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Articles 1 - 30 of 360
Full-Text Articles in Animal Law
Striking A Balance: Why Federal And State Laws Should Be Revised To Effectively Deter Puppy Mills, Kaitlyn Cameron
Striking A Balance: Why Federal And State Laws Should Be Revised To Effectively Deter Puppy Mills, Kaitlyn Cameron
Animal Law Review
The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) was passed in 1966 with the purpose of ensuring the humane care and treatment of animals. The AWA delegates licensing responsibilities to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS), who have the authority to investigate violations of the AWA and penalize relevant organizations, such as puppy mills, when necessary. Unfortunately, the AWA sets forth minimum standards for the humane care and treatment of these animals and the USDA has exercised its own discretion in penalizing violations of the AWA. The AWA establishes standards for compliance, but …
Time To Free The 'Evidence': Animal Cruelty Prosecutions, Pre-Conviction Forfeiture, And Brady Violations, Gary J. Patronek
Time To Free The 'Evidence': Animal Cruelty Prosecutions, Pre-Conviction Forfeiture, And Brady Violations, Gary J. Patronek
Animal Law Review
This Article presents empirical research to investigate the traditional practice of holding seized animal victims of maltreatment in protective custody until their disposition is resolved pursuant to a criminal proceeding. This is of particular concern because protective custody usually entails confinement in an animal shelter or similar institutional setting. Extended confinement under these circumstances is undesirable–especially when dealing with large numbers of animals–because such confinement causes stress that may inadvertently result in secondary victimization of the animals. Furthermore, institutional confinement poses substantial logistical challenges and imposes substantial economic costs for those tasked with caring for the animals. The impetus for …
A Critical Assessment Of Bill S-203, Ending The Captivity Of Whales And Dolphins Act: Challenging The Exclusivity Of Anthropocentrism And Science-Based Justifications, Rachel De Graaf
Animal Law Review
Bill S-203, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and other Acts (ending the captivity of whales and dolphins) became Canadian law in 2019, banning the captivity of cetaceans. This Article critically examines Bill S-203, arguing that it is underpinned by anthropocentric and science-based justifications that will work as exclusionary forces against many animals in need of legal protection. Instead, the Article advocates for an empathetic and multi-jural approach that accounts for human-animal interconnectedness and the unique cultures of animals. This argument is theoretically rooted in vegan ecofeminism’s empathic and non-binaristic perspective. As such, this Article scrutinizes the reasoning behind …
Exploited: The Unexpected Victims Of Animal Agriculture, Caitlin Kelly
Exploited: The Unexpected Victims Of Animal Agriculture, Caitlin Kelly
Animal Law Review
Awareness of how nonhuman animals suffer in animal agriculture has been growing for years. But are they the only victims? Selling the products and parts of hundreds of millions of animals in the United States every year requires someone to manage those animals. It requires someone to kill those animals. And it requires someone to dismember those animals long before they ever reach the neat rows of plastic wrapped packaging at the grocery store. To accomplish this process at an industrial scale means hundreds to thousands of animals are together in barns which reek of their waste and create biohazards …
Environmental Enrichment For Farmed Animals, Alexandra Schauer
Environmental Enrichment For Farmed Animals, Alexandra Schauer
Animal Law Review
Environmental enrichment standards are set in many animal welfare laws, but such protections are generally withheld from farmed animals. Instead, farmed animals are subject to substandard enclosures that are under-stimulating and inappropriate for their species-specific behavioral needs. Scientific studies have shown that the inclusion of environmental enrichment in an animal’s enclosure balances their production of stress hormones, which has beneficial implications for the overall health and wellbeing of the animal. Establishing enclosure standards for farmed animals that include provisions relating to environmental enrichment would improve farmed animal well-being and, subsequently, the health of the humans who consume products deriving from …
Manure, Methane, And Money: The Anaerobic Digester Disaster In California, Pegga Mosavi
Manure, Methane, And Money: The Anaerobic Digester Disaster In California, Pegga Mosavi
Animal Law Review
The small, idyllic family farms that come to mind at the first mention of farming are all but gone, replaced by enormous factories that churn out animals at record speed, with little regard for their health and welfare. These factory farms produce a host of issues, including pervasive water and air pollution, particularly in vulnerable agricultural communities like those of the San Joaquin Valley in California. While the detriments of the factory farm model are numerous, contribution to climate change in particular has garnered significant attention. Animal agriculture in the U.S. produces 36% of the country’s methane, a greenhouse gas …
Bringing Dinosaurs Back: The Moral & Legal Complications, Kacey Hovden
Bringing Dinosaurs Back: The Moral & Legal Complications, Kacey Hovden
Animal Law Review
From Hollywood blockbusters to your local natural history museums, dinosaurs have captured the attention and wonder of the public for decades. The possibility of bringing these long extinct creatures back, once a science-fiction fantasy, is now closer to reality than ever before through a process known as “de-extinction.” This Article dives into the exploitative nature inherent in the de-extinction of dinosaurs, studying the University of Montana’s Dr. Jack Horner’s “dinochicken project” and the moral considerations implicated when conducting mass genetic engineering on sentient beings. The Article then centers itself on the ecological and legal complications likely to arise if a …
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 29, Issue 2, 2023.
