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2012

Air Force Institute of Technology

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Articles 31 - 60 of 174

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Rough-Cut Capacity Planning In Multimodal Freight Transportation Networks, Robert B. Hartlage Aug 2012

Rough-Cut Capacity Planning In Multimodal Freight Transportation Networks, Robert B. Hartlage

Theses and Dissertations

A main challenge in transporting cargo for United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) is in mode selection or integration. Demand for cargo is time sensitive and must be fulfilled by an established due date. Since these due dates are often inflexible, commercial carriers are used at an enormous expense, in order to fill the gap in organic transportation asset capacity. This dissertation develops a new methodology for transportation capacity assignment to routes based on the Resource Constrained Shortest Path Problem (RCSP). Routes can be single or multimodal depending on the characteristics of the network, delivery timeline, modal capacities, and costs. The …


Effects Of Front-Loading And Stagger Angle On Endwall Losses Of High Lift Low Pressure Turbine Vanes, Michael E. Lyall Aug 2012

Effects Of Front-Loading And Stagger Angle On Endwall Losses Of High Lift Low Pressure Turbine Vanes, Michael E. Lyall

Theses and Dissertations

Past efforts to reduce the airfoil count in low pressure turbines have produced high lift profiles with unacceptably high endwall loss. The purpose of the current work is to suggest alternative approaches for reducing endwall losses. The effects of the fluid mechanics and high lift profile geometry are considered. Mixing effects of the mean flow and turbulence fields are decoupled to show that mean flow shear in the endwall wake is negligible compared to turbulent shear, indicating that turbulence dissipation is the primary cause of total pressure loss. The mean endwall flow field does influence total pressure loss by causing …


Using Modeling And Simulation To Examine The Benefits Of A Network Tasking Order, Matthew D. Compton, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Gilbert L. Peterson, James T. Moore Jul 2012

Using Modeling And Simulation To Examine The Benefits Of A Network Tasking Order, Matthew D. Compton, Kenneth M. Hopkinson, Gilbert L. Peterson, James T. Moore

Faculty Publications

The Global Information Grid (GIG) is the military’s computer and communications network which supports the myriad of military missions. Military missions are highly planned, passing through many hands in the strategy-to-task methodology to ensure completeness, accuracy, coordination, cohesion, and appropriateness. A benefit of this planning is the possibility to collect knowledge of future conditions that could be of use to network designers whose goals include optimizing and protecting the GIG. This advanced knowledge includes which networked military equipment will be involved, what their capabilities are, where they will be, when they will be there, and particulars on the required data …


Design And Analysis Of A Dynamically Configured Log-Based Distributed Security Event Detection Methodology, Michael R. Grimaila, Justin Myers, Robert F. Mills, Gilbert L. Peterson Jul 2012

Design And Analysis Of A Dynamically Configured Log-Based Distributed Security Event Detection Methodology, Michael R. Grimaila, Justin Myers, Robert F. Mills, Gilbert L. Peterson

Faculty Publications

Military and defense organizations rely upon the security of data stored in, and communicated through, their cyber infrastructure to fulfill their mission objectives. It is essential to identify threats to the cyber infrastructure in a timely manner, so that mission risks can be recognized and mitigated. Centralized event logging and correlation is a proven method for identifying threats to cyber resources. However, centralized event logging is inflexible and does not scale well, because it consumes excessive network bandwidth and imposes significant storage and processing requirements on the central event log server. In this paper, we present a flexible, distributed event …


Using Inductance As A Tuning Parameter For Rf Meta-Atoms, Derrick Langley, Ronald Coutu Jr., Peter J. Collins Jun 2012

Using Inductance As A Tuning Parameter For Rf Meta-Atoms, Derrick Langley, Ronald Coutu Jr., Peter J. Collins

Faculty Publications

The resonant frequency of metamaterials structured with split ring resonator (SRR) meta-atoms is determined primarily through the capacitance and inductance of the individual meta-atoms. Two designs that vary inductance incrementally were modeled, simulated, fabricated, and tested to investigate the role inductance plays in metamaterial designs. The designs consisted of strategically adding sections to the SRR to increase the inductance, but in a manner that minimized capacitance variations. Each design showed a shift in resonant frequency that was proportional to the length of the added section. As the length of each section was increased, the resonant frequency shifted from 2.78 GHz …


