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- Corrosion and anti-corrosives (6)
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- Actinide alloys; Americium; Heat – Transmission; Mass transfer; Metal castings; Metallurgical furnaces; Nuclear fuel rods (1)
- Actinide alloys; Americium; Metal-base fuel; Metal castings; Metallurgical furnaces; Nuclear fuel rods (1)
- Actinide alloys; Americium; Metal-base fuel; Metal castings; Metallurgical furnaces; Nuclear fuel rods; Transmutation (Chemistry) (1)
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- Fuels Campaign (TRP) (9)
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- Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP) (4)
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Articles 1 - 30 of 64
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Chaotic Free-Space Laser Communication Over Turbulent Channel, N. F. Rulkov, Mikhail Vorontsov, L. Illing
Chaotic Free-Space Laser Communication Over Turbulent Channel, N. F. Rulkov, Mikhail Vorontsov, L. Illing
Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications
The dynamics of errors caused by atmospheric turbulence in a self-synchronizing chaos-based communication system that stably transmits information over a ∼5 km free-space laser link is studied experimentally. Binary information is transmitted using a chaotic sequence of short-term pulses as a carrier. The information signal slightly shifts the chaotic time position of each pulse depending on the information bit. We report the results of an experimental analysis of the atmospheric turbulence in the channel and the impact of turbulence on the bit-error-rate performance of this chaos-based communication system.
Investigation Of The Corrosion Of Steel By Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (Lbe) Using Scanning Electron Microscopy And X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Daniel Koury
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) has been proposed for use in programs for accelerator transmutation of waste. LBE is the leading candidate material as a spallation target and an option for the sub-critical blanket coolant. The corrosion of 316 and 316L stainless steels by LBE has been studied using UNLV's facilities for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). We have compared exposed and unexposed samples and studied the differences. Some amount of surface contamination is present on the samples and has been removed by ionbeam etching. The unexposed samples reveal typical stainless steel characteristics: a chromium oxide passivation …
Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic: Quarterly Report August September October 2002, John Farley
Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic: Quarterly Report August September October 2002, John Farley
Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)
We continued with sputter depth profiling of 316 and 316L steel samples that have been exposed to LBE. We also calibrated the sputter depth profiling using a sample of SiO2 on Si, and the SEM. This is a valuable independent determination of the thickness of oxide layers.
In the laboratory, progress continues using the XPS machine. Experiments have been performed on steel samples using Argon ions to mill away the surface of the sample, thereby making measurements as a function of depth. This "ion beam milling" proceeds slowly through the oxide layer that covers the steel sample. We are …
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report, First Quarter Year 2 (March 2002 To May 2002), Anthony Hechanova
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report, First Quarter Year 2 (March 2002 To May 2002), Anthony Hechanova
Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)
This Quarterly Report is a primary deliverable from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) University Participation Program (UPP) Director to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as described in the UNLV AAA proposal, and Statement of Work for the First Quarter Year 2 and AAA FY02 Work Package.
The UNLV AAA UPP Director implements the program’s administration using staff from the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies (HRC) to ensure that work conducted under the UNLV AAA UPP meets program objectives. The UNLV AAA program consists of four components: Program Support, Research Infrastructure Augmentation, International …
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report, Third Quarter Year 2 (Sept. 2002 To Nov. 2002), Anthony Hechanova
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report, Third Quarter Year 2 (Sept. 2002 To Nov. 2002), Anthony Hechanova
Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)
This Quarterly Report is a primary deliverable from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) University Participation Program (UPP) Director to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as described in the UNLV AAA proposal and Statement of Work for the Fourth Quarter.
The UNLV AAA UPP Director implements the program’s administration using staff from the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies (HRC) to ensure that work conducted under the UNLV AAA UPP meets program objectives. The UNLV AAA program consists of three components: Program Support, Research Infrastructure Augmentation, and Student Research.
