Engineering Commons^™

Deep Learning (Partly) Demystified, Vladik Kreinovich, Olga Kosheleva

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

Successes of deep learning are partly due to appropriate selection of activation function, pooling functions, etc. Most of these choices have been made based on empirical comparison and heuristic ideas. In this paper, we show that many of these choices -- and the surprising success of deep learning in the first place -- can be explained by reasonably simple and natural mathematics.

Computing Without Computing: Dna Version, Vladik Kreinovich, Julio C. Urenda

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

The traditional DNA computing schemes are based on using or simulating DNA-related activity. This is similar to how quantum computers use quantum activities to perform computations. Interestingly, in quantum computing, there is another phenomenon known as computing without computing, when, somewhat surprisingly, the result of the computation appears without invoking the actual quantum processes. In this chapter, we show that similar phenomenon is possible for DNA computing: in addition to the more traditional way of using or simulating DNA activity, we can also use DNA inactivity to solve complex problems. We also show that while DNA computing without …

Why Deep Learning Is More Efficient Than Support Vector Machines, And How It Is Related To Sparsity Techniques In Signal Processing, Laxman Bokati, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

Several decades ago, traditional neural networks were the most efficient machine learning technique. Then it turned out that, in general, a different technique called support vector machines is more efficient. Reasonably recently, a new technique called deep learning has been shown to be the most efficient one. These are empirical observations, but how we explain them -- thus making the corresponding conclusions more reliable? In this paper, we provide a possible theoretical explanation for the above-described empirical comparisons. This explanation enables us to explain yet another empirical fact -- that sparsity techniques turned out to be very efficient in signal …

Towards A Theoretical Explanation Of How Pavement Condition Index Deteriorates Over Time, Edgar Daniel Rodriguez Velasquez, Carlos M. Chang Albitres, Vladik Kreinovich

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

To predict how the Pavement Condition Index will change over time, practitioners use a complex empirical formula derived in the 1980s. In this paper, we provide a possible theoretical explanation for this formula, an explanation based on general ideas of invariance. In general, the existence of a theoretical explanation makes a formula more reliable; thus, we hope that our explanation will make predictions of road quality more reliable.

Nonlinear Mechanical Properties Of Road Pavements: Geometric Symmetries Explain The Empirical Difference Between Roads Built On Clay Vs. Granular Soils, Afshin Gholamy, Vladik Kreinovich

Departmental Technical Reports (CS)

It is empirically known that roads built on clay soils have different nonlinear mechanical properties than roads built on granular soils (such as gravel or sand). In this paper, we show that this difficult-to-explain empirical fact can be naturally explained if we analyze the corresponding geometric symmetries.

Segmentation And Registration Based Automatic Cancer Proton Treatment Analysis, Yang Zhang

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Due to its low side effects, proton therapy is rapidly developing around the world. However, the time and labor it takes to deliver the treatment have prevented widespread use in the clinic setting. For this reason, an automatic proton treatment analysis system is needed to improve efficiency during the treatment process.

The challenge lies in improving the accuracy and speed of the current proton treatment analysis system. The Range shifter correction factor is considered the same value under any given condition in our treatment system. This approximate algorithm limits the accuracy of the proton treatment analysis system. In addition, medical …

Computer-Aided Classification Of Impulse Oscillometric Measures Of Respiratory Small Airways Function In Children, Nancy Selene Avila

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Computer-aided classification of respiratory small airways dysfunction is not an easy task. There is a need to develop more robust classifiers, specifically for children as the classification studies performed to date have the following limitations: 1) they include features derived from tests that are not suitable for children and 2) they cannot distinguish between mild and severe small airway dysfunction.

This Dissertation describes the classification algorithms with high discriminative capacity to distinguish different levels of respiratory small airways function in children (Asthma, Small Airways Impairment, Possible Small Airways Impairment, and Normal lung function). This ability came from innovative feature selection, …

Characterization And Quality Assessment Of Smart Polymer Systems Fabricated By Using 3d Printing Technique, Carlos Alejandro Garcia Rosales

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are classified as smart materials due to their inherent stimulus-induced response. SMP is capable of recovering its original shape from a high degree of deformation by applying an external stimulus such as thermal energy. Other stimuli are electricity, light, chemical, and magnetic field. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and its fabrication process has recently attracted much attention as a result of their potential application as soft active materials. Demonstration of SMP systems fabricated via 3D printing technologies has been one of the most popular attempts. This Dissertation presents an integration of two commercial SMP materials (DiAPLEX and …

