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Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Beam-Column Sub-Frames: Pilot Study, M. F. Wong, K. F. Chung
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Steel Beam-Column Sub-Frames: Pilot Study, M. F. Wong, K. F. Chung
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the structural performance of bolted moment connections in cold-formed steel beam-column sub-frames. A total of eight tests with three different connection configurations in both internal and external columns were carried out. Double lipped C-sections back-to-back with hot rolled steel gusset plates of 10 mm and of 16 mm in two different shapes were tested; four bolts per member were used in the connections. Among the tests, three different modes of failure were identified and the measured moment resistances at the connections were found to vary from 36% to 97% of …
Fire Resistance Of Loadbearing Lsf Assemblies, Farid Alfawakhiri, Mohamed A. Sultan
Fire Resistance Of Loadbearing Lsf Assemblies, Farid Alfawakhiri, Mohamed A. Sultan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents an analytical thermal-structural model for loadbearing lightweight steel framed (LSF) walls exposed to fire on one side. The model reflects temperature and deformation data from six standard fire resistance tests conducted recently by the National Research Council of Canada in partnership with the North American steel industry. Some characteristic patterns in thermal transmission and structural behaviour are discussed. Temperature histories across LSF assemblies are simulated numerically by explicit integration of transient heat transfer equations. The apparent thermal properties are calibrated for gypsum board and three types of insulation. Analytical procedures are presented to simulate lateral deformation histories …
A General Design Rule For Bearing Failure Of Bolted Connections Between Cold-Formed Steel Strips, K. F. Chung, K. H. Ip
A General Design Rule For Bearing Failure Of Bolted Connections Between Cold-Formed Steel Strips, K. F. Chung, K. H. Ip
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the results of a finite element investigation on the structural performance of cold-formed steel bolted connections. A parametric study on various connection configurations was performed to relate the bearing resistances of cold-formed steel bolted connections with steel strengths and thicknesses, and bolt diameters. A semi-empirical design rule for bearing resistances of bolted connections based on finite element results is proposed in which the bearing resistances are directly related with the design yield strength, and the design tensile strength of steel strips, steel thickness, and also with bolt diameters. Design expressions for resistance contributions due to both bearing …
Evaluation Of Cold-Formed Steel Connections Attached With Pneumatically Driven Pins, Wimal Suaris, Stuart Werner Baur
Evaluation Of Cold-Formed Steel Connections Attached With Pneumatically Driven Pins, Wimal Suaris, Stuart Werner Baur
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to examine the shear and tensile strength of pneumatically driven pin connections used in cold-formed steel construction. This study included the key parameters that influence the connection strength: steel thickness (16-, 18- and 20-gauge steel), sheathing thickness (1/2" Unipan and 1/2" Dens-Glass Gold). The shear design values given in the AlSI design specifications for screw connections are compared with those obtained from a series of lap shear tests and a good agreement is obtained. Initial analysis of the AlSI design equation for tensile failure due to pull-over yielded poor results when compared to the …
Lessons From Recent Collapses Of Metal Buildings, David B. Peraza
Lessons From Recent Collapses Of Metal Buildings, David B. Peraza
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents case studies of three roof collapses of metal buildings, discusses the most signigicant features of each case, and summarizes lessons learned that can be used to reduce future failures.
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
Estimation Of Restraint Forces For Z-Purlin Roofs Under Gravity Loads, M. C. Neubert, Thomas M. Murray
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The current specification provisions for the prediction of lateral restraint forces in Z-purlin supported roof systems under gravity loads are in Section D3.1 of the 1996 AlSI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (1996). The provisions need refinement, because they are empirical, have an incorrect treatment of roof slope and system effects, and ignore the effect of panel stiffness on restraint forces. Therefore, a new restraint force design procedure, having a stronger reliance on engineering principles, is proposed. Elastic stiffness models, with varying roof slope, panel stiffness, and cross-sectional properties, were used to develop the procedure. A …
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg, Dan Popovic, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a series of compression tests on cold-formed equal angles with slender cross-section. The angles were tested between pinned ends and loaded axially with eccentric load which caused bending parallel with a leg. The test data are compared with the design rules of the Australian and American specifications for cold-formed and hot-rolled steel structures, as well as the ASCE Standard for the Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures. The rules of the specifications for cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS4600 and AlSI) are shown to be very conservative. The cause of the conservatism is explained and improved design rules are …
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed shapes have been increasingly employed in the construction of small multiple-floored buildings in Brazil, because wide flange shapes required to meet the demand are unavailable on the Brazilian market. Because existing codes fail to cover the design of composite beams constituted of cold-formed shapes, Brazilian design engineers have usually disregarded the contribution of the slab or have adopted improvised calculations that may to lead to unsafe results. The structural behavior of composite beams, constituted of cold-formed double channel shapes and connected to the concrete slab by means of shear connectors that were also cold-formed, was investigated experimentally. Simply supported …
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper investigates the global elastic buckling behavior of a high-rise adjustable pallet rack frame composed of thin-walled open sections. It is concluded that the simple element used in many commercial programs for 3D frame analysis is not sufficiently refined for accurate linear buckling analyses of high-rise rack frames.
