Engineering Commons^™

Heat Transfer Coefficients For Condensing Vapors On A Horizontal Tube, Maurice Edward Brown

Theses

Film coefficients of heat transfer for vapors condensing on a smooth horizontal tube have been experimentally determined by many investigators. The so-called Thermocouple Method and the Wilson Method, have been used and generally accepted as the two methods for determining these film coefficients. A number of different organic vapors have been studied on various condensing surfaces. Nusselt has also developed a theoretical equation,

hN = 0.725 4√k_f³ρf²λg/D_oμfΔtcf

for evaluating the film coefficients of vapors condensing on hori?zontal tubes.

The earlier investigators have shown that theoretical values, hN do not check with experimentally determined …

The Analogy Between Heat And Mass Transfer In Packed Beds, Jasper Joseph Correnti

Theses

An operation which recurs in many branches of chemical engineering is that in which a fluid - gas or liquid - is passed through a bed of granular solids for the purpose of removing from, or adding something to the fluid (or both). In the oil and sugar industries, oils or syrups are passed through beds of adsorbents to remove impurities causing color and other undesireable effects. In the recovery of volatile solvents, air charged with solvent vapor is passed over solid adsorbents. In leaching, liquids are passed through beds of solids to remove some constituent of the solids. In …

The Effect Of Reduced Pressure On Variables In Distillation, Joseph Peter Cummins

Theses

To determine the effects of reduced pressure on pressure drop and holdup in distillations seven different liquids were distilled at varying rates at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum at pressures down to 50 mm Hg, using protruded stainless steel packing. Pressure drop and holdup were found to vary exponentially with masste at each pressure. At constant mass rate pressure drop was higher for decreased head pressure. Use of material of higher molecular weight led to lower pressure drop at same rate and pressure. Greatest effect of pressure on pressure drop was observed below 300 mm Hg. Liquid holdup was not …

The Sulfonation Of Some Aromatic Compounds Using Sulfuric Acid In The Presence Of Thionyl Chloride, Paul Juergens

Theses

The rate of reaction in the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds with sulfuric acid was increased by the presence of thionyl chloride which, by reacting with the water of formation, effectively maintained the concentration of sulfuric acid above the level at which sulfonation can occur. The thionyl chloride had no measurable effect on the formation of isomers.

The sulfonstion reactions studied included those of toluene, naphthalene, bromobenzene, ortho-bromotoluene, and chlorobenzene.

Prediction Of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Daniel James Mchale

Theses

Several equations for predicting vapor-liquid equilibria from the physical properties of the components have been proposed in the literature. Two equations of this type proposed by O. Redlich and others have been investigated to determine their utility.

Results indicate the two equations give fairly satisfactory results for nearly ideal solutions, but are unsatisfactory for non-ideal solutions. Knowledge of molecular interactions in the solution would be necessary before the predictions could be used with confidence.

The Determination Of Thoria In Tungsten Electrodes, Louis Arthur Prince

Theses

Two methods of analysis to determine thoria (thorium oxide, ThO₂) content of thoriated tungsten electrodes are investigated.

Chlorination methods are shown to leave thoria residues contaminated with tungstic oxide which may not be removed by extended chlorination. Ignition of the sample in air before chlorination increases contamination. A correction for the tungstic oxide in the residue is obtained colorimetrically.

The classical hydrofluoric-nitric mixed acid method is modified and shown to be equally as accurate, less exposed to operator's error, and more rapid than chlorination methods. Thin-walled polyethylene beakers are preferable to platinum ware for dissolving the sample, and …

Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Propylene Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Joseph Patrick Tassoney

Theses

This work was done to make possible more accurate design calculatioas for processes that require accurate data on the heat capacity of propylene at elevated temperatures and pressures.

The effect of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat opacity and the heat capacity at constant volume for propylene relative to the ideal gas state is presented. The results cover pressures from 0 to 9,500 PSIA and temperatures from 350°F. to 2240°F.

An equation was derived from the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. This equation gives the deviation from the ideal gas state of the isobaric heat capacity of propylene for the …

The Recovery Of Krypton From Dilute Gas Mixtures By Elution Techniques, David Graham Brown

Theses

An analytical method has been empirically developed for the analysis of dilute inorganio inert gas mixtures.

The method is based on a combined sorption-elution technique which makes possible the resolving of complex inert gas mixtures into their constituents.

Particularly the recovery of krypton from dilute gas mixtures was accomplished. Recovery efficiencies were as high as ninety-eight percent, while the average krypton purity was better than ninety-nine percent.

