Law Commons^™

Australia And Canada In Regional Fisheries Organizations: Implementing The United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, Rosemary Rayfuse, Marcus Haward, Gregory Rose, Sali Bache

Dalhousie Law Journal

In the late 1980s and early 1990s a number of factors and events coalesced to encourage the international community to re-examine high seas fisheries issues. The need to enhance the effectiveness of regional fisheries organizations led to the development of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, dealing with straddling and highly migratory stocks. Both Canada and Australia played a significant role in the development of this agreement While having much in common, each state had different interests and concerns Canada's attention was focused on the problem of straddling stocks, while Australia 's interests have been primarily, though not exclusively, …

A Solution To The Yahoo! Problem? The Ec E-Commerce Directive As A Model For International Cooperation On Internet Choice Of Law, Mark F. Kightlinger

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

In May 2000, a French court decided that a French law banning the display of Nazi materials for sale applies to an auction website hosted by the California-based company Yahoo! Inc. The following year, at the request of Yahoo! Inc., a U.S. District Court declared that the French judgment was unenforceable in the United States because enforcing it would violate an important public policy-the First Amendment. These two cases have attracted considerable attention because they crystallize a difficult problem. The Internet is global. Every website potentially reaches every home on the planet. Thus, website content or activity that may be …

Australian And Canadian Perspectives On Offshore Management, Donald R. Rothwell, David Vanderzwaag

Dalhousie Law Journal

Challenges in ocean and coastal management are facing all coastal states of the world. including Australia and Canada. Overharvesting of fish stocks, increasing pressure from land-based sources of pollution, expanding offshore petroleum developments, and rising risks of ship-sourced pollution in fragile marine ecosystems have caused both countries to begin a process of reassessment and rethinking. In January 1997 Canada adopted a new Oceans Act, which called for the development of a National Oceans Management Strategy based on principles of sustainable development, precaution and integration, and a new national marine protected areas network. In December 1998, Australia released a National Oceans …

The Challenges Of Integrating Tourism Into Canadian And Australian Coastal Zone Management, Alison Gill, Lorne K. Kriwoken, Suzanne Dobson, Liza D. Fallon

Dalhousie Law Journal

This article discusses the challenges of integrating tourism into Canadian and Australian coastal zone management. Comparisons are drawn between coastal and marine tounsm resources in Australia and Canada. The resources considered include the cruise ship industry, recreational boating, fishing, sea kayaking, SCUBA diving and marine wildlife tourism. In the introduction, some of the problems of definition and data are addressed. Tourism is described as an industry, but unlike many traditional industries, the tourism arena consists of a myriad of players and sectors. After the comparison of tourism resources in both countries, the power and politics associated with managing user conflicts …

Harmony Of Laws In The Americas, H. Patrick Glenn

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Intellectual Property Rights And The Digital Era: Argentina And Brazil, Marcos J. Basso, Adriana C.K. Vianna

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Law Of The Internet In Argentina., Guillermo Cabanellas

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

School Privatization And Student Rights: A Comparison Of Canadian And American Law Regarding Searches And Seizures Conducted In Privatized Schools, David J. D'Agata

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Lay Participation In Legal Decision Making: Introduction To Law & Policy Special Issue, Valerie P. Hans

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

United States scholarship on lay participation revolves around one predominant form of lay participation, the jury (Hans & Vidmar forthcoming 2004). However, in the legal systems of many countries, laypeople participate as decision makers in other ways. Laypersons serve as judges (Provine 1986), magistrates (Diamond 1993), and private prosecutors (Perez Gil 2003). Lay and law-trained judges may also decide cases together in mixed tribunals (Kutnjak Ivkovi6 2003; Machura 2003; Vidmar 2002). Although diverse in structure, these methods share with the jury a set of animating ideas about lay involvement in legal decision making.