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In Australia, sandwich panels are commonly made of flat or lightly profiled steel faces and expanded polystyrene foam cores. Flexural wrinkling is often the governing criterion in the design of these panels. The use of lightly profiled faces is expected to increase the flexural wrinkling stress considerably whereas the presence of joints between the polystyrene foam slabs in the transverse direction introduces a reduction to the flexural wrinkling stress. Therefore a series of full scale experiments and finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of lightly profiled faces and transverse joints on the flexural wrinkling stress of panels …
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An investigation on the ultimate load capacity of non-perforated and perforated equal angle cold-formed steel stub columns is presented in this paper. An experimental study has been undertaken to study the behavior of such members subjected to compression. Members were tested to failure under axial or eccentric loading. A comparison of experimental and finite element failure loads, as well as the failure modes of tested specimens, shows that the finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load capacity and the failure modes with reasonable accuracy.
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
Lateral Buckling Of Prismatic Members About An Imposed Axis Of Rotation, Leopold K. Sokol
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper deals with the lateral buckling of prismatic members whose position of the axis of rotation is imposed by the conditions of lateral support. As a function of the type of connection with the lateral support, the rotation may be free or hindered (elastic end restraint). This may concern, for instance, the case of a purlin stabilized by a roof structure or of a column stabilized by an external cladding or by another type of efficient continuous bracing. Usually, the check of this type of instability is complex and leads to sophisticated and tedious computations. In order to avoid …
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold-formed channels subjected to combined bending and web crippling is described in this paper. A series of tests was performed on unlipped channels rolled from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal plate thickness up to 6 mm, and a maximum web slenderness value of 45. This value is considerably lower than the intended web slenderness values used in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. In the past, the typical thickness of cold-formed steel members was less than 3 mm, and …
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold formed steel stiffened C-and Z sections subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. This study was devoted to two loading conditions according to the AISI Specification, namely End Two Flange (ETF) and Interior Two Flange (ITF) loading, with particular emphasis on large inside bend radius to thickness ratios, R, (up to 12) and the specimens being fastened to the support during testing. There is no experimental data available in the literature regarding the web crippling resistance of such members that are fastened to the support and have inside bend radius to thickness ratios …
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The applications of cold formed steel in residential construction have been increasing rapidly in recent years around the world. Some framing practices have been developed that are not covered by the current design specifications, such as using thin cold formed steel stud sections as web stiffeners for C-section floor joists. Earlier tests have shown that the current design methods are unconservative when applied to the types of stiffeners in common usage today. There are a number of variables that influence the capacity of these stiffeners such as stiffener type, position on the joist and connections. All parameters need to be …
Fe Models For Sheeting Under Interaction Load, Jan Kerstens, Bert Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
Fe Models For Sheeting Under Interaction Load, Jan Kerstens, Bert Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Experiments show that, after ultimate load, sheeting may fail by three distinct post-failure modes. In this paper, three finite element models are presented, one for each post-failure mode. One of the finite element models was difficult to develop. A spring model explains this. The finite element models show that, at ultimate load, only two different ultimate failure modes exist. This is important for the development of mechanical models for sheeting failure.
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The purpose of this experimental and analytical study was to observe the structural behavior of cold-formed steel header beams subject to a combined bending and interior-one-flange loading (IOF) condition as typically occurs in residential construction. This study focussed on the IOF loading of both back-to-back (I-beam) and box-beam configurations as specified in the "Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Second Edition." Past research conducted in the area of web crippling strength, bending strength and flange buckling of cold-formed steel members was reviewed and is discussed. The data obtained from the experimental study was analyzed and evaluated to determine …
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper gives an overview of the design procedures formulated for plain channels. These formulations are based on experimental and finite element studies. The scope of the work covers laterally braced beams, columns and beam-columns of cross-sections in the range of practical applications by the industry. The recommendations treat members that are made up of elements that may be in the post-buckling or post yielding range.