The Confines Of Federalism On Farmed Animal Welfare, Miranda Groh
The Confines Of Federalism On Farmed Animal Welfare, Miranda Groh
Animal Law Review
Although farmed animal advocates have achieved some protection for animals through state and local laws, Congress’s constitutional authority to preempt state law and regulate interstate commerce poses a significant threat to those achievements. Additionally, the practical constraints of the United States’ interconnected food system suggest that national, uniform standards are more desirable than a state-by-state, piecemeal approach to animal welfare. Despite the potential benefits of a state-by-state approach and some obstacles faced at the federal level, this Article argues that long-lasting legal protections for farmed animals should ultimately come from Congress, and that animal advocates should concentrate their efforts there. …
Better Science, Fewer Animals: Catalyzing Nih Grant Making To Improve Biomedical Research And Meet Societal Goals, Mikalah Singer, Paul Locke
Better Science, Fewer Animals: Catalyzing Nih Grant Making To Improve Biomedical Research And Meet Societal Goals, Mikalah Singer, Paul Locke
Animal Law Review
Animal models are currently the “gold standard” in biomedical research. However, new approaches that do not involve the use of nonhuman animals are evolving to address the public health and medical challenges for which animal models are less well suited. These alternatives represent important advancements and are being recognized as significant advances. There is a clear societal need to encourage such efforts, and there is widespread support to move away from animal-based research by the American public. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds the majority of biomedical research in the United States and should be a key player in …
A Critical Moral Dilemma Within Animal Law Impact Litigation, Kyla Dayton-Woods
A Critical Moral Dilemma Within Animal Law Impact Litigation, Kyla Dayton-Woods
Animal Law Review
Animals, as legal clients, deserve the same rights as people when being represented by attorneys. There is no Model Rule of Professional Conduct to guide attorneys on how to ethically represent their animal clients. This gap in the law demonstrates an uncertainty in how lawyers are meant to fulfill their moral and legal obligations for their animal clients. Using the Nonhuman Rights Project’s representation of two elephant clients, Beulah and Karen, as a test, this Article proposes a Model Rule to fill the moral gap. If this proposed rule was incorporated into the Model Rules, Beulah and Karen’s attorneys may …
Kangaroo: Fields Of Struggle, Tamasin Ramsay
Kangaroo: Fields Of Struggle, Tamasin Ramsay
Animal Law Review
The Kangaroo, a symbol of the Australian landscape, is under attack by the Victoria government. Viewed as overabundant vermin, colonial law often authorizes killing many Kangaroos, a position that is directly at odds with the ancient law and custom of First Nations People. While Victoria law purports to protect the Kangaroo, in reality the current structure does more harm to the animal than good. This Article reviews the fields of struggle represented by the living tension of colonial law and chthonic law in Victoria and suggests genuine collaboration with First Nations and First Peoples to navigate this fraught terrain. Victoria …
From The United States To Pakistan: Can Climate Change Pave Toe Way For An International Right To Animal Rescue In Disasters?, Altamush Saeed
From The United States To Pakistan: Can Climate Change Pave Toe Way For An International Right To Animal Rescue In Disasters?, Altamush Saeed
Animal Law Review
Over 69% of the world’s wildlife has been lost between 1970 and 2018. Catastrophic events like the Australian bushfires, the Amazon rainforest fires, and the ongoing floods in the United States have led to the deaths of several billion animals. Ongoing apocalyptic floods have put one-third of Pakistan underwater and led to the deaths of over a million livestock animals. Climate change, human rights, and animal rights have become so intertwined that all life—including human, nonhuman, and plant life—is on the brink of extinction.