Many of these ideas appear to be …

Recent Developments In International And Comparative Law And Feasible Alternatives To The Use Of Force In Contemporary International Law, Sompong Sucharitkul

The Sompong Sucharitkul Center for Advanced International Legal Studies

Last year, Golden Gate presented "A Survey of Progressive Developments of International Law and Order since the events of 11 September 2001 ". This year, a further succession of events have taken place that warrant a fresh examination of "Recent Developments in International and Comparative Law on the Urgent Necessity for Feasible Alternatives to the Use of Force in Contemporary International Law." An imminent and impending threat of the preemptive use of force to prevent war and continuing deployment of forces poised to strike as if to demonstrate that the only plausible means to achieve the ultimate peace is to …

The Law Of Home Schooling In Australia, Katherine Lindsay

Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Facing The Aging Wave: Proposed Social Security Reform In The Philippines, Les Coughran

Washington International Law Journal

The Philippines's Social Security System is eroding because of demographic changes. These changes have tipped the financial balance, which incremental design changes have failed to restore. The system contains weaknesses that are exacerbated by limited financial transparency and poor asset management. International social security systems, designed to include public defined benefit programs, public hypothetical account programs, publicly mandated defined contribution programs, and/or private sphere components, provide the Philippines with examples of alternate national systems. While each of these components alleviates certain risks, no single component is comprehensive in safeguarding against demographic, economic, or inflationary risks. This Comment asserts that the …

The Cultural Property Laws Of Japan: Social, Political, And Legal Influences, Geoffrey R. Scott

Washington International Law Journal

Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties has been heralded as one of the most sophisticated and complete statutes of its kind and has been viewed as a model for other countries considering means to protect their ethnographic and cultural treasures. This Article examines the social, cultural, political, and legal influences antecedent to the promulgation of the statute and discusses the complexities inherent in composing legislation of this sort. The specific Japanese legislative and administrative efforts undertaken to protect national treasures prior to promulgation of the statute, and the political environment contemporaneous with its passage, are compiled, analyzed, and …

Facing The Aging Wave: Proposed Social Security Reform In The Philippines, Les Coughran

Washington International Law Journal

The Philippines's Social Security System is eroding because of demographic changes. These changes have tipped the financial balance, which incremental design changes have failed to restore. The system contains weaknesses that are exacerbated by limited financial transparency and poor asset management. International social security systems, designed to include public defined benefit programs, public hypothetical account programs, publicly mandated defined contribution programs, and/or private sphere components, provide the Philippines with examples of alternate national systems. While each of these components alleviates certain risks, no single component is comprehensive in safeguarding against demographic, economic, or inflationary risks. This Comment asserts that the …

The Experimental Use Exception In Japan: A Model For U.S. Patent Law?, Jennifer A. Johnson

Washington International Law Journal

The patent laws of the United States and Japan contain provisions that permit the experimental use of patented inventions. In the United States, the common law experimental use exception has been utilized to permit the use of a patented invention to satisfy intellectual curiosity, as long as the use is not commercial. In 1984, the Hatch-Waxman Act provided a statutory experimental use exception in 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). It amended the Patent Act to allow a generic drug company to experiment with a pioneer drug during the pioneer drug's patent term to generate data for obtaining regulatory approval. In contrast, …

The Faint Shadow Of The Sixth Amendment: Substantial Imbalance In Evidence-Gathering Capacity Abroad Under The U.S.-P.R.C. Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement In Criminal Matters, David Whedbee

Washington International Law Journal

Transnational organized crime has an adverse impact on the United States and the People's Republic of China. In the last thirty years, the mutual legal assistance agreement has emerged as an effective mechanism to streamline international judicial assistance in combating borderless crime. The accretion of these agreements has created a growing web of bilateral obligations that links sovereign jurisdictions. The U.S.-P.R.C. mutual legal assistance agreement (the "U.S.-P.R.C. MLAA") furthers U.S. interests by facilitating U.S. Attomeys' access to physical evidence and witnesses in the People's Republic of China. Significantly, the political offense exception in the U.S.-P.R.C. agreement permits U.S. authorities to …

The Cultural Property Laws Of Japan: Social, Political, And Legal Influences, Geoffrey R. Scott

