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Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons™
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Articles 1 - 30 of 79
Full-Text Articles in Civil Rights and Discrimination
D-Hacking, Emily Black, Talia B. Gillis, Zara Hall
D-Hacking, Emily Black, Talia B. Gillis, Zara Hall
Faculty Scholarship
Recent regulatory efforts, including Executive Order 14110 and the AI Bill of Rights, have focused on mitigating discrimination in AI systems through novel and traditional application of anti-discrimination laws. While these initiatives rightly emphasize fairness testing and mitigation, we argue that they pay insufficient attention to robust bias measurement and mitigation — and that without doing so, the frameworks cannot effectively achieve the goal of reducing discrimination in deployed AI models. This oversight is particularly concerning given the instability and brittleness of current algorithmic bias mitigation and fairness optimization methods, as highlighted by growing evidence in the algorithmic fairness literature. …
Equal Protection And Scarce Therapies: The Role Of Race, Sex, And Other Protected Classifications, Govind Persad
Equal Protection And Scarce Therapies: The Role Of Race, Sex, And Other Protected Classifications, Govind Persad
SMU Law Review Forum
The allocation of scarce medical treatments, such as antivirals and antibody therapies for COVID-19 patients, has important legal dimensions. This Essay examines a currently debated issue: how will courts view the consideration of characteristics shielded by equal protection law, such as race, sex, age, health, and even vaccination status, in allocation? Part II explains the application of strict scrutiny to allocation criteria that consider individual race, which have been recently debated, and concludes that such criteria are unlikely to succeed under present Supreme Court precedent. Part III analyzes the use of sex-based therapy allocation criteria, which are also in current …
Rationing, Racism, And Justice: Advancing The Debate Around 'Colourblind' Covid-19 Ventilator Allocation, Dorothy E. Roberts, Harald Schmidt, Nwamaka D. Eneanya
Rationing, Racism, And Justice: Advancing The Debate Around 'Colourblind' Covid-19 Ventilator Allocation, Dorothy E. Roberts, Harald Schmidt, Nwamaka D. Eneanya
All Faculty Scholarship
Withholding or withdrawing life-saving ventilators can become necessary when resources are insufficient. In the USA, such rationing has unique social justice dimensions. Structural elements of dominant allocation frameworks simultaneously advantage white communities, and disadvantage Black communities—who already experience a disproportionate burden of COVID-19-related job losses, hospitalisations and mortality. Using the example of New Jersey’s Crisis Standard of Care policy, we describe how dominant rationing guidance compounds for many Black patients prior unfair structural disadvantage, chiefly due to the way creatinine and life expectancy are typically considered.
We outline six possible policy options towards a more just approach: improving diversity in …
Recent Case Law, Disparate Impact, And Restrictive Zoning, Michael Lewyn
Recent Case Law, Disparate Impact, And Restrictive Zoning, Michael Lewyn
Touro Law Review
The Fair Housing Act (“FHA”) prohibits housing discrimination, including the refusal to sell or rent housing based on race, color, religion, sex, familial status or national origin,and any policy or conduct that “otherwise make[s] unavailable or den[ies], a dwelling [based on these impermissible factors].”In 2015, the Supreme Court interpreted the “otherwise make unavailable” language of the Act to mean that the FHA includes not only claims for intentional discrimination, but also claims for disparate impact. Under the disparate impact doctrine, a defendant may be liable for facially neutral rules or policies that disproportionately favor one racial group over another.
Zoning …
The Deliberate Indifference Standard: A Broken Promise To Protect And Serve The Mentally Ill, Katherine R. Carroll
The Deliberate Indifference Standard: A Broken Promise To Protect And Serve The Mentally Ill, Katherine R. Carroll
Touro Law Review
No abstract provided.
