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Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons™
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- Bioimaging and Biomedical Optics (33)
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- Breast Cancer (2)
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- Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (2)
- Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (2)
- Fatigue (2)
- Heart (2)
- Hemodialysis (2)
- Metastasis (2)
- Mitral valve (2)
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- Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Alternative fixation (1)
Articles 31 - 60 of 101
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Guide Rnas Preparation For In-Vitro Crispr-Cas9 Complex Delivery Targeting Genes That Affect Wound Healing., Prashant Khatiwada
Guide Rnas Preparation For In-Vitro Crispr-Cas9 Complex Delivery Targeting Genes That Affect Wound Healing., Prashant Khatiwada
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
CRISPR-Cas9 technology has widely been used as a viable genome engineering platform to make site-specific insertion, deletion, and breaks. The nuclease dead version of Cas9 or dCas9 can be used for the activation and repression of target gene sites using specific activation or repression domains. In this study, CRISPR guide RNAs were designed for a CRISPR inhibition approach to repress the transcriptional activity of the target genes. An expression plasmid vector composed of a U6 promoter sequence, BbsI restriction sites, and a chimeric gRNA sequence was digested, and the phosphorylated forward and reverse gRNAs were ligated with the plasmid vector. …
New Force Transducer For Mitral Valve Chordae Tendinea, Joseph Berryman
New Force Transducer For Mitral Valve Chordae Tendinea, Joseph Berryman
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
In order to inform the future of mitral valve repair and replacement, more investigation into the mechanics of the sub-valvular structure is needed. Understanding the roles of each chord during valve closure requires a sensor capable of detecting these small forces with enough sensitivity to determine the characteristics of each of the chordal types. The focus of the cantilever force transducer is to maximize this sensitivity while also minimizing the invasiveness of the sensor on the overall function of the chord. The design utilizes flexible yet strong 3D printed resin and cantilever arms to improve the strain exerted on a …
Involvement Of The Ino80 Chromatin Remodeling Complex In Cell Division And Genomic Stability, Ethan Chen
Involvement Of The Ino80 Chromatin Remodeling Complex In Cell Division And Genomic Stability, Ethan Chen
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Cell division is a vital biological process for growth and development in both single and multi-cellular organisms—whereby the cell must duplicate its organelles and genome in entirety and appropriately distribute the copied contents to the daughter cells. Cells undergo a cycle of two distinct phases: interphase and mitosis. During interphase, the cell replicates its genomic DNA (in the form of chromosomes) located within the nucleus. DNA replication is carried out in a euchromatin state, where the chromosome structure is loose and easily accessible by DNA polymerase and other replication enzymes. Upon the completion of replication, chromatin is condensed into highly …
Static Force Analysis Of A Porcine Mitral Valve To Determine Self-Supporting Capabilities Of The Leaflets, Jacob Paris
Static Force Analysis Of A Porcine Mitral Valve To Determine Self-Supporting Capabilities Of The Leaflets, Jacob Paris
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
The mitral valve (MV) is responsible for controlling the flow between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV). This includes maintaining valve closure under high systolic pressures. Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs when the valve fails to completely close and blood flows in the reverse direction, from the LV to the LA, during ejection. This type of valvular heart disease is prevalent among elderly individuals and is becoming increasingly common as the population ages. In order to better understand how to properly treat this large group of affected individuals, the mechanics of the MV during high systolic pressures must be …
Characterization Of Oxone Mediated Tempo-Oxidized Nano Cellulose Mixed-Matrix Membranes During Ultrafiltration And Hemodialysis, Kristyn Robling
Characterization Of Oxone Mediated Tempo-Oxidized Nano Cellulose Mixed-Matrix Membranes During Ultrafiltration And Hemodialysis, Kristyn Robling
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
The ninth leading cause of death in the United States is kidney disease, and hemodialysis is the process most commonly prescribed for treatment. It utilizes a selectively permeable membrane filter to remove toxins such as urea from the blood and retain necessary protein levels. However, traditional filters, such as cellulose triacetate, used during dialysis can be inefficient in terms of separation performance and reduction of fouling. Recent exploration of nanoparticles has resulted in the creation of Oxone Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Nano Cellulose which has properties that are believed to increase hydrophilicity, increase tensile capacity, decrease membrane resistance and lower fouling, making …
The Utilization Of Autofluorescence To Study The Effects Of L-Buthionine-Sulfoximine On Cellular Metabolism In Vitro, Madison Belew
The Utilization Of Autofluorescence To Study The Effects Of L-Buthionine-Sulfoximine On Cellular Metabolism In Vitro, Madison Belew
