Moral, Niklas Luhmann
The Development Of Common Law Defamation Privileges: From Communitarian Society To Market Society, M. M. Slaughter
The Development Of Common Law Defamation Privileges: From Communitarian Society To Market Society, M. M. Slaughter
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
Timeless Rules: Can Normative Closure And Legal Indeterminacy Be Reconciled?, Charles M. Yablon
Timeless Rules: Can Normative Closure And Legal Indeterminacy Be Reconciled?, Charles M. Yablon
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
Operational Closure And Structural Coupling: The Differentiation Of The Legal System, Niklas Luhmann
Operational Closure And Structural Coupling: The Differentiation Of The Legal System, Niklas Luhmann
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Constitution Of The People: Frederick Douglass And The Dred Scott Decision, Robert Bernasconi
The Constitution Of The People: Frederick Douglass And The Dred Scott Decision, Robert Bernasconi
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.