Fair Housing Enforcement In The Age Of Digital Advertising: A Closer Look At Facebook’S Marketing Algorithms, Nadiyah J. Humber, James Matthews
Fair Housing Enforcement In The Age Of Digital Advertising: A Closer Look At Facebook’S Marketing Algorithms, Nadiyah J. Humber, James Matthews
Law Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
No Prior Experience Desired: Villarreal V. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. And The Scope Of Disparate Impact Claims Under The Adea, Nicholas Placente
No Prior Experience Desired: Villarreal V. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. And The Scope Of Disparate Impact Claims Under The Adea, Nicholas Placente
St. John's Law Review
(Excerpt)
This Note argues that § 4(a)(2) of the ADEA permits disparate impact claims for job applicants, despite the revised holding of the Eleventh Circuit. First, the plain meaning of § 4(a)(2) strongly suggests that disparate impact protections lie for job seekers, in contrast to the Eleventh Circuit’s ultimate finding. This argument draws on a close textual and structural analysis of the ADEA, supplemented with a comparative analysis to Title VII. Furthermore, this Note unpacks the legal arguments surrounding the 1972 amendment to Title VII, demonstrating that the absence of the “applicants for employment” language from § 4(a)(2) does not …
Employment Discrimination And The Domino Effect, Laura T. Kessler
Employment Discrimination And The Domino Effect, Laura T. Kessler
Utah Law Faculty Scholarship
Employment discrimination is a multidimensional problem. In many instances, some combination of employer bias, the organization of work, and employees’ responses to these conditions, leads to worker inequality. Title VII does not sufficiently account for these dynamics in two significant respects. First, Title VII’s major proof structures divide employment discrimination into discrete categories, for example, disparate treatment, disparate impact, and sexual harassment. This compartmentalization does not account for the fact that protected employees often concurrently experience more than one form of discriminatory exclusion. The various types of exclusion often add up to significant inequalities, even though seemingly insignificant when considered …
Mullin V. Ratheon Co.: The Threatened Vitality Of Disparate Impact Under The Adea, Miles F. Archer
Mullin V. Ratheon Co.: The Threatened Vitality Of Disparate Impact Under The Adea, Miles F. Archer
Maine Law Review
Seven years after Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), and four years after the enactment of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (the ADEA), the Supreme Court, in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., enunciated the doctrine of disparate impact as a means of establishing liability under Title VII. Since that time, the doctrine has evolved considerably and its application and contours have been redefined by the Court as well as by Congress. Within this evolution there has been a debate among the courts and commentators as to whether the doctrine may …
From Loving To Obergefell: Elevating The Significance Of Discriminatory Effects, Holning Lau
From Loving To Obergefell: Elevating The Significance Of Discriminatory Effects, Holning Lau
Holning Lau
How University Title Ix Enforcement And Other Discipline Processes (Probably) Discriminate Against Minority Students, Ben Trachtenberg
How University Title Ix Enforcement And Other Discipline Processes (Probably) Discriminate Against Minority Students, Ben Trachtenberg
Nevada Law Journal
No abstract provided.
Voting Rights And The History Of Institutionalized Racism: Criminal Disenfranchisement In The United States And South Africa, Brock A. Johnson
Voting Rights And The History Of Institutionalized Racism: Criminal Disenfranchisement In The United States And South Africa, Brock A. Johnson
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Lender Discrimination, Black Churches And Bankruptcy, Pamela Foohey
Lender Discrimination, Black Churches And Bankruptcy, Pamela Foohey
Articles by Maurer Faculty
Based on my original empirical research, in this Article, I expose a disparity between the demographics of the roughly 650 religious congregations that have filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy during part of the last decade and congregations nationwide. Churches with predominately black membership — Black Churches — appeared in chapter 11 more than three times as often as they appear among churches across the country. A conservative estimate of the percentage of Black Churches among religious congregation chapter 11 debtors is 60%. The likely percentage is upward of 75%. Black Churches account for 21% of congregations nationwide.
Why are Black …
Toward Systemic Equality: Reinvigorating A Progressive Application Of The Disparate Impact Doctrine, Justin D. Cummins, Beth Belle Isle
Toward Systemic Equality: Reinvigorating A Progressive Application Of The Disparate Impact Doctrine, Justin D. Cummins, Beth Belle Isle
Mitchell Hamline Law Review
No abstract provided.
Blowing Past Minnesota Nice: New Opportunities Arise To Utilize Disparate-Impact Theory And Practice In Twin Cities Low-Income Housing Discrimination Litigation, Anne M. Robertson
Blowing Past Minnesota Nice: New Opportunities Arise To Utilize Disparate-Impact Theory And Practice In Twin Cities Low-Income Housing Discrimination Litigation, Anne M. Robertson
Mitchell Hamline Law Review
No abstract provided.
