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Articles 1 - 17 of 17
Full-Text Articles in Estates and Trusts
Proposing A Model Antilapse Clause, Raymond C. O'Brien
Proposing A Model Antilapse Clause, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
The complexity of state antilapse statutes exacerbates the task of many estate planners seeking to give prudent expression to the postmortem wishes of a client. These statutes vary as to which predeceasing beneficiaries they should apply, who should be the substitute takers to benefit instead of these lapsed beneficiaries, and how to treat beneficiaries who are treated as predeceasing because of renunciation agreements, final decrees of divorce, or, when the beneficiary kills, exploits, or abuses the one from whom the beneficiary would take. Within the modern statutory framework, there exists an abundant array of testamentary devices by which a transferor …
Playing God In The 21st Century: How The Push For Human Embryonic Germline Gene Editing Sidelines Individual And Generational Autonomy, Anna E. Melo
Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology
Every four and a half minutes a child with a genetic birth defect is born in the United States. For some, these conditions are treatable and manageable, but sadly for others, they are a death sentence. Congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities are the leading cause of infant mortality. CRISPR-Cas9 presents hope for the future, a liberation from the heritable genetic shackles that a child would otherwise be trapped in. With such optimism for future applications of germline gene editing, there are also great concerns with what national and global limitations and auditing must be in place to permit “genetic hedging.” …
Creating A Trust Through Delegation, Raymond C. O'Brien
Creating A Trust Through Delegation, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
Aging in America has precipitated increasing use of planning for incapacity devices, which include forms creating powers of attorneys ("POAs'). Simple forms may be found online, or they may become part of a sophisticated estate planning portfolio drafted by professionals. Resultingly, to support portability, enforceability, and protection against financial exploitation of vulnerable adults, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws approved the Uniform Power of Attorney Act in 2006 ("UPOAA "), which has been adopted by more than half of United States jurisdictions. One of the Act's provisions requires an express grant of authority contained within the principal's …
Equitable Relief For Erisa Benefit Plan Designation Mistakes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Equitable Relief For Erisa Benefit Plan Designation Mistakes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Catholic University Law Review
Since its enactment in 1974, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and related insurance and disability programs provided retirement security for employees and employers, amassing more than $9 trillion in protected assets. Congress preempted conflicting state laws so as to promote certainty of distribution and ease of administration, two hallmarks of ERISA-governed plans. Nonetheless, since 1974, American society embraced spousal equality, an increased number of marriages end in divorce, and wealth most often passes through nonprobate transfers such as insurance contracts and pension policy plans. To accommodate these societal and wealth changes, states enacted statutes to provide elective share …
Assessing Assisted Reproductive Technology, Raymond C. O'Brien
Assessing Assisted Reproductive Technology, Raymond C. O'Brien
Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology
Technological innovation possesses both opportunity and challenge. Because assisted reproductive technology (ART) involves sexual intimacy, parenthood, personhood, gender identity, privacy, legacy, and a plethora of religious, historical, sociological, and ethical underpinnings, the challenges presented in such technological innovation are substantial. Nonetheless, the opportunities are significant and progressive. Because of in vitro fertilization, gestational and genetic surrogacy, posthumous conception, and mitochondrial replacement therapy, humans now have the opportunity to overcome infertility, gender obstacles to parentage, dynastic limitations, and diseases that have long plagued mothers and infants. However, challenges include the exploitation of surrogates, unequal access to ART services, possibilities of cloning …
Equitable Relief For Erisa Benefit Plan Designation Mistakes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Equitable Relief For Erisa Benefit Plan Designation Mistakes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
Since its enactment in 1974, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and related insurance and disability programs provided retirement security for employees and employers, amassing more than $9 trillion in protected assets. Congress preempted conflicting state laws so as to promote certainty of distribution and ease of administration, two hallmarks of ERISA-governed plans. Nonetheless, since 1974, American society embraced spousal equality, an increased number of marriages end in divorce, and wealth most often passes through nonprobate transfers such as insurance contracts and pension policy plans. To accommodate these societal and wealth changes, states enacted statutes to provide elective share …
How Many #Followers Do You Have?: Evaluating The Rise Of Social Media And Issues Concerning In Re Ctli’S Determination That Social Media Accounts Are Property Of The Estate, Patricia A. Leeson
How Many #Followers Do You Have?: Evaluating The Rise Of Social Media And Issues Concerning In Re Ctli’S Determination That Social Media Accounts Are Property Of The Estate, Patricia A. Leeson
Catholic University Law Review
With the rise of social media use, legal disputes have surfaced with litigants looking to the courts to determine issues of ownership and legal authority. As a matter of first impression, a U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Texas held that a Twitter and Facebook social media account were to be regarded as property of the estate pursuant to Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code. The court analogized the social media accounts to subscriber lists because they provide valuable access to customers. Although the court addressed the question of whether social media applications are to be regarded as property in bankruptcy proceedings, …
Selective Issues In Effective Medicaid Estate Recovery Statutes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Selective Issues In Effective Medicaid Estate Recovery Statutes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Catholic University Law Review