Cmas/Volcanic Ash Infiltration Performance Of Yttria Rich-Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced By Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition, Juan Jose Gomez Chavez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

For many years the use of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) in gas turbine engines has allowed a significant increase in engine operating temperatures which are above the Ni-based super alloys' melting point. The base material for TBCs is the state of the art 7 wt % yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which provides the thermal protection. Current industry demands for increased engine efficiency has pushed TBCs to the limits where significant technological constrains have been identified. One of the main ones represents the high temperature corrosion of the TBC material due to the ingestion of silicate based airborne particles commonly referred …

The Design And Testing Of A 500 Lbf Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Engine, Manuel Jesus Herrera

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The development of liquid oxygen/liquid methane (LOX/LCH4) propulsion systems has recently become a topic of interest ever since this particular propellant combination was determined to be a suitable candidate for use in space exploration, more specifically missions to Mars. This propellant combination is unique because the propellants can be synthesized from local resources on Mars, a process called In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). ISRU would allow for spacecrafts to be lighter and/or increase its payload capacity to Mars-bound missions because the vehicle would not have to store the propellants required for the voyage back to earth.

For this reason, The University …

Understanding Of Deformation And Fracture Behavior In Next Generation High Strength-High Ductility Steels, Venkata Sai Yashwanth Injeti

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The industrial demand for low density high strength steels without compromising on ductility in is endless. In this regards, grain refinement and austenitic stability considered to the practical approach in order to meet the needs. The concept of phase reversion involving sever cold deformation of metastable austenite to generate strain-induced martensite, followed by time-temperature annealing sequence, was used to obtain varying grain size from nanograined/ultrafine-grained (NG/UFG) to coarse-grained (CG) regime. This concept was used to obtain "high strength-high ductility" combination in nano/ultrafine-grained (NG/UFG) austenite stainless steel. Using this concept, the objective of the study here is to elucidate the dependence …

Compressive And Rheological Deformation Analysis Of Large Area Pellet-Fed Material Extrusion 3d Printed Parts In Relation To In Situ Thermal Imaging, Eduardo Meraz Trejo

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In large area pellet extrusion additive manufacturing, the temperature of the substrate just prior to the deposition of a new subsequent layer has an effect on the overall structure of the part. Warping and cracking occur if the substrate temperature is below a specific threshold, but also deformation and deposition adhesion failure occur if the substrate temperature is above a certain threshold just prior to deposition of a new layer. Currently, Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) machine users mitigate this problem by trial and error, which is costly and may result in decreased mechanical properties, monetary losses and time inefficiencies. …

Thermo-Fluid System Level Modeling For The Crome And Crome-X Ground Propellant System Using Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program, Mariano Mercado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

A recent resurgence of interest in space exploration has given rise to a number of newcomers in the space industry. A number of private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and United Launch Alliance have joined the likes of NASA with the goal to expand the current capabilities of space travel and exploration. Perhaps the most ambitious of these goals is a manned mission to Mars. In order to achieve this goal, many of these companies have taken a keen interest in liquid oxygen and methane engine technologies. Engines like the Raptor by SpaceX and the Blue Origin BE-4 already run …

Tailoring The Mechanical And Optical Properties Of Silicon-Niobium-Nitride Composite Coatings, Cristian Orozco

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Nitride nanocomposite thin films have generated significant attention as a result of their robust mechanical properties, excellent triobology, and good chemical (corrosion) stability. Due to their excellent hardness and high wear resistance NbN coatings have found use in a wide variety of applications such as the coating of cutting tools and to strengthen the surface mechanical properties of superconducting cavities. The mechanical properties of NbN can be further improved through mixing with Si3N4, leading to the formation of a nanocomposite structure. NbN-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings have been actively studied due to their high hardness, high elastic modulus, and high resistance to …

Towards Multiple Model Approach To Bridge Deterioration, Jin A. Collins

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) marked the start of a new era in transportation in the United States. ISTEA required transportation agencies to take a proactive approach to planning and management of their assets. This included requirements for managing pavement, bridges, safety, congestion, public transportation, and intermodal systems. For horizontal transportation assets (i.e., bridges and pavement), deterioration modeling is an essential tool (Yanev and Chen 1993). Since ISTEA, Bridge Management Systems (BMS) have been utilized to inform decision-making regarding bridge projects such as maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement (MR&R) under financial limitations (Agrawal, Kawaguchi, and Chen 2010). …

Assessment Of Point Of Use (Pou) Systems For Reducing Health Risks Associated With Drinking Water Along The U.S.-Mexico Colonias In The Paso Del Norte Region, Varinia Viridiana Felix Parra