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents a design approach for laterally braced cold-formed steel flexural members with edge stiffened flanges other then simple lips. The design method for flexural members given by Schafer and Pekoz (1999) is used here for designing these complex stiffeners. The method integrates distortional buckling into the unified effective width approach currently used in most cold-formed steel design specifications. A finite element method was first used to investigate the post-buckling behavior and carry out initial geometric imperfection sensitivity studies for various types of stiffeners. Then parametric studies were carried out for different types of stiffeners to compare the moment …
Cyclic Pull-Out Strength Of Steel Roof And Wall Cladding Systems, Mahen Mahendran, Dhammika Mahaarachchi
Cyclic Pull-Out Strength Of Steel Roof And Wall Cladding Systems, Mahen Mahendran, Dhammika Mahaarachchi
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
When crest-fixed thin steel roof cladding systems are subjected to wind uplift, local pull-through or pull-out failures occur prematurely at their screwed connections. During high wind events such as storms and cyclones these localised failures then lead to severe damage to buildings and their contents. In recent times, the use of thin steel battens/purlins has increased considerably. This has made the pull-out failures more critical in the design of steel cladding systems. Recent research has developed a design formula for the static pull-out strength of steel cladding systems. However, the effects of fluctuating wind uplift loading that occurs during high …
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Light gauge cold-formed channel sections are frequently used in portal frame construction for small span agricultural and industrial sheds. A testing program at the University of South Australia has shown that the knee joint currently used in these sheds fails at bending moments well below required design values. An alternative joint construction using multiple Teks screws is being developed and is exhibiting much better performance.
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Crest-fixed steel claddings made of thin, high strength steel often suffer from local pull-through failures at their screw connections during high wind events such as storms and hurricanes. Currently there aren't any adequate design provisions for these cladding systems except for the expensive testing provisions. Since the local pull-through failures in the less ductile steel claddings are initiated by transverse splitting at the fastener hole, analytical studies have not been able to determine the pull-through failure loads. Analytical studies could be used if a reliable splitting criterion is available. Therefore a series of two-span cladding tests was conducted on a …
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes the results obtained from a series of compression tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 columns of lipped channel cross-section. The cross-section dimensions, the column length and the eccentricity of the applied compressive load are varied to examine the effects on the buckling load capacity of the columns. The results obtained are compared to those obtained from the relevant design specifications in America and in Europe, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the comparisons.
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the critical local buckling strength of cold-formed stainless steel compression members, with special emphasis on the method developed by Lau and Hancock for distortional buckling is discussed. Cold-formed stainless steel channel and I-section members under axial compression in distortional buckling are analysed. A control experiment is carried out for comparing analytical methods with a finite element method and experimental values.
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the results of a study on eccentrically loaded bolted connections in lipped channels are presented. The steels chosen for this study are AISI Type 304 and Type 3CR12 stainless steel. It is concluded in this investigation that an acceptable prediction of the strength of eccentrically loaded bolted connections of stainless steel lipped channels may be obtained through the combination between the eccentric loaded equation and the normal bolted connection equations for stainless steel.
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes and discusses the results obtained from a series of tensile tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 members of lipped channel cross-section. Standard tensile tests on coupons cut from the webs of the sections were carried out, as were full section tensile tests. Ramberg-Osgood type curves based on the procedure suggested in the ASCE design code were fitted to the stress-strain results and these are compared with the experimental results and Ramberg-Osgood type curves derived on an alternative basis.
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes the recent development of an Australian standard for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structures. The standard is based on the ANSI/ASCE-8 (1991) Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural Members but augmented to provide rules for cold-formed hollow section members and welded connections. Explicit design rules for the flexural buckling of compression members are also implemented. Further, mechanical properties are included for weldable chromium steels and austenitic-ferritic (duplex) alloys, which are in addition to the alloys included in the ANSII ASCE-8 Specification. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the new rules and …
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A common application of cold formed steel in building construction is for wind load bearing steel studs (curtain walls). These wall studs are designed to carry lateral load only, and frame into horizontal steel track members at the top and bottom of the wall assembly. The stud-to-track connection consists of studs framing perpendicularly into the track and are connected with sheet metal screws. The design of the wall stud must include a check of the web crippling capacity at the end reactions. The current design expressions, however, do not apply to the type of bearing in these stud-to-track connections. Reported …
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of tests on cold-formed unlipped channels subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. The tests were conducted under the four loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The four specified loading conditions are the End-One-Flange (EOF), Interior-One-Flange (IOF), End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading. The loading of concentrated load or reaction forces were applied by means of bearing plates which acted across the full flange widths of the channels. The web slenderness values of the tested channel sections …
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a comparison of web crippling tests of cold-formed unlipped channels with flanges restrained or unrestrained. The tests were performed under end and interior two-flange loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures, namely End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. The concentrated load was applied by a bearing plate at the top flange of the channels, and the reaction force applied by an identical bearing plate at the bottom flange of the channels. The bearing plates acted across the full …