Medicaid is a joint federal-state partnership program that provides medical care to the elderly, blind, and disabled poor. Unlike Medicare, Medicaid will pay for long-term care, leading millions of persons in need of such care to “spend-down” income or assets to qualify as sufficiently needy or poor. However, the state can eventually seek recovery of expenditures made through estate recovery programs following the death of both spouses. As it currently stands, states have no choice but to become increasingly vigilant in pursuing private funds in order to pay for Medicaid expenditures. As a result, elderly citizens and their families will …
Selective Issues In Effective Medicaid Estate Recovery Statutes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Selective Issues In Effective Medicaid Estate Recovery Statutes, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
Medicaid is a joint federal-state partnership program that provides medical care to the elderly, blind, and disabled poor. Unlike Medicare, Medicaid will pay for long-term care, leading millions of persons in need of such care to “spend-down” income or assets to qualify as sufficiently needy or poor. However, the state can eventually seek recovery of expenditures made through estate recovery programs following the death of both spouses. As it currently stands, states have no choice but to become increasingly vigilant in pursuing private funds in order to pay for Medicaid expenditures. As a result, elderly citizens and their families will …
How The Über-Wealthy Benefit From Investing Outside Retirement Plans (And How You Can Too), Sergio Pareja
How The Über-Wealthy Benefit From Investing Outside Retirement Plans (And How You Can Too), Sergio Pareja
Catholic University Law Review
Current law incentivizes the use of traditional retirement plans, but those plans may not actually produce the best long-term tax situation for the taxpayer. The stepped-up basis at death does not apply to what is known as “income in respect of a decedent” (IRD). Generally, IRD is income that cannot be assigned from one person to another for income tax purposes. This includes pre-tax income set aside in a traditional employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401(k) plan, as well as contributions to a deductible individual retirement account (IRA). Thus, stock held within a traditional employer-sponsored retirement plan or a …
A Trustee’S Fiduciary Duties At The Start And End Of Administration, Robert Whitman
A Trustee’S Fiduciary Duties At The Start And End Of Administration, Robert Whitman
Catholic University Law Review
Prior to the creation of a trust and at its termination, a trustee’s fiduciary duties are often ambiguous. It is argued that, where fiduciary duties do not exist, contract law may be found to govern the rights of the settlor, the trustee, and the beneficiaries. This article refutes this argument because under the principles of modern contract law, certain conduct may be permitted that would not be acceptable if fiduciary duties existed more clearly. The most common problems arise in three areas: (1) the seeking of a receipt and release by a corporate fiduciary upon an informal termination of a …
Whose Fault Is It Anyway?: Analyzing The Role “Fault” Plays In The Division Of Premarital Property If Marriage Does Not Ensue, Arielle L. Murphy
Whose Fault Is It Anyway?: Analyzing The Role “Fault” Plays In The Division Of Premarital Property If Marriage Does Not Ensue, Arielle L. Murphy
Catholic University Law Review
Whenever an engagement comes to a premature end, the first question that seems to be asked is: “who gets the engagement ring?” This Comment seeks to answer this question. As societal views regarding marriage and a woman’s role within it began to change in the mid-twentieth century, courts started to recognize engagement rings as conditional gifts that were conditioned upon the marriage actually occurring. Even with this framework, states remain divided on whether fault should be included as part of the analysis in determining which party is entitled to the ring if an engagement ends before marriage occurs. This Comment …
Can We Trust Trustees? Proposals For Reducing Wrongful Foreclosures, John Campbell
Can We Trust Trustees? Proposals For Reducing Wrongful Foreclosures, John Campbell
Catholic University Law Review
No abstract provided.
How Deep Are The Springs Of Obedience Norms That Bind The Overseers Of Charities?, Johnny R. Buckles
How Deep Are The Springs Of Obedience Norms That Bind The Overseers Of Charities?, Johnny R. Buckles
Catholic University Law Review
No abstract provided.
Integrating Marital Property Into A Spouse’S Elective Share, Raymond C. O'Brien
Integrating Marital Property Into A Spouse’S Elective Share, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
First, this Article begins with history, as this forms the basis of electiveshare law. It is necessary to begin with the historical basis of a spouse's right to support, and then proceed to examine how and why a spouse obtained a share of the property acquired during marriage. Second, because a spouse's rights at death were often very different from those that a spouse would obtain at divorce, it is necessary to explain the various judicial and statutory models adopted by the states to provide a modicum of protection to a surviving spouse at death. There are many models and …
Integrating Catholic Social Thought In Elder Law And Estate Planning Courses: Reflections On Law, Age And Ethics, Lucia A. Silecchia
Integrating Catholic Social Thought In Elder Law And Estate Planning Courses: Reflections On Law, Age And Ethics, Lucia A. Silecchia
Scholarly Articles
A course in elder law or estate planning encompasses many of the most profound issues that arise in human life: the contemplation of mortality, ambivalent attitudes toward property and its proper distribution, complexities in family relationships, obligations to support loved ones, anticipation of physical or mental challenges, and reflections on one’s desired legacy to loved ones. Although there is much in the Catholic tradition and in the Scriptures themselves that speaks to these questions in an indirect way, this has not often been fully explored because this field may not, on its face, have an obvious connection to religious tradition. …
Analytical Principle: A Guide For Lapse Survivorship, Death Without Issue, And The Rule, Raymond C. O'Brien
Analytical Principle: A Guide For Lapse Survivorship, Death Without Issue, And The Rule, Raymond C. O'Brien
Scholarly Articles
It is the purpose of this article to develop an analytical principle-meaning a logical approach-by which we can predict, explain, and even modify the often absent or bizarre intention of any settlor, donor, or scrivener. This intention includes future interests passing through lapse, express and implied conditions of survivorship, death without issue, and the Rule. These four subjects are treated as constant and yet are among the most complicated non-tax related issues of trusts and estates. Applying an analytical principle to them is meant to offer a concrete basis upon which the scrivener and the settlor can add related issues, …