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In the Paso del Norte Region along the U.S. Mexico Border, there are more than 5,000 families living in impoverished communities known as colonias that lack access to basic infrastructure services such as a public water system. These depend on hauling trucks that deliver water into their storage tanks. Water storage practices by colonia residents on both sides of the border pose an enormous risk for waterborne disease outbreaks and heavy metal contamination because the water quality can decrease rapidly due to volatilization of the residual chlorine, intrusion of rainfall and air-laden dust. Since connection to centralized water treatment and …

Development Of Actuators Using Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing With Embedded Shape Memory Alloy Wire, Alfonso Fernandez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Over the past several decades, the advancements in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have opened a wide variety of applications where AM can be used. Some examples of these advancements are the introduction of automatic wire embedding capabilities, the introduction of multi-material processing and the printing of thermoplastic elastomers. With the availability of these advancements, it is now possible to create spark-free, dust-free actuation mechanisms for applications where it is crucial that no spark is generated (i.e. space shuttle fuel valve).

In this research, a Lulzbot TAZ 6 desktop material extrusion system was utilized to print parts out of Plasticized Copolymer …

Varying Ratios Of Collagen I And Iii For The Study Of Fibrotic Conditions In Tissue Engineering, Brian Roman

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Maintenance of collagen I (Col I) and III (Col III) in a 3:1 ratio is necessary to promote cardiac health. Increase in the relative amount of Col I within the myocardium, leads to an imbalance of Col I:III during cardiac fibrosis, which has damaging effects on cardiomyocytes (CM). To represent fibrous- and normal-cardiac tissue, gels composed of Col I:III ratios of 9:1 and 3:1 were developed and used to study resultant changes in CM function. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, used to image Col I fibers, displayed a decrease in image intensity with the addition of the non-second harmonic Col …

Investigating Using Titanium Zirconium Molybdenum For Additively Manufacturing Aerospace Components, Justin Hunter Vanhoose

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Mankind throughout history has possessed an innate characteristic to explore, migrating to new frontiers.The requirement for this travel is most broadly associated with the need to pursue more resources. Rockets have been used as a means of weapons since the Sung Dynasty in the thirteenth empire and have now been integrated for travel/transport. The sophistication of rocketry and propulsion has reached a level to where it is plausible that mankind will be a multi-planetary species. The space industry has grown significantly with the advancement of the sophistication of these rocket technologies. However, a specific challenge to overcome in the space …

Thermal Characterization Of Abs/Carbon Fiber, Abs/ Glass Fiber And Petg/Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites Used In Large Area Additive Manufacturing, Fernando Adrian Rodriguez Lorenzana

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Additive manufacturing has seen continuous advancements, such as the inclusion of large-area additive manufacturing extrusion systems. These systems precede small-scale 3D printing by means of research and technological development for the manufacturing of plastic and fiber industries. Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM), a material extrusion process, is capable of 3D printing large parts using thermoplastic composites by adding fiber reinforcements. The incorporation of fibrous materials, carbon fiber (CF) or glass fiber (GF), is a common practice in which percentage nominal ratios of fiber reinforcement by weight are implemented to the polymer matrix. In general, this enables warpage reduction during printing, …

In Situ Selective Nitriding Using An Open Source Laser Powder Bed Fusion System, Andres Gerardo Navarro

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Conventional forms of nitriding titanium limit the locations to surfaces, limiting applications to simple coatings. Additive manufacturing methods provide the opportunity for surface coating methods to be utilized in a layer by layer fabrication method and increase the uses of nitrides. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) in particular, provides a fabrication environment with sufficient energy to allow for material nitriding as well as the flexibility of being able to utilize a variety of materials and shielding gases for processing. This project utilizes an AconityONE open source LPBF system with custom laser parameter settings to fabricate and nitride Ti-6Al-4V substrates. This …

Structural Design Of Complex Components, Armando Antonio Ochoa

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) and the Center for Space Exploration and Technology Research (cSETR) is determined to develop a launch vehicle that is made completely of additive manufacturing materials, has the capability to transport a 100 lb payload to low earth orbit (LEO) as well as completing the design of a strucutral steel mobile launch stand that has the capability of withstanding the launch vehicle's static and dynamic loadings. The project will consist of carbon composite components to reduce weight while maintaining efficiency, strucutral steel components to resist extreme loadings and maintain strucutral shape, and lastly …

Bioprinted Mcf7 Breast Cancer Cells, An In Vitro Model For Drug Discovery, Aleli Campbell