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Oxidative damage and stress impacts metabolic activity and has been implicated in a number of diseases . These medical conditions have been found to be associated with a lack of glutathione (GSH). There is a need to study the effects that the absence of glutathione has in order to expand knowledge of indicators that cause conditions like cataracts, cancer, or impaired wound healing. L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) has been used in past studies to hinder GSH production and induce oxidative stress within a cell. This study explores the effects of BSO and induced oxidative stress on the metabolic activity and processes within …
Maximizing The Academic And Professional Success Of First-Generation College Students In Biomedical Engineering, Mona Ahmed
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Although efforts to increase the inclusion, retention, and success of first-generation college students (FGCSs) in research universities have resulted in noticeable progress, FGCSs still feel academically challenged, isolated, and show more anxiety and depression compared to non-FGCSs. Moreover, FGCSs may possess additional underrepresented identities that exacerbates the problem. There is more risk of dropping out of academic programs for FGCSs enrolling in STEM degrees, especially those of more multidisciplinary nature such as Biomedical Engineering. From the overall population of the State of Arkansas, only 23.3% have a bachelor’s degree or higher which is the third least percentage in the United …
Stirred Suspension Bioreactor Differentiation Of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Smooth Muscle Cells, Chris Slavin
Stirred Suspension Bioreactor Differentiation Of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Smooth Muscle Cells, Chris Slavin
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising candidate for cellular therapies due to their multipotency, self-renewal capacity, and immunomodulatory properties. However, their isolation is a difficult and potentially painful process with very low yield, and traditional static mammalian cell culture techniques are too slow and expensive for large scale growth and differentiation of stem cells to be practical. Current research is focused on improving methods for cultivating hMSCs in stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs), but little work has been done with regard to their differentiation in dynamic conditions such as those in SSBs. Differentiation at a large scale would increase …
Autofluorescence Spectral Unmixing For Quantitative Metabolic Imaging Within Tissues, Lucy Woodbury
Autofluorescence Spectral Unmixing For Quantitative Metabolic Imaging Within Tissues, Lucy Woodbury
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Label-free metabolic imaging through quantification of NADH and FAD autofluorescence has become a powerful and efficient tool for non-invasive measurements of cell metabolism. It has applications in a variety of fields including diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring. However, NADH and FAD imaging typically selects specific single excitation and emission bands where it is assumed that these fluorophores are individually isolated. In some cases of isolated cell imaging, this assumption holds true, but for samples with other intrinsic fluorophores present (i.e. collagen and elastin), it can interfere with quantitative results. Elastin and collagen autofluorescence prevent the broader application of these optical metabolic …
Redesign And Quantitative Assessment Of An Accelerated Venous Valve Fatigue Apparatus, Megan Kueh
Redesign And Quantitative Assessment Of An Accelerated Venous Valve Fatigue Apparatus, Megan Kueh
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a form of cardiovascular disease that is caused when valves in the leg become incompetent. Current treatment methods serve to manage symptoms, but there are currently no ways to treat the underlying cause of CVI. A venous valve prosthetic made from a xenograft of a bovine jugular vein is one possible treatment method currently in the research phase. Prosthetic valves must be tested with an accelerated wear tester prior to approval for clinical testing. Although such testers exist for heart valves, physiological differences between heart and venous valves restrict the use those testers on venous …
Optical Metabolic Imaging As A Predictor Of Patient Tumor Response To Therapy And Apoptosis, Andrew Larey
Optical Metabolic Imaging As A Predictor Of Patient Tumor Response To Therapy And Apoptosis, Andrew Larey
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Despite a plethora of medical advancements, malignant tumors remain difficult to treat due to complex cancer biology and interpatient heterogeneity. Phenotypically similar tumors may respond differently to a given treatment. In clinical oncology, it is paramount to quantify tumor response to therapy for predicting treatment outcome, monitoring tumor changes, identifying effective therapies, and avoiding unnecessary cost and toxicity to the patient. Current standards of monitoring tumor response to therapy include CT, MRI, PET, and histopathology; these methods either take a merely anatomical approach or are invasive and time consuming, necessitating a functional biomarker approach. MPM represents a metabolic-level method of …
Theoretical Applicability Of Crispr-Mediated Exon Skipping In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Andrew Greek
Theoretical Applicability Of Crispr-Mediated Exon Skipping In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Andrew Greek
