International Trade Law Commons^™

European Communities Commission - Greenland - Ec Commission Draft Approves Withdrawal Of Greenland From The European Community And Proposes Terms For Economic Reassociation, Kevin Mason

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Capturing The Transplant: U.S. Antitrust Law In The Eu, Silvia Beltrametti

Silvia Beltrametti

The scholarly literature on the movement of legal norms focuses almost exclusively on transfers from one jurisdiction to another. It largely ignores transfers into new regulatory regimes. Drawing on a case study of the transplantation of U.S. antitrust law into the nascent entity that was to become the European Community, and analyzing its evolution from a public choice perspective, this Article suggests that transfers into new regulatory regimes are more likely to be effective when the lack of established institutions creates opportunities for stakeholders. The endorsement of a new law will enable stakeholders to influence its application and to capture …

European Community: European Commission And Denmark Reach Settlement Of Dispute Over Construction Contract Granted By Denmark To Six-Party Consortium In Violation Of The Public Procurement Provisions In The Treaty Of Rome., G. Brian Raley

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Gatt/Wto Rules For Border Tax Adjustment And The Proposed European Directive Introducing A Tax On Carbon Dioxide Emissions And Energy, Christian Pitschas

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Moving All-In With The World Trade Organization: Ignoring Adverse Rulings And Gambling With The Future Of The Wto, Paul Rothstein

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

The Eec Merger Regulation: Preparing For A Common European Market, Earl Ray Beeman

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Real Challenge To The Polish Revolution: Cleaning The Polish Environment Through Privatization And Preventive Market-Based Incentives, G. Nelson Smith Iii

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

The European Court’S Political Power Across Time And Space, Karen Alter

Faculty Working Papers

This article extracts from Alter's larger body of work insights on how the political and social context shapes the ECJ's political power and influence. Part I considers how the political context facilitated the constitutionalization of the European legal system. Part II considers how the political context helps determine where and when the current ECJ influences European politics. Part III draws lessons from the ECJ's experience, speculating on how the European context in specific allowed the ECJ to become such an exceptional international court. Part IV lays out a research agenda to investigate the larger question of how social support shapes …

Polycephalous Anatomy Of The Ec In The Wto: An Analysis Of Law And Practice, Rafael Leal-Arcas

ExpressO

This article analyzes the unique legal position of the European Community (EC) in the world trading system. Its polycephalous anatomy derives from the fact that all 25 Member States of the EC are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) along with the EC itself. This means that when referring to the EC, the whole as well as its parts are independent Members of the WTO. This has legal and political consequences related to the allocation of powers between the national and supranational levels that will be analyzed. The article explains what is meant by a “mixed agreement” and analyzes …

Wto And Gmos: Analyzing The European Community's Recent Regulations Covering The Labeling Of Genetically Modified Organisms, Brian Schwartz

Michigan Journal of International Law

This Note explores the compatibility of the EC's GMO regulations within the framework of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ("SPS Agreement"), the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ("TBT Agreement"), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("GATT 1994" or "GAT"), all integral parts of the WTO Agreement. Part II presents arguments for or against the use of GM-products. Part III explores the concept of ecolabeling by analyzing the general goals of such programs, including the economic theory behind green consumerism and the characteristics necessary for effective schemes. Part IV describes the core …

The New Codex Alimentarius Commission Standards For Food Created With Modern Biotechnology: Implications For The Ec Gmo Framework's Compliance With The Sps Agreement, Aaron A. Ostrovsky

Michigan Journal of International Law

This Note makes two assertions. First, despite the fact that the Codex guidelines do not specifically invoke the Precautionary Principle in name, it can indeed be read into the guidelines in the amount of deference given to states in how they assess risk. This in turn means that the E.C.'s Deliberate Release Directive should be enjoy a presumption of compliance with both the SPS Agreement and the GATT. The second assertion is that even if the adjudicating body of the WTO finds that the Deliberate Release Directive, in relying on the Precautionary Principle, prescribes a higher level of protection than …

Free Movement Of Goods: A Comparative Analysis Of The European Community Treaty And The North American Free Trade Agreement, Pedro A. Perichart

LLM Theses and Essays

The European Union is currently an economic union, which means that it has almost removed every internal barrier to trade, therefore achieving the free circulation of all factors of production (goods, services, capital, and persons) across the union. The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) establishes a free trade area, with the main purpose of eliminating tariffs among its members, and to some extent, reducing other non-tariff barriers to facilitate the cross-border movement of goods. Despite their difference, both regions seek to achieve a certain degree of free movement when trading goods within their respective e internal markets. This study …