Heat Capacity Ratios Calculated From The Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation State, Edward George Delaney

Theses

The ratio of the isobaric heat capacity to the constant volume heat capacity has been calculated over a range of temperatures and pressures for the following hydrocarbons: methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, and n-butane. Graphs and tables of calculated data are presented showing the effect of temperature and pressure on the ratio of the heat capacities for these compounds.

The deviations of the heat capacities from ideal gas behavior were calculated by previous investigators from an equation based on the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, Experimental data were used to evaluate the heat capacities of the ideal gases, and were used together …

Power Characteristics Of Disc Type Agitator Impellers, Isadore Rubin

Theses

Experiments were conducted to determine the power required to drive disc type agitators and to observe the flowpattern and type of agitation produced in a baffled tank.

Power was measured by determining electrical energy input to a motor and subtracting motor transmission and friction losses previously established by calibration. Impellers were operated at speeds from 600 to 3700 RPM.

Power requirements in the turbulent flow region were correlated by the equation HP = PoL⁵N³ρ/550gc which was derived theoretically.

Reports of previous work on agitator power are discussed.

The Power Numbers (Po) established for the turbulent range, …

A Proposed Method Of Analysis For Vitamin A Acetate And Vitamin A Palmitate Bulk, Julian Anthony Volpe

Theses

An ethyl acetate solution of Vitamin A Acetate and Palmitate can be determined calorimetrically with the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid in the proper ratio; one part of ethylacetate-Vitamin A solution to four parts of acid. A purplish-blue color is produced which reaches its maximum intensity within one minute and lasts for ten minutes. This color can be read in the Ilett-Summerson colorimeter using glass filter #54. Like many colorimetric determinations, this method is valid within certain concentration limits of sample, 20-225 milligrams of Vitamin A per final 5 milliliter aliquot.

A Generalized Correlation For The Effect Of Pressure On The Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Gases, Alvin Harvey Weiss

Theses

A generalized correlation is submitted for the deviation of the isobaric heat capacity of hydrocarbons from the ideal state. The range of conditions included is from reduced pressure = 0.2 - 15 and reduced temperature = 1.0 - 5.5. The curves presented have been based on data calculated from the Benedict - Webb - Rubin Equation of State, which is believed to be the most accurate method presently available for caleulating the heat capacity deviation.

The results indicate that the order of magnitude of the correction ts quite large, especially in the critical region. The average absolute error of this …

Bis Phenol Epichlorohydrin Condensate Modification Of Alkyd Resins, Raymond Francis Carmody

Theses

A method is given for the modification of alkyd resin systems with Bis-Phanol Epichlorohydrin Condensates.

The properties of the modified alkyd resins are evaluated using similar unmodified alkyd resins as reference.

A theory of linear esterification is postulated.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data And Distillation Packing Evaluation At High Vacuum, Edward Joseph Lasch

Theses

Vapor pressure date and vapor-liquid equilibria date at 1-30 m.m. pressure are presented for benzyl alcohol and benzyl-n-butyl ether system. Activity coefficients for the system are symetrical, the Margules constants ere A_1-2 = A_2-1= .301. HETP values observed at a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. for 1/4" and 3/4" Berl saddles, 1" Intalox saddles, Fibre Glass Combination packings # 076 and # 476, and a Knitted Wire Mesh pecking are presented as a function of the mass throughput and column pressure drop. At a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. the pressure drop per foot in terms of …

Prediction Of Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium Data, William Frank Meola

Theses

This paper covers two methods for the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium data in ternary systems consisting of two hydrocarbons and a solvent and forming two liquid phases. One method is that of Pennington and Merril (ii) and the other is that described by Treybal (16), with some simplifying assumptions by the author. Both methods were applied to seven ternary systems in the present study. Five of the systems investigated were found to give rood agreement with experimental results. The assumptions made in deriving the equations for the two methods of prediction did not hold for the other two systems and …

Intermediates For P-Acetamidocinnamic Ester Synthesis, William Grayson Fix

Theses

After a review of the various methods found in the literature, a series of reactions were selected which were reported to have good yields.

Using p-nitrotoluene as a starting material, a simultaneous oxidation and reduction with sodium polysulfide was investigated as a means of making p-aminobenzaldehyde. Experimental procedures and yields were reported, and improved methods of recovery were described.

Using p-aminobenzaldehyde from the first reaction, a condensation with malonic acid, in pyridine-piperidine medium, was investigated as a means of preparing p-aminocinnamic acid.