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Current breast cancer treatments are successful in eradicating this disease in the majority of patients, though there are quite a few cases where relapse or recurrence follow, which may lead to continued cancer therapy or death. Thermal inkjet bioprinting (BP) is a novel technique that is used to bioprint biomaterials or diverse cellular organisms to engineer tissue or organ models in vitro. In this Dissertation, we investigated the molecular effect of BP MCF7 breast cancer cells (BCC), cell survival of the cells when exposed to FDA approved systemic therapy alone and in combination with radiation and lastly, the ability of …

Adaptive Microphone Array Systems With Neural Network Applications, Jazmine Marisol Covarrubias

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

A microphone array integrated with a neural network framework is proposed to enhance and optimize speech signals derived from environments prone to noise and room reflections that cause reverberation. Microphone arrays provide a way to capture spatial acoustic information for extracting voice input from ambient noise. In this study, we utilize and analyze established signal processing methods combined with different neural network architectures to achieve denoised and dereverberated speech signal results that are comparable with their clean, anechoic versions. The first stage of the proposed system involves using datasets containing anechoic speech recordings of speech utterances and convolving them with …

A Method For Iron Determination During Copper Electrometallurgy And Its Application To The Calculation Of Current Efficiency, Daniel Pedro Cruz

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

With the objective of developing statistical models that describe iron kinetics under typical copper electrolytes as well as its effects on current efficiency and influence in cathodic and anodic behavior, a detailed electrochemical analysis is done in this work as a contribution to implement hydrometallurgical processes in the refining or winning process to produce high purity copper.

This Thesis evaluates the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple in the H2SO4-Fe2(SO4)3-FeSO4-H2O and H2SO4-CuSO4-Fe2(SO4)3-FeSO4-H2O systems, with addition of different copper concentrations and temperatures up to 70°, typically employed in the industry. This study further validates and expands a thermodynamic expression developed …

Quantifying Early-Age Concrete Mechanical Properties And Curing Conditions Utilizing An Automated System, Benjamin Arras

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The validation of concrete quality based on the 28-day strength is a lengthy process. Predicting concrete mechanical properties through early-age methods can streamline the construction process. Early-age concrete behavior consists of assessing the concrete curing as-related to setting stages, the hydration process, strength and stiffness development, while considering various environmental system parameters. This paper reports on a nondestructive method for observing the early-age strength and modulus development of concrete mixes over seven days in a controlled, laboratory setting. An apparatus was designed and built for continuous acquisition of seismic modulus data (using free-free resonant column) and heat of hydration/maturity information …

Cradle To Grave Lifecycle Process Analysis For Transuranic Waste Management Los Alamos National Laboratory, Cesar Enrique Dominguez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Amid World War II, in the late 1930s, nuclear fission was discovered. This revolution gave way to the development of nuclear technologies, including the world's first atomic bomb; these advancements in nuclear research left behind radioactive waste. Radioactive waste is known as the byproduct of nuclear reactors, fuel processing plants, hospitals, nuclear research facilities, as well as the result from the decommissioning and dismantling of radiation-exposed buildings and materials. This byproduct may be dangerous to workers, the public, and the environment and must, therefore, be handled with utmost safety. Given this, radioactive waste must be processed, stored, and disposed of …

A Modified Wilshire Model For Creep Deformation And Damage Prediction, Jaime Aaron Cano

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In this work, a new constitutive model, the WCS model, is derived that combines the Wilshire equations with continuum damage mechanics (CDM) for the long-term prediction of creep deformation, damage, and rupture. Long-term creep data is expensive and time-consuming to obtain because conventional creep testing is real-time. There is a need to extrapolate long-term creep behaviors from short-term data. Models that can accurately predict long-term creep behavior over a wide range of boundary conditions are vital for design engineers. The classic Wilshire equations can accurately extrapolate the long-term stress-rupture, minimum-creep-strain-rate, and time-to-strain of various alloys as their functional form has …

Energy Management And Control Of Smart Power Distribution Systems, Eric Galvan

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

With the development of distributed energy resources (DERs) and advancements in technology, microgrids (MGs) appear primed to become an even more integral part of the future distribution grid. In this transition to the smart power grid of the future, MGs must be properly managed and controlled to allow efficient integration of DERs. Over the past years, there has been rapid adoption of roof-top solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Although roof-top solar PV and BEVs can provide environmental benefits (e.g., reduction of emissions), they also create various challenges for power system operators. For example, roof-top solar PV generation …

Platelet Biology And Thrombosis: Juul E-Cigarette Exposure And 5ht2a Receptor Drug Discovery, Jean Emmanuel Montes Ramirez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

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