Adaptive Harmonic Balance Method For Unsteady, Nonlinear, One-Dimensional Periodic Flows, Raymond C. Maple
Adaptive Harmonic Balance Method For Unsteady, Nonlinear, One-Dimensional Periodic Flows, Raymond C. Maple
Theses and Dissertations
A new adaptive split-domain harmonic balance computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is developed to solve highly nonlinear time-periodic flows such as those found in turbomachinery. The basic harmonic balance CFD method transforms an unsteady time-periodic problem into a steady-state problem by assuming a solution in the form of a Fourier series in time. The new method employs a unique multi-domain split-operator solution technique to remove a large-series stability restriction present in previous harmonic balance CFD approaches. In addition, the new method adapts the frequency content to the flow, starting with a small number of Fourier frequencies and augmenting the frequency …
Dielectric Properties Of A Ferroelectric Copolymer Langmuir–Blodgett Film, Mahantappa S. Jogad, Stephen Ducharme
Dielectric Properties Of A Ferroelectric Copolymer Langmuir–Blodgett Film, Mahantappa S. Jogad, Stephen Ducharme
Stephen Ducharme Publications
We report measurements of the real (epsilon prime) and imaginary (epsilon double-prime) parts of the relative complex permittivity of a Langmuir–Blodgett film of ferroelectric copolymer of vinylidene fluoride (70%) with trifluoroethylene (30%). The measurements were made in the temperature range of 35 to 125° C, and frequency range of 19 Hz to 5 MHz. The results indicate low frequency loss due to conduction and dielectric loss peak near the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition.
Design And Analysis For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides: Quarterly Progress Report 5/16/02- 8/15/02, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper
Design And Analysis For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides: Quarterly Progress Report 5/16/02- 8/15/02, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
An important aspect of the Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) program is the development of a casting process by which volatile actinide element (i.e., americium) can be incorporated into metallic alloy fuel pins. The traditional metal fuel casting process uses an inductively heated crucible.
This process works well for the fabrication of metal fuel pins traditionally composed of alloys of uranium and plutonium, but does not work well when highly volatile actinides are included in the melt. The problem occurs both during the extended time period required to superheat the alloy melt as well as when the chamber must be evacuated. …
Maximization Of The Open Circuit Voltage For Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon N–I–P Solar Cells By Incorporation Of Protocrystalline Silicon P-Type Layers, R. J. Koval, Chi Chen, G. M. Ferreira, A. S. Ferlauto, Joshua M. Pearce, P. I. Rovira, C. R. Wronski, R. W. Collins
Maximization Of The Open Circuit Voltage For Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon N–I–P Solar Cells By Incorporation Of Protocrystalline Silicon P-Type Layers, R. J. Koval, Chi Chen, G. M. Ferreira, A. S. Ferlauto, Joshua M. Pearce, P. I. Rovira, C. R. Wronski, R. W. Collins
Joshua M. Pearce
Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic: Quarterly Report For May-June-July 2002, John Farley
Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic: Quarterly Report For May-June-July 2002, John Farley
Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)
The goal of this project is to understand the basic science of corrosion in the steel/LBE system.
We are taking more data, typically using the newly installed X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) apparatus, and analyzing our existing data. Undergraduate students Denise Parsons and Julia Manzerova have helped a great deal in the analysis of the data. We can obtain the elemental composition as a function of position within the sample. This gives clues to the migration of materials, the composition of the protective oxide layer, and the basic science of the corrosion process. We found dramatic differences between the exposed and …
44th Rocky Mountain Conference On Analytical Chemistry
44th Rocky Mountain Conference On Analytical Chemistry
Rocky Mountain Conference on Magnetic Resonance
Final program, abstracts, and information about the 44th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry, co-endorsed by the Colorado Section of the American Chemical Society and the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Held in Denver, Colorado, July 28 - August 1, 2002.
Magnetochemical Origin For Invar Anomalies In Iron-Nickel Alloys, V. Crisan, P. Entel, H. Ebert, H. Akai, Duane D. Johnson, J. B. Staunton
Magnetochemical Origin For Invar Anomalies In Iron-Nickel Alloys, V. Crisan, P. Entel, H. Ebert, H. Akai, Duane D. Johnson, J. B. Staunton
Duane D. Johnson
Zero- and finite-temperature (T) first-principles calculations versus composition (c) show that magnetochemical effects lead to Invar anomalies in Fe-(Ni, Co, Pt) alloys. Chemical short- or long-range order and negative interatomic exchange interaction of electrons in antibonding majority-spin states force the face-centered-cubic lattice to compete simultaneously for a smaller volume (from antiferromagnetic tendencies) and a larger volume (from Stoner ferromagnetic tendencies). The resulting additional negative lattice anharmonicity is very large for Fe-(Ni, Co) while absent for Fe-Pt. Our results explain the T- and c-dependent behavior of Invar properties, including the lattice softening and thermal expansion of Fe-Ni. In addition, the occurrence …
Phase I: Design And Analysis Of A Process For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper
Phase I: Design And Analysis Of A Process For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
The proposed research would be conducted in 3 phases. Each of the phases would be carried out over a one-year period. Phase I includes model development, analysis, and the selection of a new casting furnace design. The work discussed in this report was completed as Phase I. Phase II of the program will lead to more modeling and validation to evaluate the proposed furnace concept. Phase III would be a joint effort between UNLV and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to demonstrate the acceptable use of the new furnace in a simulated remote environment.