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) affects approximately 1 in 5,000 males. DMD results from genetic mutations within the gene that interrupts the open reading frame and prematurely truncates the protein. From a non-functional dystrophin protein, DMD results in serious muscle weakening and muscle wasting ultimately leading to death around the age of 26. In some cases of muscular dystrophy, a mutation can occur in areas of the gene that are less essential. In Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), these mutations cause less significant consequences in phenotype as the dystrophin protein is still semi-functional. With gene editing techniques, it may be possible to …
Comparative Genomics Of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells And Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Samia Ismail
Comparative Genomics Of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells And Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Samia Ismail
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
As of 2017, vascular diseases contributed to 23.1% of all deaths in America. To address the need for more effective and sustainable treatment options for these ailments, stem cell differentiation and implantation has emerged as a viable alternative to standard bypass and graft insertions. A completely autologous treatment can be achieved by extracting adult stem cells, differentiating them into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and then reimplanting these cells at the affected tissue site. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of the VSMC differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by comparing 4 cell lines of untreated hMSCs with …
Analysis Of Blood Purification Studies On Oxone Mediated Tempo-Oxidized Nano Cellulose Mixed-Matrix Membranes, Tony Roller
Analysis Of Blood Purification Studies On Oxone Mediated Tempo-Oxidized Nano Cellulose Mixed-Matrix Membranes, Tony Roller
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is currently the ninth leading cause of death in the United States, and of the 661,00 Americans diagnosed with ESRD, approximately 468,800 were on hemodialysis in 2016. Hemodialysis refers to a technique where a machine combined with a membrane, often referred to as an artificial kidney, is used to clean blood by removing any waste such as urea, potassium, and other smaller waste products while preserving the concentrations and integrity of cells and proteins in the blood. It has been shown in artificial blood studies that cellulose nanomaterials, like TEMPO/Oxidized cellulose nanoparticles (TOCNs), can be integrated …
Electrodialysis Device For In Vivo Power Delivery, Jessica L. Orton
Electrodialysis Device For In Vivo Power Delivery, Jessica L. Orton
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
It is estimated that over 3 million cardiac pacemakers have been implanted in patients globally. Current lithium-iodine pacemaker batteries last an average of about 10 years before the entire pacemaker unit must surgically be replaced, increasing the patient’s risk of procedure-related complications. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate means by which to extend the pacemaker battery lifetime. The renal vein and renal artery in the body naturally produce a salinity gradient through the filtering work of the kidneys. This salinity gradient energy potential can be harnessed through reverse electrodialysis (RED). RED is an electrochemical process that harnesses the Gibbs Free …
The Response Of Astrocytes To Mechanical Stimuli, Courtney Bahan
The Response Of Astrocytes To Mechanical Stimuli, Courtney Bahan
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Traumatic brain injuries are a common cause of injury and result from a blow to the head whether it be blunt, penetrating, or inertial. TBIs are typically obtained in a fall, while playing a sport, or in a car crash. TBIs can be diagnosed as mild (commonly referred to as a concussion), moderate, or severe based upon their score from the Glasgow coma scale. TBIs can also lead to other risks such as epilepsy or Alzheimer’s Disease as well as increasing the risk of suffering another TBI. Astrocytes are heterogeneous glial cells in the brain that alter their response based …
Cell Line-Specific Differences In Guided Differentiation Of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Towards Smooth Muscle Cells, Sherly Makar
Cell Line-Specific Differences In Guided Differentiation Of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Towards Smooth Muscle Cells, Sherly Makar
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of stromal cells found traditionally in the bone marrow and adipose tissues. They can also be found in other tissues including fallopian tube, core blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver, and lungs. Mesenchymal stem cells have profound effects in regenerative engineering, tissue repair and drug discovery owing to the excellent properties such as proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotency generating multiple cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, cardiomyocytes (CMs), pericytes (PCs), and chondrocytes. MSCs are used as immunomodulators in generating progenitor cells to be used for transplantation, creating engineered organs, and preventing graft vs. host disease (GVHD). …
Differential Patterns Of Theta Activation Underlying Various Cognitive Control Strategies, Jarrod Eisma
Differential Patterns Of Theta Activation Underlying Various Cognitive Control Strategies, Jarrod Eisma
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