A recommended procedure was described, and some suggestions were made concerning the completion of the synthesis of p-acetamidocinnamic …

Graphical Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Temperature Drop To Friction And Velocity For Adiabatic Flow Of Compressible Fluids, Andrew Anthony Giacobbe

Theses

Problems involving adiabatic flow of compressible fluids in horizontal conduits of constant cross-section usually require tedious trial and error solutions. Although several somewhat simplified methods have been developed, most of these methods are not ideally suited for problems involving flow between two sections of a conduit.

The graphical solutions presented in this paper, relating pressure and temperature ratios to friction and initial Mach numbers, have been developed specifically for flow between sections of a conduit. Use of the graphs requires only the knowledge of initial conditions and determination of the friction factor.

Initial velocities from 30% to 70% of the …

The Heat Of Mixing Of Diactone Alcohol And Water At 25 C, Frederic Miller Konrad

Theses

A calorimeter of twin design with auxiliary apparatus was built for measuring the heat of mixing with a maximum error of ± 1.0%. Reliability of the apparatus was tested with the benzene-methanol system and gave results comparable to those of other investigators with apparatus of different design.

The heat of mixing of diacetone alcohol and water was measured at 25°C over the entire concentration range. A peak value of 238 cal/mole solution was obtained at 0.67 mole fraction water the mixing of two moles water with one of diacetone alcohol.

Specific heat of diacetone alcohol-water mixtures was also measured at …

Continuous Chlorosulfonation Of Benzene : I. Phase Relations, Henry Benjamin Lange

Theses

This work presents liquid-liquid equilibria data on a system suitable for continuous chlorosulfonation of benzene. Complete information is presented for the ternary, chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid - carbon tetrachloride. A partial investigation of the ternary systems, chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid - benzenesulfonyl chloride; chlorosulfonic acid - carbon tetrachloride - benzenesulfonyl chloride; and the quaternary system, carbon tetrachloride - benzenesulfonyl chloride sulfuric acid - chlorosulfonic acid is also presented.

Variation Of Thickness Of Hard Anodic Films, Alphons Raymond O'Konski

Theses

An investigation was made of the effects of varying processing conditions on the thickness of anodic films produced by the Martin Hard Coat (4) process on commercially pure aluminum and nine aluminum alloys.

This study was conducted to provide sufficient data for designing coating thicknesses on aircraft accessory parts that would conform to the close tolerances maintained in the course of manufacture of precision components. Coating thicknesses up to 0.0051 in. were obtained. Changes in electrolyte strength, temperature of the bath, alloy composition, and current density were made to see their effect on the thickness of the film and growth …

Correlation Of Crystal Growth Rates In Supersaturated Solutions, Josef Frank Palme

Theses

This investigation has shown that crystals of copper sulfate and magnesium sulfate when grown in supersaturated solutions exhibit a growth rate according to the following equation:

R_L = 5.0 (ΔCD_m)^1/ρU V_s^.292

where, R_L, is the growth rate in Microns/min, is the change in concentration, D_m, the diffusivity coefficient, , density of solution, U, viscosity and V_s, solution velocity past the crystal.

The equation shown demonstrates that a mass transfer process is taking place from the solution to the crystal surface, and that within the velocity range studied, there …

The Reduction Of The Sodium Salt Of 2-Nitro-Phenol-4-Sulfonic Acid With Sodium Sulfide And Sodium Polysulfide, Robert Leslie Waer

Theses

Analytical techniques were studied for the determination of the purity of the sodium salt of 2-nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid. The best method proved to be reduction followed by diazotisation.

The reduction of the sodium salt of 2 2-nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid was carried out at various times and temperatures using sodium sulfide and sodium polysulfides as reducing agents. The reduction rate was very slow using sodium sulfide and only fair using sodium polysulfide solutions. Difficulties were experienced because of air oxidation.

The amount of reaction of sodium sulfide in the presence of a large excess of the sodium salt of 2 -nitrophenol-4 -sulfonic acid …

Use Of Liquid Sulfur Trioxide As A Sulfonating Agent For Organic Compounds, Herman Gustav Weiland

Theses

Dodecylbenzene was sulfonated with SO₃ and evaluated as to ash, sodium sulfate, degree of sulfonation, and was also compared with an oleum sulfonation. Its homolog, octadecylbenzene, was made, sulfonated, and found to be less effective as a wetting agent.