The Phase III work would include the …
Development Of An Efficient Ti:Sapphire Laser Transmitter For Atmospheric Ozone Lidar Measurements, Khaled A. Elsayed
Development Of An Efficient Ti:Sapphire Laser Transmitter For Atmospheric Ozone Lidar Measurements, Khaled A. Elsayed
Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The impetus of this work was to develop an all solid-state Ti:sapphire laser transmitter to replace the current dye lasers that could provide a potentially compact, robust, and highly reliable laser transmitter for differential absorption lidar measurements of atmospheric ozone. Two compact, high-energy pulsed, and injection-seeded Ti:sapphire lasers operating at a pulse repetition frequency of 30 Hz and wavelengths of 867 nm and 900 nm, with M2 of 1.3, have been experimentally demonstrated and compared to model results. The Ti:sapphire lasers have shown the required output beam quality at maximum output pulse energy, 115 mJ at 867 nm and …
Development Of A Model For Induction Heating, Randy Clarksean, Yitung Chen
Development Of A Model For Induction Heating, Randy Clarksean, Yitung Chen
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
There are two coupled equations that must be solved in order to determine the power deposition. The numerical solution of these equations is needed in order to apply a source term within the energy equations. These equations have previously solved in FIDAP. That implementation used modified versions of the momentum and energy equations to provide a mechanism for the solution of two coupled equations. Currently, we want to solve for the induction heating field in addition to the flow field and the energy equation. In order to do this, a mechanism has to be defined within FIDAP to solve these …
Cuin1-Xalxse2 Thin Films And Solar Cells, P. D. Paulson, M. W. Haimbodi, S. Marsillac, R. W. Birkmire, W. N. Shafarman
Cuin1-Xalxse2 Thin Films And Solar Cells, P. D. Paulson, M. W. Haimbodi, S. Marsillac, R. W. Birkmire, W. N. Shafarman
Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications
CuIn[sub 1-x]Al[sub x]Se[sub 2] thin films are investigated for their application as the absorber layer material for high efficiency solar cells. Single-phase CuIn[sub 1-x]Al[sub x]Se[sub 2] films were deposited by four source elemental evaporation with a composition range of 0≤x≤0.6. All these films demonstrate a normalized subband gap transmission >85% with 2 µm film thickness. Band gaps obtained from spectroscopic ellipsometry show an increase with the Al content in the CuIn[sub 1-x]Al[sub x]Se[sub 2] film with a bowing parameter of 0.62. The structural properties investigated using x-ray diffraction measurements show a decrease in lattice spacing as the Al content increases. …
Design And Evaluation Of Processes For Fuel Fabrication, Georg F. Mauer
Design And Evaluation Of Processes For Fuel Fabrication, Georg F. Mauer
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
The objective of this project is the design and evaluation of manufacturing processes for transmuter fuel fabrication. The large-scale deployment of remote fabrication and refabrication processes will be required for all transmutation scenarios. Current program emphasis is on a five-year effort to determine the feasibility of transmutation as a technology to limit the need for repository storage of spent commercial fuel. The evaluation of the fabrication processes will create a decision support data base to document design, operations, and costs. Fabrication processes required for different fuel types differ in terms of equipment types, throughput, and cost. Differential cost Implications of …
Design And Evaluation Of Processes For Fuel Fabrication: Quarterly Progress Report #3, Georg F. Mauer
Design And Evaluation Of Processes For Fuel Fabrication: Quarterly Progress Report #3, Georg F. Mauer
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
The third quarter of the project covered the following:
• Literature Search: The process of evaluating the pertinent literature continued. Results are summarized.
• Mr. Richard Silva, developed an initial work cell simulation with two robots. Rich will continue to develop detailed 3-D process simulation models as his M.Sc. thesis project. Rich is employed with Bechtel at the Yucca Mountain project.
• The equipment detail and estimates were refined based on the literature survey results for different manufacturing plant design options.