Washington International Law Journal

Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties has been heralded as one of the most sophisticated and complete statutes of its kind and has been viewed as a model for other countries considering means to protect their ethnographic and cultural treasures. This Article examines the social, cultural, political, and legal influences antecedent to the promulgation of the statute and discusses the complexities inherent in composing legislation of this sort. The specific Japanese legislative and administrative efforts undertaken to protect national treasures prior to promulgation of the statute, and the political environment contemporaneous with its passage, are compiled, analyzed, and …

Reforming The Japanese Commercial Code: A Step Towards An American-Style Executive Officer System In Japan?, Matthew Senechal

Washington International Law Journal

After more than a decade of attempting to remedy failing banks, rising unemployment, and a shrinking economy, Japan has taken a new approach to economic reform. With the hope of improving corporate profits and international competitiveness, the Japanese Diet passed legislation in May 2002 amending the Commercial Code to allow corporations to adopt an American-style executive officer system. The amendment establishes a workable new framework for more effective corporate governance in Japan and serves as an important early step in what promises to be a long road to reform. These benefits notwithstanding, its impact will be limited by the Amendment's …

From Techical Fix To Regulatory Mix: Japan's New Environmental Law, Lara Fowler

Washington International Law Journal

In post-industrial countries like Japan, modem environmental problems defy easy clean up solutions. Thus, effective clean up depends on diverse regulation. Historically, the Japanese government has relied on statutes that mandated technical "fixes" to clean up highly publicized pollution problems. Although such regulations have been successful in areas like air pollution, recent newspaper headlines highlight the extent to which environmental issues continue to affect densely populated Japan. Beginning with the passage of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law in 1997, however, Japan has significantly diversified its environmental policy. Along with strict new regulatory standards, new national laws now allow public access …

Reforming The Japanese Commercial Code: A Step Towards An American-Style Executive Officer System In Japan?, Matthew Senechal

Washington International Law Journal

After more than a decade of attempting to remedy failing banks, rising unemployment, and a shrinking economy, Japan has taken a new approach to economic reform. With the hope of improving corporate profits and international competitiveness, the Japanese Diet passed legislation in May 2002 amending the Commercial Code to allow corporations to adopt an American-style executive officer system. The amendment establishes a workable new framework for more effective corporate governance in Japan and serves as an important early step in what promises to be a long road to reform. These benefits notwithstanding, its impact will be limited by the Amendment's …

From Techical Fix To Regulatory Mix: Japan's New Environmental Law, Lara Fowler

Washington International Law Journal

In post-industrial countries like Japan, modem environmental problems defy easy clean up solutions. Thus, effective clean up depends on diverse regulation. Historically, the Japanese government has relied on statutes that mandated technical "fixes" to clean up highly publicized pollution problems. Although such regulations have been successful in areas like air pollution, recent newspaper headlines highlight the extent to which environmental issues continue to affect densely populated Japan. Beginning with the passage of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law in 1997, however, Japan has significantly diversified its environmental policy. Along with strict new regulatory standards, new national laws now allow public access …

Curbing Child-Trafficking In Intercountry Adoptions: Will International Treaties And Adoption Moratoriums Accomplish The Job In Cambodia?, Kelly M. Wittner

Washington International Law Journal

Over the past two decades an enormous increase in intercountry adoptions has prompted international concern over the victimization of children, birth parents, and adoptive families. Recently, the United States has closely scrutinized babytrafficking in Cambodia. Reports of widespread buying, selling, and stealing of Cambodian infants for international adoption prompted the United States to place a moratorium on adoptions from Cambodia on December 21, 2001. In addition, the international community has drafted treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ("CRC") and the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption ("Hague Convention") to normalize and systematize the process …

