Education Commons^™

Body Fat Percentage Estimation From Smartphone Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging, Christine M. Florez, Christian Rodriguez, Madelin R. Siedler, Ethan Tinoco, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body composition is an important component of overall health. The development of digital assessment methods has led to increased interest in devices that allow users to monitor their own body composition. Smartphone applications with three-dimensional optical imaging (3DO) capabilities are a user-friendly technology capable of predicting percent body fat (BF%) from relevant body measurements. PURPOSE: To determine the validity of two BF% equations using smartphone 3DO data, as compared to a 4-compartment (4C) model criterion, and to produce a new BF% estimation equation. METHODS: At a single laboratory visit, 60 participants (28 F, 32 M; [mean ± SD] …

Habitual Fluid Intake Does Not Affect Sleep Parameters In Young Women., Ruben E. Moya, Hui-Ying Luk, Casey Appell, Alan Ky, Kelly B. Elliott, Cherish Dunlap, Nigel Jiwan, Yasuki Sekiguchi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sleep is essential for optimal physical performance, cognitive function, recovery, and overall health. Similarly, hydration status has been shown to influence physical and cognitive functions. Dehydration can lead to impaired cognition and possibly impaired sleep. However, the effect of habitual total water intake (TWI) on sleep and recovery measures have not been examined. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of TWI on sleep and recovery measures in young women. METHODS: Twenty-two young women (age: 22.8±4.6 yrs; body mass: 60.0±9.5 kg; height: 164.6±6.1 cm) collected fluid intake and food consumption information across a 5 day period, and average TWI was calculated based …

Vitamin D3 Supplementation Alters Gut Microbiome Composition And Increases Stability In Healthy Individuals, Madhur Wyatt, Ankan Choudhury, Gabriella Von Dohlen, Jeffery L. Heileson, Jeff S. Forsse, Leigh Greathouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Early onset colorectal cancer incidence has increased significantly. Evidence links serum 25(OH)D levels and the gut microbiome to colon carcinogenesis, with vitamin D pivotal in modulating the immune system and intestinal epithelial function. The effect of supplemental vitamin D₃ on the gut microbiome in healthy adults is unclear. PURPOSE: Investigate the effect of a 12-week oral dose of 4000 IU vitamin D₃ on acute and long-term gut microbiome changes in healthy adults. METHODS: Forty-three participants, aged 18-53, were randomized based on baseline serum 25(OH)D levels into treatment (n=21) and placebo groups (n=22). Fecal samples …

Sleep Duration Is Increased Following Muscle Damaging Exercise In Hot Environmental Conditions, Marcos Keefe, Ryan A. Dunn, Casey R. Appell, Nigel C. Jiwan, Jan-Joseph S. Rolloque, Hui-Ying Luk, Yasuki Sekiguchi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sleep and recovery measures are typically negatively affected by a muscle-damaging bout of exercise. However, it remains unknown if the additive effects of hot environmental conditions, resulting in increased core temperature and other thermoregulatory responses during the exercise bout, further progress changes in quantity and performance quality of sleep duration. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of muscle-damaging exercise in the heat, compared to a thermoneutral condition, on sleep and recovery measures. METHODS: Ten healthy males (age: 23 ± 3yr; body mass: 78.7 ± 11.5kg; height: 176.9 ± 5cm; lactate threshold [LT]: 9.7 ± 1.0km^.hr^-1) performed two …

Effect Of Bungee Unweighting On Vo2, Heart Rate, Rpe, And Body Weight While Walking, Jaelynn Barrera, Ariel Perez, John D. Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Unweighting systems are commonly used for rehabilitation and training purposes, and can alter energy expenditure, pain perception, and joint stress. The Lightspeed Lift is a relatively new unweighting system that uses bungees to support the user and is less expensive than more common unweighting systems. This study seeks to explore the difference in energy expenditure during walking while bearing normal body weight compared to when using the Lightspeed Lift at low, intermediate, and high unweighting. PURPOSE: To explore the effect of using a treadmill bungee support system (Lightspeed lift) on oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), and …

Effects Of Massage Gun Treatment On Calf Muscle Soreness, Jasmin K. Brown, John D. Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Massage gun devices are relatively new and verification of their claims to reduce muscle soreness is needed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of percussive treatment using a massage gun on calf muscle soreness. METHODS: The session included measurement of age (22.5±4.0), height (164.1±9.6), and body weight (77.7±15.9) for 37 participants, Participants performed one trial of heel raises with a 4.5 kg (males) or 2.3 kg (females) dumbbell to a 70 b/min cadence to exhaustion, followed by 1-min rest and another trial in the same way but without weight. Two types of written …