Detecting Hardware-Assisted Hypervisor Rootkits Within Nested Virtualized Environments, Daniel B. Morabito Jun 2012

Detecting Hardware-Assisted Hypervisor Rootkits Within Nested Virtualized Environments, Daniel B. Morabito

Theses and Dissertations

Virtual machine introspection (VMI) is intended to provide a secure and trusted platform from which forensic information can be gathered about the true behavior of malware within a guest. However, it is possible for malware to escape a guest into the host and for hypervisor rootkits, such as BluePill, to stealthily transition a native OS into a virtualized environment. This research examines the effectiveness of selected detection mechanisms against hardware-assisted virtualization rootkits (HAV-R) within a nested virtualized environment. It presents the design, implementation, analysis, and evaluation of a hypervisor rootkit detection system which exploits both processor and translation lookaside buffer-based …


A Real-Time Strategy Agent Framework And Strategy Classifier For Computer Generated Forces, Lyall J. Di Trapani Jun 2012

A Real-Time Strategy Agent Framework And Strategy Classifier For Computer Generated Forces, Lyall J. Di Trapani

Theses and Dissertations

This research effort is concerned with the advancement of computer generated forces AI for Department of Defense (DoD) military training and education. The vision of this work is agents capable of perceiving and intelligently responding to opponent strategies in real-time. Our research goal is to lay the foundations for such an agent. Six research objectives are defined: 1) Formulate a strategy definition schema effective in defining a range of RTS strategies. 2) Create eight strategy definitions via the schema. 3) Design a real-time agent framework that plays the game according to the given strategy definition. 4) Generate an RTS data …


Design, Fabrication And Testing Of Tunable Rf Meta-Atoms, Derrick Langley Jun 2012

Design, Fabrication And Testing Of Tunable Rf Meta-Atoms, Derrick Langley

Theses and Dissertations

Metamaterials are engineered structures designed to alter the propagation of electromagnetic waves incident upon the structure. The focus of this research was the effect of metamaterials on electromagnetic signals at radio frequencies. RF meta-atoms were investigated to further develop the theory, modeling, design and fabrication of metamaterials. Comparing the analytic modeling and experimental testing, the results provide a deeper understanding into metamaterials which could lead to applications for beam steering, invisibility cloaking, negative refraction, super lenses, and hyper lenses. RF meta-atoms integrated with microelectromechanical systems produce tunable meta-atoms in the 10 - 15 GHz and 1 - 4 GHz frequency …


Adaptive Routing Algorithm For Priority Flows In A Network, Timothy J. Carbino Jun 2012

Adaptive Routing Algorithm For Priority Flows In A Network, Timothy J. Carbino

Theses and Dissertations

This research presents the development of an Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Priority (ARAP) flows in a Network. Devices in today's battle space require information to function. Additional bandwidth requirements for such devices place an increased burden on the already congested networks in the battle space. Some devices require real time information (high priority) and other devices will not require real time information (low priority). Existing protocols treat the network like an opaque entity and have little knowledge of user requirements. User requirement information is available in tactical networks and we can take advantage of the known requirements to better optimize …


An Application Of Con-Resistant Trust To Improve The Reliability Of Special Protection Systems Within The Smart Grid, Crystal M. Shipman Jun 2012

An Application Of Con-Resistant Trust To Improve The Reliability Of Special Protection Systems Within The Smart Grid, Crystal M. Shipman

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores an application of a con-resistant trust mechanism to improve the performance of communications-based special protection systems to further enhance their effectiveness and resiliency. New initiatives in the energy sector are paving the way for the emergent communications-based smart grid technology. Smart grids incorporate modern technologies in an effort to be more reliable and efficient. However, with the benefits of this new technology comes added risk. This research utilizes a con-resistant trust mechanism as a method to quickly identify malicious or malfunctioning protection system nodes in order to mitigate the resulting instabilities in the smart grid. The feasibility …