Rental Home Sweet Home: The Disparate Impact Solution For Renters Evicted From Residential Foreclosures, David Lurie
Rental Home Sweet Home: The Disparate Impact Solution For Renters Evicted From Residential Foreclosures, David Lurie
Northwestern University Law Review
At the end of the last decade, a drastic spike in residential foreclosures brought unprecedented attention to the damage that mass foreclosure often brings to primarily low-income, minority–majority communities. Much of this attention—in both the media and in the legal arena—has been devoted to homeowners disadvantaged by predatory loans and other unsavory practices. However, a recent body of scholarship has shown that the brunt of mass foreclosure often falls on renters, who often have little or no procedural protection from speedy and unexpected eviction from their homes, regardless of lease status or tenure. This Note argues that the Supreme Court’s …
Disparate Impact And The Role Of Classification And Motivation In Equal Protection Law After Inclusive Communities, Samuel Bagenstos
Disparate Impact And The Role Of Classification And Motivation In Equal Protection Law After Inclusive Communities, Samuel Bagenstos
Articles
At least since the Supreme Court’s 2009 decision in Ricci v. DeStefano, disparate-impact liability has faced a direct constitutional threat. This Article argues that the Court’s decision last Term in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., which held that disparate-impact liability is available under the Fair Housing Act, has resolved that threat, at least for the time being. In particular, this Article argues, Inclusive Communities is best read to adopt the understanding of equal protection that Justice Kennedy previously articulated in his pivotal concurrence in the 2007 Parents Involved case—which argued that …
The Fight For Equal Protection: Reconstruction-Redemption Redux, Kermit Roosevelt Iii, Patricia Stottlemyer
The Fight For Equal Protection: Reconstruction-Redemption Redux, Kermit Roosevelt Iii, Patricia Stottlemyer
All Faculty Scholarship
With Justice Scalia gone, and Justices Ginsburg and Kennedy in their late seventies, there is the possibility of significant movement on the Supreme Court in the next several years. A two-justice shift could upend almost any area of constitutional law, but the possible movement in race-based equal protection jurisprudence provides a particularly revealing window into the larger trends at work. In the battle over equal protection, two strongly opposed visions of the Constitution contend against each other, and a change in the Court’s composition may determine the outcome of that struggle. In this essay, we set out the current state …
Race, Shelby County, And The Voter Information Verification Act In North Carolina, Michael D. Herron, Daniel A. Smith
Race, Shelby County, And The Voter Information Verification Act In North Carolina, Michael D. Herron, Daniel A. Smith
Florida State University Law Review
Shortly after the Supreme Court in Shelby County v. Holder struck down section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), the State of North Carolina enacted an omnibus piece of election- reform legislation known as the Voter Information Verification Act (VIVA). Prior to Shelby, portions of North Carolina were covered jurisdictions per the VRA’s sections 4 and 5—meaning that they had to seek federal preclearance for changes to their election procedures— and this motivates our assessment of whether VIVA’s many alterations to North Carolina’s election procedures are race-neutral. We show that in presidential elections in North Carolina black early voters …
Race And Crime Sixty Years After Brown V. Board Of Education, Donald A. Dripps
Race And Crime Sixty Years After Brown V. Board Of Education, Donald A. Dripps
San Diego Law Review
Whether the Court, let alone the electorate, has the political will to start down this path is another question. But I remind myself that Dr. King did not despair in his Birmingham jail cell, that Ruth Bader Ginsburg did not despair when asked by the Dean of the Harvard Law School why she was taking a place from a man, and that Evan Wolfson did not despair when the high Court declared that any claim of a constitutional right to private sex between consenting adults was “at best, facetious.”
Ever since abolitionism, the heroes of every American civil rights movement …
Distinguishing Disparate Treatment From Disparate Impact; Confusion On The Court, Michael C. Harper
Distinguishing Disparate Treatment From Disparate Impact; Confusion On The Court, Michael C. Harper
Faculty Scholarship
In two decisions in the 2014-2015 Term, Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc., and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch, Inc., the Court seemed to give contradictory answers to an important unresolved conceptual definitional question: Does disparate treatment include assigning members of a protected group based on their protected status to a larger disfavored group that is defined by neutral principles and that includes others who are not members of the protected group? Or does such assignment have only a disparate impact on the protected status group?