In this study, EEG was recorded from 157 participants at the University of Arkansas as they performed three computer tasks that tested inhibitory control (Go/Nogo Task), proactive and reactive control (AX-Continuous Performance Task), and resolving response conflict (Global/Local Task- modified Flanker Task). Time-frequency analysis (ERSP) was the primary focus of this study, in order to take advantage of the temporal and frequential characteristics of EEG recordings. The ERSPs and following statistical analysis showed significantly higher midfrontal theta band (4-8 Hz) power values for target trials (those that required more cognitive control) than control trials, which indicated that the procedure was …
Development Of A Matlab Gui To Assist The Active Comprehension Of Biomedical Transport Phenomena Using A Visual Aid, Pranav Suri
Development Of A Matlab Gui To Assist The Active Comprehension Of Biomedical Transport Phenomena Using A Visual Aid, Pranav Suri
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Studies show that inductive teaching methods for Biomedical Transport Phenomena greatly benefit from an accompanying visual aid. The following project aimed to develop a MATLAB GUI application that illustrates steady-state heat transfer with a graph and heat map using user-defined boundary conditions and numerical parameters. The application was evaluated using a survey that first familiarized the user with the GUI by running through heat transfer exercises, then allowed the user to experiment with the application, and finally asked users about their experiences using a questionnaire. The responses indicate that the GUI was received positively overall, and that a MATLAB component …
Optical Spectrsocopy Of Murine Breast Tumor To Distinguish Indolent From Aggressive Disease, Joel Rodriguez Troncoso
Optical Spectrsocopy Of Murine Breast Tumor To Distinguish Indolent From Aggressive Disease, Joel Rodriguez Troncoso
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Breast cancer accounts for 30% of all cancer. Metastasis is the primary cause of death among breast cancer patients. Additionally, current molecular profiling methods such as Oncotype DX, which are expensive and not widely available at all clinical facilities, only determine the risk of recurrence after treatment. Therefore, there are no current method capable of identifying metastatic patients in advance.As a result, there is an unmet clinical need to develop a cost-effective prognostic to differentiate between indolent and aggressive breast tumors. In this study, we implemented diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) system to evaluate functional changes in tumor xenografts originated from …
Generation Of A Ccl2 Knockout Using Crispr/Cas9 And Lipid Mediated Transfection In Ct-26 Murine Colon Carcinoma Cells, Emma Sullivan
Generation Of A Ccl2 Knockout Using Crispr/Cas9 And Lipid Mediated Transfection In Ct-26 Murine Colon Carcinoma Cells, Emma Sullivan
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
CCL2 is an inflammatory mediator that is released by tumor cells to activate and direct immune cell species, especially macrophages, to inflammatory sites within the body. The goal of this project was to successfully generate knockout the CCL2 ligand gene using a CRISPR/Cas9 complex delivered via lipid mediated transfection. The sgRNA and Cas9 mRNA were introduced into the cells via lipid-mediated transfection. The cells were incubated for 4 days, before being analyzed using PCR and gel electrophoresis. We expected to see one band on the first gel and two bands on the second gel. Two bands appeared on the first …
Design Of Microporous Membranes For The Development Of Brain-On-Chip Devices, Andre Figueroa Milla
Design Of Microporous Membranes For The Development Of Brain-On-Chip Devices, Andre Figueroa Milla
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a major global health concern that have an economic impact of $60 billion in the United States in related costs annually. Developing drugs for TBI treatment is an approach that currently faces limitations involving the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB naturally limits molecules from reaching the brain as a protective mechanism against disease, acting as a barrier during drug delivery. Understanding the BBB mechanically and chemically following a TBI could potentially assist future studies to alleviate the symptoms and long-term effects of TBI by pharmaceuticals. The Mechanobiology and Soft Materials Laboratory (MSML) …
Modeling And Validation Of Tissue Optical Properties In The Photon Transport Regime, Katelyn Heath
Modeling And Validation Of Tissue Optical Properties In The Photon Transport Regime, Katelyn Heath
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Early detection of changes in epithelial cells, such as the development of neoplastic formations seen in epithelial dysplasia, can indicate regions of the epithelial tissue that are at a high risk for cancerous formation. Using concepts from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, a Monte Carlo model was developed to predict the reflectance measured by a detector at a small source-detector separation on a microendoscope. The Monte Carlo results were then used to calculate a mathematical relationship between the reflectance and distance that can be used to determine optical properties in a tissue sample. This model was validated with liquid phantoms of specified …
Vector Flow Imaging In Pediatric Cardiology - Extracting And Validating Data, Mason Belue
Vector Flow Imaging In Pediatric Cardiology - Extracting And Validating Data, Mason Belue
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
In the field of bedside cardiac diagnostic imaging, Doppler Ultrasound (DU) is the gold standard for diagnosing heart conditions. The largest benefit of DU is its ability to noninvasively image cardiac flow and allow the estimation of blood velocity and quantification of anatomical disease. However, to get correct velocity estimation, the position of the transducer in relation to the flow field needs to be known. This is the problem of angle/direction dependency and limits DUs accuracy when imaging in areas where perfect alignment or exact position of the transducer in relation to flow field is not possible or known, such …