Two-ethylhexyl cinnamate, oleic acid, and propyloleate were also sulfonated with good yields and evaluated.

Yields in the sulfonation of Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate were very low. There was evidence of the SO₃ splitting the ester and oxidising it to maleic acid.

The reduction of 9-octadecenophenone, according to Clemmenson's Method, led to the formation of a polymer.

Investigation Of 3-Methyl-2-Penten-4-Yne-L-Ol (Cis Form), Lawrence John Ferrari

Theses

The isomerization of 3-methyl-l-penten-4-yne-3-ol into trans-3-methy-2-penten-4-yne-1-ol and an isomer assumed to be the cis form has been studied. The problem of determining whether or not the arbitrarily assumed isomer is a geometrical isomer or an ordinary isomer has been brought forward in industry in the course of a synthesis of Vitamin A.

Qualitative tests on the questionable isomer were without result because of the activity that the unsaturated bonds exhibited when reagents were used to test it. AU possible isomers of the compound were reviewed and the following chemical means were employed to prove that the isomer was the geometric …

Application Of Theory To Extrusion Of Polyethylene, Ernest Edward Griesser

Theses

This thesis reviews the theory of isothermal melt extrusion beginning with the writings of early researchers up to its present state. The isothermal extrusion of a near-Newtonian liquid is compared to polyethylene, using five different extrusion screws, and calculated discharge rates are compared to the actual rates for both materials. A method of calculating forward flow was developed and this was shown to provide very good correlation with actual dis-charge rates.

Non-isothermal or plasticating extrusion of polyethylene was also studied and comparison is made to isothermal melt extrusion. The results obtained with the various types of screws studied are also …

Esters Of Sulfanilic And Substituted Sulfanilic Acids, Stephen James Kovalsky

Theses

Attempted esterification of p-acetaminobenezenesulfonyl chloride with any of the low molecular weight alcohols in aqueous systems always results in the formation of sulfanilic acid. When conducted in a non-aqueous medium, the desired esterification did not occur. A water soluble compound formed, instead, which has not yet been identified.

A study was made of sulfanilic acid esters. Alcoholysis reactions involving the butyl ester and methyl alcohol were successful only when the reaction was conducted under pressure and under anhydrous conditions.

Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, Foster C. Franks, Salvador Faust Rinaldi

Theses

A dimensionless equation resembling the Dittus-Boelter equation with modified exponents and additional dimension less groups has been developed by J. J. Salamone. (12)

HD/K_f = Z(DV_Bρ_B/µ_B⁶(C_fµ_B/K_f^y(D/D_s)^r(C_s/C_f)^J(K_s/K_f)^η(1)

Salamone investigated the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000. The results of the correlated data gave the = following exponents for equation; (1)

HD/K_f = .131(DV_Bρ_B/µ_B^.62(C_fµ_B/K_f^.35(D/D …

Viscosity Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, David Edward Gullett, Edward Curtis

Theses

The object of this project ras to obtain a reasonable correlation of the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian slurries.

Through the use of dimensional and graphical analysis an equation, μ/μ_w=1.02(Ak/GC)^.105, was developed which filled these conditions. The average deviation of the apparent viscosity calculated from this equation compared to the experimental value was 14.4%.

The authors believe that this correlation should be tested under a greater variety of conditions of particle size and particle thermal conductivity and for suspending mediums other than water.

Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Nitric Oxide Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Leonard Leonard Salzarulo

Theses

The effect of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat capacity and the heat capacity at constant volume for nitric oxide relative to the ideal gas state is presented. Results are reported for pressures ranging from 0 to 6000 PSIA. and for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1800°R.

Based on the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, an equation was derived for the deviation of isobaric heat capacity from the ideal gas state. Graphs and tables relating the isobaric heat capacity and the deviation of heat capacity at constant volume to pressure and temperature for nitric oxide are included.

The results show …

Evaluation Of Benedict's Equation For Calculation Of Critical Pressures Of Hydrocarbon Mixtures, Thomas William Owens

Theses

An introduction to the problem of critical pressure calculations of mixtures is presented, followed by a brief history of prior work in this field. Mentioned in the history are the correlations of Watson and Nelson, Smith and Watson, Mayfield, Kuratta and Katz, Benedict, and Edmister. Another section contains a series of tables showing critical pressure calculated by Benedict's equation as contrasted to other data appearing in the literature. An evaluation of the equation is then made from the comparisons.

Included are curves of the values shown in the tables end a series of curves depicting the deviation of these values …