In Young, the first of these decisions, all members of the …
Watson And Subjective Hiring Practices: The Continuing Saga Of Industrial Psychology, Title Vii And Personnel Selection, Daniel L. Bell
Watson And Subjective Hiring Practices: The Continuing Saga Of Industrial Psychology, Title Vii And Personnel Selection, Daniel L. Bell
Akron Law Review
This comment will analyze Watson from both a legal and industrial psychological perspective. Part one of the comment discusses the legal impact of Watson. First, the Supreme Court's analytical framework for Title VII discrimination claims is presented. Next, Watson is analyzed in the context of prior case law to consider its potential impact on employment discrimination litigation.
Part two concentrates on the role of industrial psychology in the Watson decision. First, the comment introduces industrial psychology. The association of industrial psychology, Title VII, and personnel selection is presented next. Finally, the comment presents current industrial psychological research concerning several …
Transformation: Turning Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act Into Something It Is Not, J. Christian Adams
Transformation: Turning Section 2 Of The Voting Rights Act Into Something It Is Not, J. Christian Adams
Touro Law Review
No abstract provided.
Disparate Impact, School Closures, And Parental Choice, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Disparate Impact, School Closures, And Parental Choice, Nicole Stelle Garnett
Nicole Stelle Garnett
We live in an era of parental choice. Today, forty-two states and the District of Columbia authorize charter schools, and twenty states and the District of Columbia permit students to use public funds to attend a private school. During the 2012-2013 school year, nearly 2 million children attended charter schools, and nearly 250,000 children received publicly funded scholarship to attend a private school. The expanding menu of publicly funded educational options is one (but by no means the only) factor contributing to the current, intensely controversial, waves of urban public school closures. In school-closure debates, proponents of traditional public schools …
What’S Hud Got To Do With It?: How Hud’S Disparate Impact Rule May Save The Fair Housing Act’S Disparate Impact Standard, William F. Fuller
What’S Hud Got To Do With It?: How Hud’S Disparate Impact Rule May Save The Fair Housing Act’S Disparate Impact Standard, William F. Fuller
Fordham Law Review
Since 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court has granted certiorari three times on the question of whether disparate impact liability is cognizable under the Fair Housing Act (FHA). The first two times, the parties settled. The question is before the Court once again in Texas Department of Housing & Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., and this time the parties seem unlikely to settle.
Disparate impact liability in the civil rights context entails liability for actions that have a discriminatory effect, regardless of an actor’s motive. Under the FHA, this can translate into liability for actions that make housing …
Griggs At Midlife, Deborah A. Widiss
Griggs At Midlife, Deborah A. Widiss
Articles by Maurer Faculty
Griggs v. Duke Power, the Supreme Court case that held that policies that disproportionately harm minority employees can violate federal employment discrimination law even without evidence of “intentional” discrimination, recently turned forty. Griggs is generally celebrated as a landmark decision, but disparate impact’s current relevance (and its constitutionality) is hotly debated. Robert Belton’s The Crusade for Equality in the Workplace offers a rich and detailed history of the strategic choices that led to the plaintiffs’ victory in Griggs. This Review uses Belton’s history as a jumping off point to consider the contemporary importance of disparate impact in efforts to challenge …
A Response To Professor Choper: Laying Down Another Ladder, Sheri Lynn Johnson
A Response To Professor Choper: Laying Down Another Ladder, Sheri Lynn Johnson
Sheri Lynn Johnson
No abstract provided.
The Metamorphosis Of Comparable Worth, Nancy E. Dowd
The Metamorphosis Of Comparable Worth, Nancy E. Dowd
Nancy Dowd
The concept of comparable worth has as its factual predicate two typical characteristics of women's employment: occupational concentration or segregation and significantly lower wages compared to those paid to men. What continues to be most troubling about this employment pattern is its stubborn persistence, despite the increased presence of women in the workforce and the existence for over two decades of legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The concept of comparable worth has provoked an outpouring of emotional rhetoric and scholarly analysis debating the concept’s viability and desirability. Rather than add to that debate, Professor Dowd traces the evolution of …
Employment Discrimination In The United States In 1989: Revisions Or A Pause, Josef Rohlik
Employment Discrimination In The United States In 1989: Revisions Or A Pause, Josef Rohlik
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Citizenship, Aliengage, And Ethnic Origin Discrimination In Employment Under The Law Of The United States, Mack A. Player
Citizenship, Aliengage, And Ethnic Origin Discrimination In Employment Under The Law Of The United States, Mack A. Player
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.