• Concepts and Methods for Vision-Based Hot Cell Supervision and control (Ph.D. Student Jae-Kyu Lee )
Structure And Magnetic Properties Of The Mnbi Low Temperature Phase, Jinbo Yang, William B. Yelon, William Joseph James, Qingsheng Cai, Samit Roy, Naushad Ali
Structure And Magnetic Properties Of The Mnbi Low Temperature Phase, Jinbo Yang, William B. Yelon, William Joseph James, Qingsheng Cai, Samit Roy, Naushad Ali
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
High purity MnBi low temperature phase has been prepared and analyzed using magnetic measurements and neutron diffraction. The low-temperature phase of the MnBi alloy has a coercivity μ0iHc of 2.0 T at 400 K, and exhibits a positive temperature coefficient from 0 to at least 400 K. The neutron data refinement indicated that the Mn atom changes its spin direction from c axis above room temperature to nearly perpendicular to the c axis at 50 K. A canted magnetic structure has been observed below 200 K. The anisotropy field increases with increasing temperature which gives rise to …
Magnetic And Mössbauer Studies On Oxygen Deficient Perovskite, La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Feo3-Δ, Jinbo Yang, William B. Yelon, William Joseph James, X.-D. Zhou, Yixiang Xie, Harlan U. Anderson, Zili Chu
Magnetic And Mössbauer Studies On Oxygen Deficient Perovskite, La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Feo3-Δ, Jinbo Yang, William B. Yelon, William Joseph James, X.-D. Zhou, Yixiang Xie, Harlan U. Anderson, Zili Chu
Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works
Samples of La0.6Sr0.4Fe3-δ with varying oxygen vacancy contents were prepared by heating them in different gas flows. Magnetization measurement showed that samples with low oxygen vacancies have a magnetic ordering temperature in the range of 300-325 K while those with 9%-12% oxygen vacancies have a magnetic ordering temperature of 800 K and higher. Mössbauer spectra at 300 K exhibit paramagnetic or weak magnetic characteristics for the N2, O2, and air-quenched samples, whereas an average hyperfine field of 52 T is found for the CO/CO2 reduced samples. The heat treatment in …
Humidity And Temperature Boundaries For Biofilm Formation In Yucca Mountain, Terry Ann Else, Penny S. Amy, James Jay, Amy J. Smiecinski
Humidity And Temperature Boundaries For Biofilm Formation In Yucca Mountain, Terry Ann Else, Penny S. Amy, James Jay, Amy J. Smiecinski
Publications (YM)
To determine the long-term success of the recommended Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste repository, studies of bacterial colonization and biofilm development are needed. Bacteria involved in microbially-influenced corrosion and degradation are known to form biofilms with the potential to impact the integrity of repository packaging and structural materials. Temperature and humidity are environmental factors that can greatly affect biofilm formation. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the temperature and humidity conditions that affect biofilm formation. Microcosms, which simulated the repository environment of Yucca Mountain, were placed at temperatures ranging from 30° C to 70° C and in relative humidities ranging …
Comparision Of Measured Convection Velocities With Calcuulations Based On Electric Potential Model, Daniel E. Britton
Comparision Of Measured Convection Velocities With Calcuulations Based On Electric Potential Model, Daniel E. Britton
Honors Capstone Projects and Theses
No abstract provided.
The Fission Properties Of Curium Separated From Spent Nuclear Fuel, William Culbreth, Elizabeth Bakker, Jason Viggato
The Fission Properties Of Curium Separated From Spent Nuclear Fuel, William Culbreth, Elizabeth Bakker, Jason Viggato
Separations Campaign (TRP)
Curium poses special problems in the chemical preparation of spent nuclear fuel for transmutation. Once separated from the other minor actinides, the seven curium isotopes in spent fuel can lead to nuclear fission with the subsequent release of a large amount of radiation. Several isotopes of curium also generate a significant amount of heat by radioactive decay. Sustained fission can be avoided by preventing the accumulation by more that a critical mass of curium. The heat generation of curium presents even more restriction on the mass of curium that can safely be contained in one location.
To analyze the nuclear …
Nuclear Criticality Analyses Of Separations Processes For The Transmutation Fuel Cycle: Quarterly Report, William Culbreth, Pang Tao
Nuclear Criticality Analyses Of Separations Processes For The Transmutation Fuel Cycle: Quarterly Report, William Culbreth, Pang Tao
Separations Campaign (TRP)
During the first two quarters of the work, the tasks included training students in the use of Monte Carlo codes used in radiation transport studies and the assessment of neutron multiplication factors for specific problems outlined by ANL-East through Drs. Laidler and Vandegrift.
The proposal also included objectives for the first year of work on this project, as listed below. The work conducted in the second quarter of the project was in partial completion of these objectives.