Cross Hallway Detection And Indoor Localization Using Flash Laser Detection And Ranging, Istvan M. Prileszky Jun 2012

Cross Hallway Detection And Indoor Localization Using Flash Laser Detection And Ranging, Istvan M. Prileszky

Theses and Dissertations

A flash LADAR is investigated as a source of navigation information to support cross-hallway detection and relative localization. To accomplish this, a dynamic, flexible simulation was developed that simulated the LADAR and the noise of a LADAR system. Using simulated LADAR data, algorithms were developed that were shown to be effective at detecting cross hallways in simulated ideal environments and in simulated environments with noise. Relative position was determined in the same situations. A SwissRanger SR4000 flash LADAR was then used to collect real data and to verify algorithm performance in real environments. Hallway detection was shown to be possible …


Implementation Of Branch-Point-Tolerant Wavefront Reconstructor For Strong Turbulence Compensation, Michael J. Steinbock Jun 2012

Implementation Of Branch-Point-Tolerant Wavefront Reconstructor For Strong Turbulence Compensation, Michael J. Steinbock

Theses and Dissertations

Branch points arise in optical transmissions due to strong atmospheric turbulence, long propagation paths, or a combination of both. Unfortunately, these conditions are very often present in desired operational scenarios for laser weapon systems, optical communication, and covert imaging, which suffer greatly when traditional adaptive optics systems either cannot sense branch points or implement non-optimal methods for sensing and correcting branch points. Previous research by Pellizzari presented a thorough analysis of various novel branch point tolerant reconstructors in the absence of noise. In this research a realistic model of the Air Force Institute of Technology's adaptive optics system is developed …


Unsteady Specific Work And Isentropic Efficiency Of A Radial Turbine Driven By Pulsed Detonations, Kurt P. Rouser Jun 2012

Unsteady Specific Work And Isentropic Efficiency Of A Radial Turbine Driven By Pulsed Detonations, Kurt P. Rouser

Theses and Dissertations

There has been longstanding government and industry interest in pressure-gain combustion for use in Brayton cycle based engines. Theoretically, pressure-gain combustion allows heat addition with reduced entropy loss. The pulsed detonation combustor (PDC) is a device that can provide such pressure-gain combustion and possibly replace typical steady deflagration combustors. The PDC is inherently unsteady, however, and comparisons with conventional steady deflagration combustors must be based upon time-integrated performance variables. In this study, the radial turbine of a Garrett automotive turbocharger was coupled directly to and driven, full admission, by a PDC in experiments fueled by hydrogen or ethylene. Data included …


Intra-Procedural Path-Insensitive Grams (I-Grams) And Disassembly Based Features For Packer Tool Classification And Detection, Scott E. Gerics Jun 2012

Intra-Procedural Path-Insensitive Grams (I-Grams) And Disassembly Based Features For Packer Tool Classification And Detection, Scott E. Gerics

Theses and Dissertations

The DoD relies on over seven million computing devices worldwide to accomplish a wide range of goals and missions. Malicious software, or malware, jeopardizes these goals and missions. However, determining whether an arbitrary software executable is malicious can be difficult. Obfuscation tools, called packers, are often used to hide the malicious intent of malware from anti-virus programs. Therefore detecting whether or not an arbitrary executable file is packed is a critical step in software security. This research uses machine learning methods to build a system, the Polymorphic and Non-Polymorphic Packer Detection (PNPD) system, that detects whether an executable is packed …


A Quantitative Methodology For Vetting "Dark Network" Intelligence Sources For Social Network Analysis, James F. Morris Jun 2012

A Quantitative Methodology For Vetting "Dark Network" Intelligence Sources For Social Network Analysis, James F. Morris

Theses and Dissertations

Social network analysis (SNA) is used by the DoD to describe and analyze social networks, leading to recommendations for operational decisions. However, social network models are constructed from various information sources of indeterminate reliability. Inclusion of unreliable information can lead to incorrect models resulting in flawed analysis and decisions. This research develops a methodology to assist the analyst by quantitatively identifying and categorizing information sources so that determinations on including or excluding provided data can be made. This research pursued three main thrusts. It consolidated binary similarity measures to determine social network information sources' concordance and developed a methodology to …