Hemodynamic Responses To Blood Flow Restriction Exercise With Different Types Of Cuffs, Lin-Sheng Chen, Philippe Brosselin Perez Palma, Natalie Mclaurin, Daniela Charry Segura, Francisco Aguilar, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While blood flow restriction (BFR) training has gained popularity, the original narrow elastic (NE) design featured in the Kaatsu bands has been gradually replaced by wide-rigid (WR) nylon blood pressure cuffs that are cheaper and easily available. We demonstrated that using WR cuffs resulted in marked increases in blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand during BFR walking exercise compared with NE bands. Currently, the hemodynamic responses to BFR resistance exercise using different types of cuffs are unknown. PURPOSE: To compare blood pressure and physiological responses before and after BFR resistance exercise with WR cuffs and NE bands. METHODS: …

Alternating Muscle Activation Patterns Across The Deltoid Muscles During Sustained Fatiguing Contractions, Ningzhen Zhao, Xin Yu, Lisa Griffin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Alternating muscle activation (AMA) across synergists has been identified in lower-extremity muscles that may function to prolong force output during sustained contractions; however, this has not yet been identified in upper extremity muscles. AMA consists of two periods: co-activation (Co-A), in which a pair of synergists are simultaneously increasing or decreasing EMG amplitude, and trade-off (TO), in which the EMG amplitude of one muscle is increasing while the EMG amplitude of a synergist is decreasing. We hypothesized that TO duration would increase and Co-A duration would decrease during fatigue. PURPOSE: To investigate AMA patterns during sustained submaximal isometric fatiguing …

The Effects Of Liftng Belts On Power Output, Julio Aguilar, Benjamin Coldwell, Patrick Jackson, Cade Pippen, Zane Thornton

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

JULIO AGUILAR, BENJAMIN COLDWELL, PATRICK JACKSON, CADE PIPPEN, ZANE THORTON.

Kinesiology & Health Science; Stephen F. Austin State University; Nacogdoches, TX

Category: Undergraduate

Advisor: Chelette, Amber, amber.chelette@sfasu.edu

Lifting belts, when lifting heavy weights, are purportedly used to support, stabilize, and attenuate the load on the spine. With the additional support, potential questions arise about whether weightlifting belts affect the power performed when squatting. This study aimed to examine the power produced during a squat with a weightlifting belt compared to a squat performed without one. Ten subjects, five male and five female, performed squats of two sets of 3 repetitions, …

Ua94/6/18 Stephen Flora Student / Alumni Papers, Wku Archives

WKU Archives Collection Inventories

Records created by and about Stephen Flora during his years as a student at Western Kentucky University.

Ua60/4 Applied Arts & Health Nursing, Wku Archives

WKU Archives Collection Inventories

Records created by the department of Nursing.

Using Improvement Science To Address Early Elementary Teacher Efficacy And Competency When Addressing Trauma-Induced Behavior, Laura Hayes

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

As more research sheds light on the effects of trauma on school-age children, educators must learn to apply the research and make adaptations in the classroom and school settings. While the body of literature has grown, limitations still exist in research focused on specific strategies and applications for classroom teachers. Many teachers feel ill-equipped and exhibit low self-efficacy when working with students affected by trauma. As a result, many students receive disciplinary action rather than constructive practices that promote healing. Some teachers feel that more targeted and specific training and resources would improve efficacy, confidence, and effectiveness. In this study, …

Internationalization Of Higher Education: Leadership Roles And Challenges Senior International Officers Face In Their Efforts To Internationalize Regional Comprehensive Universities In The United States, Ibrahima Yaro

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This study investigated the leadership roles and challenges senior international officers (SIOs) face in the internationalization of regional comprehensive universities in the United States. The study also explored senior international officers’ understanding of internationalization in the context of regional comprehensive universities, and the strategies they utilize to address the challenges they face. A qualitative approach, specifically an interpretive phenomenological analysis, was employed to conduct this research. Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with SIOs from five U.S. regions: West, Midwest, South, Southeast, and Northwest. Findings show that senior international officers at regional comprehensive universities perceive internationalization as a tool to train …

The Role Of Leaders In Implementing Effective Leadership Strategies Towards The Educational Barriers Of Us-Based Refugee Students: A Qualitative Case Study Of Congolese Refugee Students, Faustin Busane

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This qualitative research study explored the experiences of three families of refugee school students, two school officials (a Superintendent and a Principal), three teachers, and one humanitarian agent all living in a Southeastern U.S. city. The results of the study revealed that the language barrier is the main academic challenge that refugee students encounter when they enroll in U.S. schools. The study also found that educators conceptualize their responsibilities toward refugee children by emphasizing the importance of high-quality teaching, and establishing through establishing strong relationships between parents, school officials, and exercising patience in the process. This study poses important implications …