A Review Of China's New Civil Evidence Law, Paul J. Schmidt

Washington International Law Journal

On December 21, 2001, China's Supreme People's Court promulgated landmark rules concerning the production and use of evidence in civil cases. These rules became effective on April 1, 2002 and apply to legal actions initiated after that date. The rules apply in all Chinese courts, from the high and intermediate level courts found at the provincial and prefecture level, down to the basic level courts found in rural counties and in urban districts. Of the eighty-three newly promulgated rules, more than half concern procedures for exchanging, confronting, investigating, or discovering evidence. Eleven are strict rules of evidence. The remainder is …

Curbing Child-Trafficking In Intercountry Adoptions: Will International Treaties And Adoption Moratoriums Accomplish The Job In Cambodia?, Kelly M. Wittner

Washington International Law Journal

Over the past two decades an enormous increase in intercountry adoptions has prompted international concern over the victimization of children, birth parents, and adoptive families. Recently, the United States has closely scrutinized babytrafficking in Cambodia. Reports of widespread buying, selling, and stealing of Cambodian infants for international adoption prompted the United States to place a moratorium on adoptions from Cambodia on December 21, 2001. In addition, the international community has drafted treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ("CRC") and the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption ("Hague Convention") to normalize and systematize the process …

A Review Of China's New Civil Evidence Law, Paul J. Schmidt

Washington International Law Journal

On December 21, 2001, China's Supreme People's Court promulgated landmark rules concerning the production and use of evidence in civil cases. These rules became effective on April 1, 2002 and apply to legal actions initiated after that date. The rules apply in all Chinese courts, from the high and intermediate level courts found at the provincial and prefecture level, down to the basic level courts found in rural counties and in urban districts. Of the eighty-three newly promulgated rules, more than half concern procedures for exchanging, confronting, investigating, or discovering evidence. Eleven are strict rules of evidence. The remainder is …

The Faint Shadow Of The Sixth Amendment: Substantial Imbalance In Evidence-Gathering Capacity Abroad Under The U.S.-P.R.C. Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement In Criminal Matters, David Whedbee

Washington International Law Journal

Transnational organized crime has an adverse impact on the United States and the People's Republic of China. In the last thirty years, the mutual legal assistance agreement has emerged as an effective mechanism to streamline international judicial assistance in combating borderless crime. The accretion of these agreements has created a growing web of bilateral obligations that links sovereign jurisdictions. The U.S.-P.R.C. mutual legal assistance agreement (the "U.S.-P.R.C. MLAA") furthers U.S. interests by facilitating U.S. Attomeys' access to physical evidence and witnesses in the People's Republic of China. Significantly, the political offense exception in the U.S.-P.R.C. agreement permits U.S. authorities to …

The Experimental Use Exception In Japan: A Model For U.S. Patent Law?, Jennifer A. Johnson

Washington International Law Journal

The patent laws of the United States and Japan contain provisions that permit the experimental use of patented inventions. In the United States, the common law experimental use exception has been utilized to permit the use of a patented invention to satisfy intellectual curiosity, as long as the use is not commercial. In 1984, the Hatch-Waxman Act provided a statutory experimental use exception in 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). It amended the Patent Act to allow a generic drug company to experiment with a pioneer drug during the pioneer drug's patent term to generate data for obtaining regulatory approval. In contrast, …

Reform Of The Choice Of Law Rule Relating To Torts: Report Of The Law Reform Committee Of The Singapore Academy Of Law, Jimmy Yim, Suresh Divyyanathan, Woon Yin Liew, Yock Lin Tan, Joel Tye Beng Lee, Tiong Min Yeo

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

An act done abroad is actionable as a tort in Singapore if it is both actionable as a tort according to the law of Singapore and the law where the act was done. This double actionability rule which requires actionability by the law of Singapore even though the act in question was done abroad, was first enunciated in the 19th century when proof of foreign law was difficult and unfamiliarity with and perhaps suspicion of foreign law was inevitable. The UK, Australia, and Canada have replaced the rule with a more ‘international’ choice of law rule which reflects changes in …

Property As A Fundamental Constitutional Right? The German Example, Gregory S. Alexander

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Comparative Reasoning And Judicial Review, Sarah K. Harding

All Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.