Simulation Modeling And Analysis Of The Impact Of Individual Mobility Augmentee Loss At The Tanker Airlift Control Center, Megan A. Leiter Jun 2012

Simulation Modeling And Analysis Of The Impact Of Individual Mobility Augmentee Loss At The Tanker Airlift Control Center, Megan A. Leiter

Theses and Dissertations

The Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) operates as the execution arm for Air Mobility Command's Global Reach mission. The Command and Control Directorate (XOC) monitors the execution of missions tasked to the 18th Air Force. Approximately 70% of the personnel on the operations floor are considered Individual Mobility Augmentees (IMA). Adjustments in manpower, specifically the loss of IMAs, at the TACC/XOCG may impact their responsiveness to mission deviations. This research develops a discrete event simulation using a combination of SME and historical data to capture the activities of a section of the personnel on the operations floor and the potential …


Multi-Observation Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models For Anomaly Detection In Full Motion Video, Matthew P. Ross Jun 2012

Multi-Observation Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models For Anomaly Detection In Full Motion Video, Matthew P. Ross

Theses and Dissertations

An increase in sensors on the battlefield produces an abundance of collected data that overwhelms the processing capability of the DoD. Automated Visual Surveillance (AVS) seeks to use machines to better exploit increased sensor data, such as by highlighting anomalies. In this thesis, we apply AVS to overhead Full Motion Video (FMV). We seek to automate the classification of soldiers in a simulated combat scenario into their agent types. To this end, we use Multi-Dimensional Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models (MOCDHMMs), a form of HMM which models a training dataset more precisely than simple HMMs. MOCDHMMs are theoretically developed but …


Low-Loss Meta-Atom For Improved Resonance Response, Derrick Langley, Ronald Coutu Jr., Peter J. Collins Mar 2012

Low-Loss Meta-Atom For Improved Resonance Response, Derrick Langley, Ronald Coutu Jr., Peter J. Collins

Faculty Publications

Measurements of a meta-atom integrated with a low noise amplifier into the split-ring resonator are presented. A comparison is made between baseline meta-atoms and one integrated with a GaAs low noise amplifier. S-parameter measurements in a RF strip-line show the resonant frequency location. The resonance null is more prominent for the integrated meta-atom. Biasing the low noise amplifier from 0 to 7 VDC showed that the resonant null improved with biasing voltage. As the biasing voltage increases, the transmission null reduced from -11.82 to -23.21 dB for biases from 0 to 7 VDC at resonant frequency.


Increasing Reliability Of A Small 2-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine For Dynamically Changing Attitudes, Steven C. Crosbie Mar 2012

Increasing Reliability Of A Small 2-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine For Dynamically Changing Attitudes, Steven C. Crosbie

Theses and Dissertations

Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) typically utilize commercial internal combustion engines (ICE) as their power sources. These engines are designed to run at sea level, but these aircraft are often pressed into service at higher altitudes where the performance characteristics deteriorate. A Brison 95cc two-stroke engine's performance characteristics at altitude are investigated using a test facility that can measure these characteristics over a range of pressures and temperatures. With its stock carburetor at sea level static (SLS) conditions, the engine makes 5.5 peak horsepower (hp) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) ranged from 1.2-4.0 lb/(hp-hr). At 10,000 feet conditions, the peak …


Evaluation Of The Thorax Of Manduca Sexta For Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle Applications, Alex C. Hollenbeck Mar 2012

Evaluation Of The Thorax Of Manduca Sexta For Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle Applications, Alex C. Hollenbeck

Theses and Dissertations

The tobacco hornworm hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) provides an excellent model from which to garner knowledge pertaining to the development of a Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle (FWMAV). Insect-sized FWMAVs will be used by the future warfighter for reconnaissance, nuclear/chemical/biological hazard sensing, and targeting. One of the major challenges facing FWMAV developers is the energetically demanding nature of low Reynolds flapping flight. Investigating the Manduca sexta thorax/wing flapping mechanism as a mechanical system will provide insight into its inherent efficiency. This thesis examined the energetics of the thorax under static loading and dynamic loading using an innovative load-application technique. It was …