Exploring College Student Experiences In A Kinesiology Course Using A Gamified Grading System, Rachel E. Williams, Jedediah E. Blanton, Christopher D. Kilgore, Matthew Jones

Educational Practices in Kinesiology

Past findings indicate mixed results on the effectiveness of gamification in college courses. The use of a gamified version of specifications-based grading (e.g., gamified grading) is not yet well understood. The purpose of this two-part study was to understand students’ perceptions of intrinsic motivation and engagement in a kinesiology course using gamified grading, facilitated by a gamified grading platform called GradeCraft©. We used qualitative inquiry to capture a robust description of the student experience across a semester, identifying themes describing the course management (e.g., comparison with traditional course, individual approach), and the psychological experience (e.g., autonomy, stress). The following semester, …

Perceived Fatigue And Physical Activity Enjoyment Following Indoor And Outdoor Moderately Heavy Superset Resistance Training, Korina K. Ziegler, Aaron Mckenzie, Wesley Ziegler, Spencer Maxwell, Bryson Carrier, Charli Aguilar, Alexandra Routsis, Talon Thorton, Jae Bovell, Setareh Zarei, Devin Green, Kathryn Lei A. Lavin, Amanda Hawkes, Jeffrey Cowley, Merrill Funk, James W. Navalta Facsm, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ACSM has again determined that resistance training (RT) and outdoor activities are two of the top ten worldwide fitness trends for 2023. We previously found that RT outdoors had a significantly lower perception of effort (RPE) compared to indoor RT, despite no physiological differences in heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE). However, no study has examined other feelings during RT in indoor or outdoor settings. PURPOSE: To determine how indoor or outdoor environments effect perceptions of fatigue and physical activity enjoyment following RT in recreationally resistance trained adults. METHODS: Twenty-three adult participants (n=10 female, n=13 male) completed …

Repetition Count Concurrent Validity Of Various Garmin Wrist Watches During Light Circuit Resistance Training, Wesley F. Ziegler, Bryson Carrier, Charli D. Aguilar, David Pearce, Jocelyn M Graffius, Brynlie Ellingford, Wyatt Fullmer, Jeffrey Cowley, Merrill Funk, Nathaniel Bodell, James W. Navalta Facsm, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable technology and strength training with free weights are two of the top 5 fitness trends worldwide. However, minimal physiological research has been conducted on the two together and none have measured the accuracy of devices measuring repetition counts across exercises. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of four wrist-worn Garmin devices, Instinct (x2), Fenix 6 Pro, and Vivoactive 3, to record repetition counts while performing 4 different exercises during circuit resistance training. METHODS: Twenty participants (n=10 female, n=10 male; age: 23.2 ± 7.7 years) completed this study. Participants completed 4 circuits …

Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation In A Life-Long Endurance Athlete: A Descriptive Case Study, Timothy Curry, Scott N. Drum

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) in lifelong endurance athletes occurs at a greater incidence over a lifetime vs the undertrained, general population. In fact, the more intense an aerobic-oriented person trains or races and over a greater amount of time, the higher the diagnosis of general cardiac arrhythmias. PURPOSE: Therefore, the primary aim was to observe the cumulative effects of life-long endurance training (since the age of 10-yrs old) and the yearly occurrences of paroxysmal AF (PAF) in an otherwise healthy, 53-yr-old male. METHODS: The complete health history of a 53-yr-old male (ht: 1.83 m, wt: 72.7 kg, …

The Effectiveness Of Running Power As A Metric Of Exercise Intensity During Running Interval Training, Eric A. Lambert, Dustin W. Davis, Matahn Blank, Tashari A. Carballo, Elias M. Malek, Kathryn Lei A. Lavin, Thea Sweder, Nicole Argueta, Marcus M. Lawrence, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Cowley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable power meters are increasingly popular among runners with Coros and Stryd offering running power as a real-time, trackable of a metric. PURPOSE: This study compared running power (RP) to physiological measures, heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO₂), across high and low intensity running intervals. METHODS: Thirteen adult participants (n = 6 male; height = 174.9 ± 6.9 cm; mass = 72.5 ± 12.0 kg) were equipped with a Stryd 27 RP meter, a Polar H10 HR monitor, and a Cosmed K5 portable metabolic unit. Participants’ self-selected RP was obtained during a 10-min run on …

Lumbopelvic Stability During A Single Leg Step Down Predicts Elbow Varus Torque During Baseball Pitching, Zachary J. Dezee, Adam J. Barrack, Kayla Bucci, Ryan J. Zerega, Rachel K. Straub, Andrew R. Karduna, Lori A. Michener