Animal Welfare Consumer Protection Litigation: Challenges And Possibilities For Bringing About More "Humane" Labeling Practices, Jaycie Thaemert
Animal Welfare Consumer Protection Litigation: Challenges And Possibilities For Bringing About More "Humane" Labeling Practices, Jaycie Thaemert
Animal Law Review
Consumer protection claims have become a critical tool for animal welfare advocates to attack the misrepresentations that animal agriculture producers make about the humane treatment of their animals. Currently, these claims are an important accountability mechanism, as “humane” labeling standards have not been adopted on the federal level. As consumers become increasingly focused on making ethical food-purchasing decisions, consumer protection claim lawsuits have become more and more successful, drawing the attention of attorneys within and outside of the animal welfare movement. The primary limitation of consumer protection claims in the animal welfare space is that these lawsuits do not actually …
International Whaling: Reframing The Iwc Moratorium For The Effective Conservation Of Whales, Kacey Hovden
International Whaling: Reframing The Iwc Moratorium For The Effective Conservation Of Whales, Kacey Hovden
Animal Law Review
The ocean once teemed with whales at seemingly every tide and crest, but due to centuries of overexploitation, whales are now a rare and coveted sight in many parts of the world. Today, the challenge of preventing these magnificent giants from extinction remains prevalent, with slow recovery rates and continued whaling practices in direct conflict. This Article examines the history of global whaling practices and the International Whaling Commission’s 1986 moratorium and argues for the establishment of an effective regulatory scheme permitting commercial whaling only on abundant whale stocks. The scheme would encourage whaling nations to remain members of the …
Privacy In The Wild: Why Animals' Informational Privacy Matters, Christopher Wlach
Privacy In The Wild: Why Animals' Informational Privacy Matters, Christopher Wlach
Animal Law Review
As data privacy and security come increasingly into focus among lawmakers, regulators, companies, and consumers, concerns about animals’ privacy have gone largely unmentioned. This Article examines how both wild and domestic animals have informational privacy interests—that is, interests in protecting information about themselves. The Article discusses three examples of how informational privacy for animals is not merely a theoretical concept but directly relates to animals’ broader welfare interests. Finally, this Article discusses why privacy provides a helpful theoretical framework and vocabulary for addressing these animals’ interests.
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 29, Issue 1, 2023.
Not For Human Consumption: How To Alleviate The Cruelty Plaguing The Pet Food Industry In The United States, Bailey Frank
Not For Human Consumption: How To Alleviate The Cruelty Plaguing The Pet Food Industry In The United States, Bailey Frank
Animal Law Review
More than 37 billion dollars of pet food was sold in 2019, a sum that increased to approximately 42 billion dollars in 2020. In fact, forty-two of the fifty states have pet food facilities producing more than 3 million tons of animal-based pet food ingredients. Yet, in the last decade, multiple pet food brands have been found to contain trace amounts of euthanasia ‘death drugs’ and are made from 3D or 4D animals — those that are dead, dying, diseased, or disabled. While this can often cause sickness or death in companion animals, an equally urgent issue is the welfare …
Piglet Castration And Pain Relief Drugs: Revamping "Safety Drug Approval Requirements To Address "Efficacy" Requirements For Nsaids, Zoë Sigle
Animal Law Review
This Article investigates the U.S. pork industry's routine practice of piglet castration without pain relief and why no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in piglets to relieve pain associated with surgical castration. Some countries have approved and even require the use of NSAIDs for surgical castration in piglets. However, the U.S. veterinary pharmaceutical community claims to lack validated scientific methodology to quantify pain in piglets, leading to a lack of substantial evidence to demonstrate NSAID effectiveness and thereby barring FDA-approval of NSAIDs for pain relief in piglets …
What Comes After Defund? Lessons From Police And Prison Abolition For The Animal Movement, Michael Swistara
What Comes After Defund? Lessons From Police And Prison Abolition For The Animal Movement, Michael Swistara
Animal Law Review
As the mass incarceration crisis skyrocketed, the animal protection movement adopted many of the mechanisms of the carceral state. Improving the status of animals was equated with pushing for lengthier sentences for those who caused harm to animals, placing more people into cages for longer periods of time. This disproportionally harmed Black, Indigenous, and People of the Global Majority (BIPGM) communities who are the most heavily policed, surveilled, and imprisoned. Allying with the carceral state has also harmed animals-advocates are labeled terrorists, potential allies are dissuaded from action, and companion animals are killed by officers of the state. This approach …
Fur-Ever Homes After Divorce: The Future Of Pet Custody, Sara Mićković
Fur-Ever Homes After Divorce: The Future Of Pet Custody, Sara Mićković
Animal Law Review
More than ever, Americans are considering their companion animals to be members of their families. However, the majority of states plainly consider companion animals to be personal property under the law in custody disputes. Therefore, when a pet custody dispute emerges in these states' courts, separated couples proceed to divide companion animals the same way they would other material belongings. At the same time, married couples in the United States are divorcing at increasing rates making these types of pet custody disputes an increasing issue in family courts around the country. Despite most states adopting this approach where companion animals …
The (Symbolic) Legislative Recognition Of Animal Sentience, M.B. Rodriguez Ferrere
The (Symbolic) Legislative Recognition Of Animal Sentience, M.B. Rodriguez Ferrere
Animal Law Review
This Article will draw conclusions from the legislative recognition of animal sentience in animal welfare legislation of Oregon, New Zealand and Quebec. A range of jurisdictions have, in recent times, amended their animal welfare legislation to recognize that animals are "sentient." While seemingly a progressive and welcome advance, there are a range of reasons to doubt the actual impact of such amendments. The limited impact of the amendments within animal welfare case law in these jurisdictions appear to confirm these doubts. This Article questions whether such symbolic amendments are benign or have a damaging effect on the attempt to reform …
Front Matter
Animal Law Review
Front Matter includes Title Page, Masthead, advisors, and Table of Contents for Animal Law Review Volume 28, Issue 1, 2022.