Effect Of Polymer Composition Of Injectable Hydrogels On Programmable Release Of Methylene Blue, Mary Brandecker
Effect Of Polymer Composition Of Injectable Hydrogels On Programmable Release Of Methylene Blue, Mary Brandecker
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Temperature sensitive hydrogels have been used as injectable hydrogels because the polymer solutions can be liquid at room temperature and gel at body temperature. Injectable hydrogels have been used in biomedical applications to deliver drugs and other small molecules throughout the body. Methylene Blue was used as the drug in this study for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. PluronicⓇ F127 (PF127) is a copolymer consisting of repeating units of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide in the form PEO-PPO-PEO. PF127 in solution is a temperature sensitive hydrogel that transitions to a gel at body temperature at specific polymer compositions. A standard …
Designing An In Vitro Mitral Valve Mounting And Testing System For Micro Ct Imaging, Marinna Tadros
Designing An In Vitro Mitral Valve Mounting And Testing System For Micro Ct Imaging, Marinna Tadros
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Five million people in the US are diagnosed with valvular disease, of which mitral valve disease is one of the most common. Computational models are informed by high resolution images and have the potential to aid in diagnosing and establishing surgical plans to treat mitral valve diseases. Existing methods using 7T MRI imaging have limitations such as small bore diameter, long imaging times and difficulty in maintaining trans-mitral fluid pressure throughout the scan. Imaging with Micro CT allows for efficient scan times and eliminates bore size constraints which allows for imaging more sizes and types of MVs. There is a …
A Bioinstrumentation Active Learning Educational Module: The Design Of A Working Temperature Sensor Using A Ntc Thermistor, Baylor Bush
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
The Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Arkansas has continued to develop over the years, with more students enrolling in the program each year. Within the first biomedical engineering course, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering, various topics are introduced to students, and the topic of bioinstrumentation has been one of the most complex and difficult topics for students to comprehend through just a few lectures. In order to aid students in grasping these intricate concepts, an active learning module was developed in which students can work in groups to build a simple thermistor circuit as a temperature sensor. The …
Comparing The Effects Of Fibroblast Growth Factors On Growth Rate Of Human Fibroblast Cell Lines, Tasha Repella
Comparing The Effects Of Fibroblast Growth Factors On Growth Rate Of Human Fibroblast Cell Lines, Tasha Repella
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Numerous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of growth factors in medium formulations to promote proliferation and viability of human fibroblasts in laboratory settings. However, due to the differences in the source and age of fibroblasts, the ability of growth factors like hFGF1 to promote proliferation varies. Equally difficult is the ability of hFGF1 to promote proliferation of diseased fibroblasts due to complexities associated with specific mitochondrial diseases. In this context, we decided to evaluate the potential for novel hyper stable growth factors super hFGF and hFGF1 (shFGF and hFGF1 respectively), to contribute to proliferation of different normal and diseased fibroblasts. …
Investigating Virus Clearance Via Ph Inactivation During Biomanufacturing, Wenbo Xu
Investigating Virus Clearance Via Ph Inactivation During Biomanufacturing, Wenbo Xu
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
In the processing of biopharmaceuticals, viral clearance and viral safety are important for the development of monoclonal antibodies. Murine xenotropic leukemia virus (XMuLV) is one of the retroviruses, recommended by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a model virus for viral clearance via inactivation from therapeutics derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). A robust and effective method was investigated to clear or inactivate endogenous viruses by low pH inactivation. The effects of different conductivity and inactivated time on XMuLV clearance was determined. Acetate buffer was prepared with different conductivity, and 2% XMuLV was spiked into acetate buffer. XMuLV virus …
Development Of A Model For Accelerated Fatigue Testing In Venous Valves, Olga Brazhkina
Development Of A Model For Accelerated Fatigue Testing In Venous Valves, Olga Brazhkina
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses
Malfunctioning venous cause issues ranging from cosmetic to life threatening situations for millions of people in the U.S. (1). Venous valve bioprosthetics often fail due to a loss in leaflet tissue flexibility following chemical fixation of donor tissue (2). A viable solution for testing venous valves prior to and post chemical fixation is in high demand for the development of a more durable prosthetic replacement. As a result, this research aims to create a fatigue apparatus that provides a means to model the durability of venous valves. The design criteria for this project included modeling physiological conditions in an accelerated …