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Northwestern Pritzker School of Law

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Articles 571 - 581 of 581

Full-Text Articles in International Law

The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard Jan 1979

The Effects Of United States Antitrust Laws On The International Operations Of American Firms, Melvin Schwechter, Richard Schepard

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

United States antitrust laws increasingly have affected the international activities of U.S. corporations. The business community maintains that these laws have hurt international operations. In this article, Messrs. Schwechter and Schepard consider five major areas of concern to American businessmen: potential antitrust attacks upon licensing agreements, use of the foreign sovereign compulsion doctrine as an antitrust defense, subject matter jurisdiction and discovery, application of the "rule of reason" to international joint ventures, and the multifaceted nature of antitrust enforcement. They then discuss the Justice Department's response to the business community and propose several recommendations that should help United States firms …

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United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan Jan 1979

United States Ocean Shipping: The History, Development, And Decline Of The Conference Antitrust Exemption, F. Conger Fawcett, David C. Nolan

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Since the beginning of this century, the United States has attempted to regulate the shipping industry through governmental oversight. In this article, Messrs. Fawcett and Nolan examine the Shiping Act of 1916, and consider whether it has been misinterpreted by recent judicial interpretations. The authors conclude that the courts' application of United States antitrust laws to the activities of shipping conferences is contrary to congressional intent and the best interests of the industry and American commerce.

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Alcoa Steamship Co. V. M/V Nordic Regent: Narrowing The Scope Of Inquiry In Forum Non Conveniens, R. George Weitz Jan 1979

Alcoa Steamship Co. V. M/V Nordic Regent: Narrowing The Scope Of Inquiry In Forum Non Conveniens, R. George Weitz

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Increases in the amount and complexity of international trade and changes in jurisdictional rules over the last thirty years have often resulted in American courts serving as forums for suits involving non-residents. Very often these suits are the result of transactions that have occurred abroad and may be governed by foreign law as well. Obvious difficulties confront a party compelled to defend in a foreign court. Problems such as unfamiliarity with the language or legal process, unavailability of witnesses, or expenses incurred in bringing evidence from another country have led foreign defendants to seek dismissal of suits on the grounds …

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Suing A Foreign Government Under The United States Antitrust Laws: The Need For Clarification Of The Commercial Activity Exception To The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976, James Hugo Friend Jan 1979

Suing A Foreign Government Under The United States Antitrust Laws: The Need For Clarification Of The Commercial Activity Exception To The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976, James Hugo Friend

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Increased state involvement in trade and commerce has manifested itself in a variety of ways, including the growth of producer cartels with sovereign states as members, state monopolization of the sale and production of certain products, the nationalization of industry in peacetime and the concomitant growth of public corporations, and the partial or complete ownership by sovereign states of private corporate entities. The widespread participation of governments in activities of an arguably private nature, especially in view of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, raises a question of growing practical importance: to what extent are the "commercial" activities of …

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Manifest Intent And The Generation By Treaty Of Customary Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1970

Manifest Intent And The Generation By Treaty Of Customary Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

I shall argue in this essay that the World Court used a method which might be called the rule of manifest intent in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, that this method differs from a more traditional approach found in the writings of publicists, and that this new method accords well with the growing need to objectify and place upon a scientific basis the methodology by which one may determine what in fact are the rules of customary law.

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Vietnam And Public International Law, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1969

Vietnam And Public International Law, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

With each international crisis inevitably come the self­styled "realists" proclaiming that there is no such thing as public international law. The Vietnam war is no exception, although here, due to the unusual complexity of the facts and the controversy over the applicable rules of international law, many of the published replies to the "realist's" positions have themselves been insubstantial and unconvincing. Let us look first, briefly, at the arguments of one of the realists, and then, with equal brevity, at some of the counterclaims. The remainder of this comment will be addressed to the larger issues involved and some suggested …

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War Crimes And Vietnam: The "Nuremberg Defense" And The Military Service Resister, Anthony D'Amato, Harvey . L. Gould, Larry D. Woods Jan 1969

War Crimes And Vietnam: The "Nuremberg Defense" And The Military Service Resister, Anthony D'Amato, Harvey . L. Gould, Larry D. Woods

Faculty Working Papers

We have attempted to establish first that the international laws of warfare are part of American law, and have argued that these laws, when taken as prohibitions of specific methods of waging war, are a practical and effective means of controlling unnecessary suffering and destruction. Second, we have analyzed these laws as they apply to treatment of prisoners of war, aerial bombardment of nonmilitary targets, and chemical and biological warfare, and have marshalled a portion of the available evidence that American forces commit war crimes in Vietnam. Third, we have discussed the defenses of tu quoque, reprisal, military necessity, superior …

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Legal Aspects Of The French Nuclear Tests, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1967

Legal Aspects Of The French Nuclear Tests, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

Even at the level of scholarly or diplomatic argumentation it is important to inquire into the competing interests and legal factors involved in the atmospheric tests. This is true not only because differing political expectations or even measures might depend on the consensus as to the legality or illegality of the French tests, but also because the precedential value of the tests will be of greater or less force depending upon whether there is agreement at the time of the tests that France was or was not acting within her international legal rights.

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The Inductive Approach Revisited, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1966

The Inductive Approach Revisited, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

A significant theoretical dispute has opened between Schwarzenberger and Jenks over the former's inductive approach to international law. At least three questions may be asked of the debate between Schwarzenberger and Jenks: (1) Is the inductive method inherently limited in its usefulness? (2) Given the use of an inductive approach, is there any room left for creativity in international law? (3) More basically, is Schwarzenberger's self-styled inductive approach really inductive?

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The Neo-Positivist Concept Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1965

The Neo-Positivist Concept Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

The question "Is international law really law?" has not proved troublesome, according to Hart, because "a trivial question about the meaning of words has been mistaken for a serious question about the nature of things." Hart defends international law in Bentham's terms as "sufficiently analogous" to municipal law. It is important to see in what way this analogy is viewed by Hart in order to determine whether the reasoning he offers is too high a price to pay for accepting a neo-positivist into the circle of those who hold that international law is really law.

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Treaties As A Source Of General Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato Jan 1962

Treaties As A Source Of General Rules Of International Law, Anthony D'Amato

Faculty Working Papers

Attempts a theoretical explanation of the power of treaties to extend their rules to nations not parties to them—to rationalize, in a nonpejorative use of that term, the Court's citation of the Bancroft treaties in Nottebohm and its use of treaty provisions in other cases—and to provide a basis for the continued use of the contents of treaties in assessing the requirements of international law. Thus this paper is basically argumentative—it attempts to state what the law ought to be by demonstrating that the law as it is logically compels the adoption of the present thesis

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