Nonhuman Rights Or Protections: A Discussion Of The Functional Difference, If Any, Between Laws Providing Either Biocentric Rights Or Anthropocentric Protections For Nonhumans, Joel W. Glazer
Animal Law Review
This article will review examples of laws and judicial opinions that have granted rights to nonhumans, including the examples listed above, as well as a judicial opinion that grants protections, but not rights, to nonhumans. The analysis of these laws and judicial opinions is meant to answer the question of whether using the enchanted word "rights," as opposed to anthropocentric protections, confers a substantive benefit to nonhumans. Part II forms an analytical framework defining the procedural and substantive aspects of non-human rights. Part III applies that framework to judicial opinions from Argentina and the United States and analyzes whether there …
Exploring The Role Of Nonhuman Animal Victims In Federal Environmental Crime Prosecutions, Melissa L. Jarrell, Joshua Ozmy
Exploring The Role Of Nonhuman Animal Victims In Federal Environmental Crime Prosecutions, Melissa L. Jarrell, Joshua Ozmy
Animal Law Review
While nonhuman animals in the United States are often victimized directly or as a consequence of environmental crimes, little is known about them or the role their victimization plays in federal environmental crime prosecutions. Through content analysis of 2,588 of the Environmental Protection Agency's criminal prosecutions from 1983-2019, we identified cases where identifiable nonhuman animal victims play a central role in the prosecution. We developed a typology of victims and the consequences of their victimization, and we explored the geography, charging statutes, and penalties. Results suggest that victimization is infrequent, acute, and clusters around toxic discharges and pesticide abuse stemming …
2020 Litigation Review, Isaac Conzatti
2020 Litigation Review, Isaac Conzatti
Animal Law Review
This Litigation Review covers a varied selection of animal law related litigation that occurred in the year 2020. The coronavirus pandemic did not slow down the offenses or injustices committed against animals nor the litigation initiated on behalf of animals. While some animal-centered litigation experienced some setbacks in 2020, others sparked legislative initiatives to further protect the interests of animals. Some recent litigation highlights the need for more advocacy and legislation in order to overcome barriers imposed by lobbyists and other special interest groups. Other sections expose how pro-animal legislation has received challenges from opponents who seek to cripple protections …
2020 Domestic Legislative Review, Tara Cooley
2020 Domestic Legislative Review, Tara Cooley
Animal Law Review
The 116th Congress, second session, began January 3, 2020, and ended January 3, 2021. While Congress voted on key animal-related legislation, such as the Big Cat Public Safety Act, the COVID-19 pandemic slowed -- or even halted -- proposed legislation at the federal and state levels. Despite the slowdown, local voters proposed and enacted several key initiatives, including the California Ecosystems Protection Act and Orange County, Florida's Right to Clean Water initiative.9 In addition, federally enacted COVID-19-related legislation, such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, also addressed animalrelated issues. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled COVID-19 …
2020 Foreign And International Legislative Review, Brittany Rowe
2020 Foreign And International Legislative Review, Brittany Rowe
Animal Law Review
This Legislative Review highlights the animal law related legislative victories 2020 brought about on foreign and international fronts.
Can Sentience Recognition Protect Animals? Lessons From Québec's Animal Law Reform, Michael Lessard
Can Sentience Recognition Protect Animals? Lessons From Québec's Animal Law Reform, Michael Lessard
Animal Law Review
Academic literature needs to provide a better understanding of the legal recognition of animal sentience. This Article aims to help fill out this gap by diving into Que ́bec’s legal recognition of animal sentience in 2015. This Article draws three lessons from Que ́bec law’s recognition of animal sentience and biological needs. First, it argues that legal sentience recognition’s fate is to become more than symbolic and to receive normative force. Second, it contends that considering sentience protection as the sole instrument to prevent animal killing and exploitation is a mistake. This is so because respect for sentience is reduced …