Major Changes In Council Regulation 3283/94: Its Compatibility With The Uruguay Round Anti-Dumping Code, Sangsoo Son

LLM Theses and Essays

Dumping can be defined as exporting goods at prices below those charged on the domestic market or at prices insufficient to recover the cost of the goods sold. Dumping is considered an unfair trading practice because it interferes with free market economy principles. During the 1980s, anti-dumping measures were an important issue for a few developed countries that had attractive markets for foreign producers; these countries were the United States, the European Community, Canada, and Australia. The European Community (EC) has developed its own anti-dumping laws over the years; Article 113 of the EEC Treaty gives power to Community institutions …

Apec As A New Model Of Regional Economic Cooperation: Compatibility With Gatt, Bing Ding

LLM Theses and Essays

Today’s driving forces in world trade are private trade, investment flows, technological progress, and job creation. These forces create momentum towards the further integration of economy within their respective regions. The challenge for governments today is to reinforce these trends in favor of long-term economic benefits, while resisting the temptation to make short-term adjustments for growth. Regionalism is being considered as a solution to contemporary international economic problems; with the division of the world into the three major trading blocs of the EC, NAFTA, and APEC, regionalism seems to be the fastest road to multilateral free trade. This paper proposes …

Ec Customs Classification Rules: Should Ice Cream Melt?, Edwin A. Vermulst

Michigan Journal of International Law

This Article will demonstrate that these classification conflicts seldom have definitive solutions by examining European Community (EC or Community) classification rules in light of the international framework. This approach is justified because the EC's customs classification system, centered on the Combined Nomenclature (CN), is based on the most commonly used international system of classification, the Harmonized System (HS).

Preventing The Theft And Illegal Export Of Art In A Europe Without Borders, Kimberly A. Short

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The opening of internal borders within the European Community presents tremendous opportunity for European economic growth. Yet with all the potential benefits come many problems. Increased illegal art trafficking is one of these problems. This Note examines European treaties, laws of the individual EC Member States, and Community-wide treaties and regulations designed to prevent the theft and illegal export of art. The Note discusses how the differing interests of the Member States have prevented agreement on legislation to protect art and resulted in measures inadequate to protect Europe's vast art treasures. After analyzing the latest EC regulatory attempt to protect …

Implications Of The Single European Act On European Community Law-Making: A Modest Step Forward, Barbara C. Potter

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In this Article, Ms. Campbell Potter discusses the interaction of the European Community (EC) institutions and the effect the Single European Act (SEA) will have on EC law-making. Specifically, the author notes that the SEA provisions for expanded use of the qualified majority vote and the new cooperation procedure for passage of legislation have changed the balance of power among EC institutions and should facilitate enactment of EC legislation. Ms. Campbell Potter believes that the SEA will continue to be successful as long as Member States do not recklessly invoke "vital national interest" veto powers and as long as the …

Association Agreements Between The Ec And Central And Eastern European States, Helen E. Hartnell

Publications

Association agreements that establish increased trade, dialogue and cooperation between the EC and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have proliferated in recent years. Yet still the relationship between the EC and countries in this region has been characterized by a significant degree of mutual misunderstanding and dissatisfaction. On one side, the high expectations of the Central and East European countries are reflected in their equally high disappointment levels vis-a-vis the EC. And on the other side, one senses that the EC grows weary of what it perceives as complaints and ingratitude.

Against this background, I propose to examine …

The Single European Market And Its Impact On U.S.-Latin American Trade Relations, Wolf Grabendorff

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Single European Market And Its Impact On U.S.-Latin American Trade Relations, Wolf Grabendorff

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Panel Discussion: Europe 1992, Eric Stein, Jochen A. Frowein, Jacques J.H.J. Bourgeois, Edwin Vermulst, Reinhard Quick

Michigan Journal of International Law

Transcript of a panel on Europe in 1992.