• Train UNLV students in the use of SCALE and/or MCNP for the assessment of nuclear criticality.
• Assess neutron multiplication factor, k …
Design And Analysis Of A Process For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides, Yitung Chen, Darrell Pepper, Randy Clarksean
Design And Analysis Of A Process For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides, Yitung Chen, Darrell Pepper, Randy Clarksean
Fuels Campaign (TRP)
UNLV has developed and will continue to develop process models for the analysis of melt casting processes. This work will continue to be performed under the guidance of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) engineers to ensure that their knowledge and experience benefits the project. The research to be conducted during the second year will center on performing detailed analyses on a conceptual design of an inductively heated skull-crucible casting furnace. Processing conditions will be analyzed, basic models utilized, and detailed heat and mass transfer models will be developed to analyze the most promising processes. The goal of this second year is …
Absolute Tin(111) Step Energies From Analysis Of Anisotropic Island Shape Fluctuations, S. Kodambaka, V. Petrova, S. V. Khare, Duane D. Johnson, I. Petrov, J. E. Greene
Absolute Tin(111) Step Energies From Analysis Of Anisotropic Island Shape Fluctuations, S. Kodambaka, V. Petrova, S. V. Khare, Duane D. Johnson, I. Petrov, J. E. Greene
Duane D. Johnson
In situ high-temperature (1165–1248 K) scanning tunneling microscopy was used to measure fluctuations around the equilibrium shape of two-dimensional vacancy islands on TiN(111) terraces. From the equilibrium shape, the ratio of the two ⟨110⟩ step energies was found to be 0.72±0.02. Combining this with the results of an exact approach for analysis of shape fluctuations, applicable to highly anisotropic islands, we obtain absolute values for step energies and step stiffnesses as a function of orientation.
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report Fourth Quarter (December 2001 To February 2002), Anthony Hechanova
University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Advanced Accelerator Applications University Participation Program: Quarterly Report Fourth Quarter (December 2001 To February 2002), Anthony Hechanova
Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)
This Quarterly Report is a primary deliverable from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) University Participation Program (UPP) Director to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as described in the UNLV AAA proposal and Statement of Work for the Fourth Quarter.
The UNLV AAA UPP Director implements the program’s administration using staff from the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies (HRC) to ensure that work conducted under the UNLV AAA UPP meets program objectives. The UNLV AAA program consists of three components: Program Support, Research Infrastructure Augmentation, and Student Research.
Third Quarter Report, Covering January Through March 2002, John Farley
Third Quarter Report, Covering January Through March 2002, John Farley
Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)
Progress from June 2001-November 2001 was presented at the winter meeting of the American Nuclear Society in Reno (November 12-15, 2001), and incorporated into a refereed conference proceeding. A copy of the refereed conference proceeding has been provided to Tony Hechanova. In brief, the paper described the new program to examine the corrosive effects of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) on steels. We employed various types of surface studies (Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM], and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry [XPS]) to examine steel samples that had been exposed to LBE for various lengths of time at various temperatures. The goal is to understand the …
Smart Structures For Control Of Optical Surfaces, D. Michael Sobers Jr.
Smart Structures For Control Of Optical Surfaces, D. Michael Sobers Jr.
Theses and Dissertations
The development of lightweight, large-aperture optics is of vital importance to the Department of Defense and the US Air Force for advancing remote sensing applications and improving current capabilities. Synthetic polymer optics offer weight and flexibility advantages over current generation glass mirrors, but require active control to maintain tight surface figure tolerances. This research explores the feasibility of using imbedded piezoelectric materials to control optical surfaces. Membrane-based and stiff piezo-controlled mirrors were constructed to develop and validate control techniques. Test results verified that surface control on the order of tens of wavelengths is possible using these systems.
Computational Aerodynamic Analysis Of The Flow Field About A Hypervelocity Test Sled, Andrew J. Lofthouse
Computational Aerodynamic Analysis Of The Flow Field About A Hypervelocity Test Sled, Andrew J. Lofthouse
Theses and Dissertations
The flow field about the nose section of a hypervelocity test sled is computed using computational fluid dynamics. The numerical model of the test sled corresponds to the Nike O/U narrow gage sled used in the upgrade program at the High Speed Test Track facility, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The high temperatures and pressures resulting from the aerodynamic heating and loading affect the sled structure and the performance of the vehicle. The sled transitions from an air environment to a helium environment at a speed of approximately 3,300 feet per second (Mach 3 in air, Mach 1.02 in …