Optimization Of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron For The Remediation Of Groundwater Contaminants, Andrew W. E. Mcpherson Mar 2012

Optimization Of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron For The Remediation Of Groundwater Contaminants, Andrew W. E. Mcpherson

Theses and Dissertations

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is an emerging tool for the remediation of groundwater contaminants. The nanoparticles are capable of reductively destroying or immobilizing a wide range of contaminants. Their small size results in a high surface area to mass ratio, making them much more reactive compared to their more-coarse predecessors. Small particle size also allows nZVI particles to be injected directly into contaminated areas via a well, limiting the above-ground footprint and allowing access to contaminated areas that are beyond the reach of some conventional methods. nZVI technology has the potential to facilitate remediation in difficult situations, improve remediation outcomes, …


Uhf Antenna Design For Afit Random Noise Radar, Matthew T. Ludwig Mar 2012

Uhf Antenna Design For Afit Random Noise Radar, Matthew T. Ludwig

Theses and Dissertations

The design of a small ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna for an ultra-wideband (UWB) random noise radar (RNR) system was undertaken to improve system bandwidth and reduce overall system size. The Vivaldi dipole antenna class showed the greatest potential for high performance in this specific application. After extensive computer simulation, three designs were built using two printed circuit board antenna construction methods. The antipodal chopped Vivaldi dipole antenna, built with a milling machine, achieved a wider bandwidth and more uniform spectral performance characteristics. Though current results show improvement over the current log-periodic antenna (LPA) used on the system, greater performance could …


Material Characterization For Composite Materials In Load Bearing Wave Guides, Gabriel Almodovar Mar 2012

Material Characterization For Composite Materials In Load Bearing Wave Guides, Gabriel Almodovar

Theses and Dissertations

This study will establish a methodology to examine samples of composite material for application in a load bearing waveguide. The composite material will operate in a specific frequency range for applications in small RPAs. A graphite epoxy stiffening component will be primarily considered. Different nickel, graphene, and carbon nanotube (CNT) coatings and films will be applied to the graphite epoxy. Tests will determine the material's radio frequency (RF) performance for application as an antenna/waveguide component. The study will use scattering (S) parameters determined from a network analyzer to collect these data. The S parameters will then be used to resolve …


Characterization Of Centrifugally-Loaded Flame Migration For Ultra-Compact Combustors, Kenneth D. Lebay Mar 2012

Characterization Of Centrifugally-Loaded Flame Migration For Ultra-Compact Combustors, Kenneth D. Lebay

Theses and Dissertations

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has designed an Ultra Compact Combustor (UCC) showing viable merit for significantly reducing gas turbine combustor length making it a viable candidate for implementation as an inter-turbine burner and realization of efficiency benefits from the resulting near constant temperature cycle. This concept uses an off-axis combustor cavity and projects approximately 66% length reduction over a conventional combustor. The annular nature of the cavity creates high angular acceleration levels, on the order of 500-3500 g's, resulting in strong centrifugal and buoyant forces. This unique combination works to significantly reduce the required burn time and subsequently …


Creep Of Hi-Nicalon S Ceramic Fiber Tows At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Steam, Benjamin R. Steffens Mar 2012

Creep Of Hi-Nicalon S Ceramic Fiber Tows At Elevated Temperature In Air And In Steam, Benjamin R. Steffens

Theses and Dissertations

Structural aerospace components require materials to have superior long-term mechanical properties that can withstand severe environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, high pressures and moisture, whilst enduring the loads they are designed for. Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are capable of maintaining excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures, which make them attractive candidate materials for aerospace applications, particularly in propulsion. Silicon Carbide (SiC) ceramic fibers have been used as constituent materials in CMCs, although oxidation of the SiC to SiO2 has been a known degredation mechanism. Recently developed near stoichiometric SiC fibers have shown significant improvements in thermochemical stability; …


Target Classification Of Canonical Scatterers Using Classical Estimation And Dictionary Based Techniques, G. Barry Hammond Ii Mar 2012