European Community Trade Policies Vis-À-Vis Korea And Taiwan In The Eighties: A Comparative Perspective, Jean-François Bellis

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article will review the trade policies of the European Community towards Korea and Taiwan over the past ten years. This time period has been chosen for two reasons. In the first place, ten years ago, on November 28, 1979, the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations was concluded. At that time, the Tokyo Round was the most comprehensive GATT negotiating round ever, both in terms of trade value affected and in terms of its coverage of topics. An interesting question, therefore, is to what extent the 1979 commitments to trade liberalization were actually kept. Secondly, during the last decade …

Anti-Diversion Rules In Antidumping Procedures: Interface Or Short-Circuit For The Management Of Interdependence?, Edwin Vermulst, Paul Waer

Michigan Journal of International Law

Part II of this article will diagnose the phenomenon of diversion in the context of antidumping law. Parts III and IV will address the present approaches towards diversion in the United States and the European Communities respectively. Part V will briefly compare the Australian and Canadian approaches. Part VI will evaluate the assorted propositions made in the Uruguay Round. Part VII will probe the GATT Panel report on the EC's parts amendment and its possible repercussions for the anti-diversion debate in GATT. Part VIII will provide conclusions and suggest possible improvements.

Gatt And The European Community: A Formula For Peaceful Coexistence, Frederick M. Abbott

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article addresses the relationship between the GATT, the European Community and other RTAs as and when trade in services and other "new areas" are incorporated into the GATT framework. The article first discusses the conceptual justifications for RTAs (as an alternative to utopian global free trade) in order to provide background for considering whether the privileges accorded RTAs under the existing GATT framework should be extended to new areas and, if so, how far. It is observed that "state of the art" tools of economic analysis do not provide adequate guidance as to the global welfare costs or benefits …

The Ec Hormone Ban Dispute And The Application Of The Dispute Settlement Provisions Of The Standards Code, Allen Dick

Michigan Journal of International Law

As the concept of a unified European market becomes more of a reality as we approach 1992, talk of a "Fortress Europe" has heightened sensitivity on trade issues among officials of the United States and the European Community ("EC"). The EC's plan to ban the sale of meat treated with growth hormones within the Member-States has presented a trade issue disconcerting to both sides. This brewing tempest has raised many interesting legal issues involving the dispute settlement provisions set out in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ("Standards Code"). This note examines why the process failed to resolve, and …

The Anti-Dumping Systems Of Australia, Canada, The Eec And The United States Of America: Have Anti-Dumping Laws Become A Problem In International Trade?, Edwin A. Vermulst

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article, part of an in-depth comparative study of municipal anti-dumping laws in Australia, Canada, the European Economic Community and the United States, does not purport to undertake a comprehensive comparative analysis of the anti-dumping laws of the four jurisdictions. Its aim is, rather, to examine the core concepts and some of the core salient features of the laws as developed in actual practice, and to consider the problems that have arisen in these jurisdictions and their solutions. For this purpose, section I will analyze procedural issues, section II substantive issues of dumping, and section III substantive issues of injury. …

Employee Involvement In Decision-Making: European Attempts At Harmonization, Ruth A. Harvey

Michigan Journal of International Law

Part I of this note examines the sources of Community power over employment policy. Part II analyzes two Community directives approximating laws regarding employee involvement in dismissal procedures. It also examines the impact of these Community directives on two Member States, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) and the United Kingdom. The note focuses on the FRG because its statutes have served as the model for Community directives, and because the harmonization of laws throughout the Community will provide unique benefits to the FRG. The note examines the United Kingdom because its government has historically had a …

Aspects Of The European Community's Industrial Policy, Laurence W. Gormley, J. F. Marchipont

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article does not provide an exhaustive description of all aspects of the European Community's industrial policy, but instead analyzes its foundations and its objectives and the relative importance of the various means of attaining these objectives. This approach demonstrates the difference between the power and aims of industrial institutions in the Community and the power and aims of industrial institutions in the individual European states and in the major competitor countries of the Community, the United States, and Japan.

Reaffirmation Of The Prohibition Of Agreements Which Restrict Parallel Imports, Lisa C. Berry

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Regulating Multinational Corporate Concentration-The European Economic Community, John Temple Lang

Michigan Journal of International Law

It is the purpose of this article to discuss the policies and goals of the efforts of the European Communities to regulate multinational corporate concentration. For reasons that will become clear in the course of the article, it is necessary to start by outlining the means available to the European Communities, both presently and potentially, to promote these policies. It is not possible to see what those policies might be or how they are likely to develop without understanding the practical implications of the various legal rules on which the Community might rely in the future. This article does not …