Target Classification Of Canonical Scatterers Using Classical Estimation And Dictionary Based Techniques, G. Barry Hammond Ii

Theses and Dissertations

This research effort will utilize a hierarchical dictionary-based approach for canonical shape classification within measured synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase history data. This primary goal of this research is to develop an efficient framework for dictionary based SAR feature extraction using modi ed 3-D radar scattering models. Previous work in this area relies on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and similar approaches to extract shapes using 2-D signal models. We include characterizations of shape model redundancies caused by similar shape scattering responses. Simulated SAR collection methods, including frequency, elevation aspect, and polarization diversities, are modeled to show reductions in inter-atom correlation. …


Design, Modeling, And Measurement Of A Metamaterial Electromagnetic Field Concentrator, Noel A. Humber Mar 2012

Design, Modeling, And Measurement Of A Metamaterial Electromagnetic Field Concentrator, Noel A. Humber

Theses and Dissertations

This document addresses the need to improve the design process for creating an optimized metamaterial. In particular, two challenges are addressed: creating an electromagnetic concentrator and optimizing the design of metamaterial used to create the electromagnetic concentrator. The first challenge is addressed by developing an electromagnetic field concentrator from a design of concentric geometric shapes. The material forming the concentrator is derived from the application of transformation optics. The resulting anisotropic, spatially variant constitutive parameter tensors are then approximated with metamatieral inclusions using the combination of an AFIT rapid metamaterial design process and a design process created for rapid metamaterial …


Evaluation Of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Activated Sludge For Biodegradation Of Propylene Glycol As An Aircraft Deicer, Justin D. Delorit Mar 2012

Evaluation Of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Activated Sludge For Biodegradation Of Propylene Glycol As An Aircraft Deicer, Justin D. Delorit

Theses and Dissertations

Aircraft deicing fluid used at airport facilities is often collected for treatment or disposal in order to prevent serious ecological threats to nearby surface waters. This study investigated lab scale degradation of propylene glycol (PG), the active ingredient in a common aircraft deicing fluid, by way of a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor containing municipal waste water treatment facility activated sludge (AS) performing simultaneous organic carbon oxidation and nitrification. The ability of AS to remove PG was evaluated by studying the biodegradation and sorption characteristics of PG in an AS medium. The results indicate sorption may play a role in the …


Improving Effectiveness Of Monetary Weapon Systems In Afghanistan, Seth M. Lorimer Mar 2012

Improving Effectiveness Of Monetary Weapon Systems In Afghanistan, Seth M. Lorimer

Theses and Dissertations

Tenuous political and economic times call for increased oversight and improved results from military counterinsurgency programs in Afghanistan, programs that provide agile non-kinetic weapons, critical for commanders fighting in today's asymmetric battle space. This paper proposes a decision tool for construction projects executed under the Commanders Emergency Response Program, designed to meet the changing demands of fighting an amorphous insurgency among dynamic systems of stakeholders. The research first conducted a system analysis of the CERP project execution process identifying key findings addressing value adding inputs. The research then applies a Causal Chain, borrowed from the Emergency Management field to identify …


Streamlining The Change-Over Protocol For The Rpa Mission Intelligence Coordinator By Way Of Situation Awareness Oriented Design And Discrete Event Simulation, John P. Machuca Mar 2012

Streamlining The Change-Over Protocol For The Rpa Mission Intelligence Coordinator By Way Of Situation Awareness Oriented Design And Discrete Event Simulation, John P. Machuca

Theses and Dissertations

Incredible loiter times coupled with the ability to make extremely detailed collections at significant stand-off distances with a relatively expendable platform has made demand for, and diversity of, Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) operations grow at voracious rates. Conversely, financial resources are becoming increasingly constrained. As such, innovators are looking to maximize the effectiveness of existing personnel and assets by considering concepts such as simultaneous Multiple Aircraft Control (MAC) by a single aircrew. Research has identified procedural inefficiencies in current operations as well as substantial impediments to MAC implementation, including dynamic task saturation and communication challenges. An identified inefficiency afflicting both …