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During a baseball pitch, energy is transferred from the lower extremities through the lumbopelvic junction to produce ball velocity. Reduced lumbopelvic stability has been associated with elbow injury in pitchers, and commonly ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears. The primary biomechanical mechanism of UCL tears is high elbow varus torque. Understanding how decreased lumbopelvic stability influences the development of elbow varus torque could identify risk factors of UCL elbow injury. PURPOSE: Characterize the predictive ability of lumbopelvic stability on elbow varus torque during a baseball pitch. METHODS: NCAA Division 1 baseball players (N=44; 19.6+1.3yrs) participated. Pitchers threw ten fastballs from a …

Rating Of Perceived Exertion, Average Heart Rate, And Energy Expenditure Following Indoor And Outdoor Moderately Heavy Superset Resistance Training, Spencer M. Maxwell, Bryson Carrier, Charli Aguilar, Korina Ziegler, Aaron Mckenzie, Wesley Zeigler, Alexandra Routsis, Talon Thorton, Setareh (Star) Zarei, Devin Green, Jae Bovell, Kathryn A. Lavin, Amanda Hawkes, Jeffrey C. Cowley, Merrill Funk, James W. Navalta Facsm, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Our lab recently found that light intensity circuit resistance training outdoors had a significantly lower perception of effort (RPE) compared to indoor resistance training, despite no physiological differences in heart rate and energy expenditure. However, no study has examined other intensities or set schemes in differing environmental settings. PURPOSE: To determine how indoor or outdoor environments effect rating of perceived exertion (RPE) following light and moderately heavy intensity superset resistance training in recreationally resistance trained adults. METHODS: Twenty-three adult participants completed this study (n=10 female, n=13 male; age: 26.1±8.8 yrs; height: 172.2±9.5 cm; mass: 73.4±18.7 kg; RT experience: …

Heart Rate And Energy Expenditure Concurrent Validity Of Identical Garmin Wrist Watches During Moderately Heavy Resistance Training, Talon Thornton, Wesley Ziegler, Spencer Maxwell, Aaron Mckenzie, Alexandra Routsis, Korina Ziegler, Bryson Carrier, Charli Aguilar, Devin Green, Jae Bovell, Kathryn A. Lavin, Setareh (Star) Zarei, Jeffrey C. Cowley, Amanda Hawkes, Merrill Funk, James W. Navalta Facsm, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Consistent with previous years, ACSM has found that wearable technology and resistance training (RT) are two of the top 5 fitness trends in 2023. Our lab recently found that wrist-worn devices, such as Garmin Instinct, are neither valid nor reliable at measuring average or maximal heart rate (HR) or estimating energy expenditure (EE) following light intensity circuit RT. We postulated that the errors may have been due to the device’s algorithms assuming higher intensity during RT. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of identical Garmin Instinct wrist-watches to record valid measures of average …

Bodyfat As A Predictor Of The Peace Office Physical Aptitude Test In Police Cadets, Angelo Mangione, Mattison Maret, Bridget Melton, Anthony Acevedo, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body composition is a measurement that is rarely assessed before police cadets enter the academy. The Peace Office Physical Aptitude Test (POPAT) is a required assessment for police cadets. PURPOSE: This pilot study aims to determine if body composition, upper body strength, and lower body power can predict performance on the POPAT in police cadets. METHODS: Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) cadets were asked to complete the handheld grip test to assess upper extremity strength, vertical jump to assess lower extremity power, and body fat percentage (%BF) using an ultrasound machine. Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) was used to …

Bmi Superior To Fat-Free Mass Index And Fat Mass Index For Predicting Arterial Stiffness In College Students, Amanda Callaghan, Kennedy Kerbs, Kyndal Downing, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Arterial stiffness is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Body mass index (BMI) has been used to predict cardiovascular disease outcomes but does not consider fat and lean mass. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) may be superior to BMI in predicting arterial stiffness because it considers body composition. PURPOSE: This study aims to determine if FFMI and FMI are superior to BMI at predicting arterial stiffness in college students. METHODS: Participants came into the exercise physiology lab, signed consent, and then had anthropometric measurements of height and weight taken, as well as …

Is A Two-Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test A Valid Tool For The Diagnosis Of Post-Exertional Malaise In Long Covid?, Chiara Gattoni, Asghar Abbasi, Carrie Ferguson, Carly Heffernan, Elizabeth Dinnen, Olivia Heutlinger, Long-Co Nguyen, Charles W. Lanks, Thomas W. Decato, Richard Casaburi, Harry B. Rossiter, William W. Stringer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

A two-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) protocol (maximal ramp-incremental cycle test repeated 24hr apart) in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients has suggested that day-2 performance is decreased relative to day-1. This difference has been attributed to post-exertional malaise (PEM), suggesting the two-day CPET as a protocol to investigate PEM in Long COVID (LC) patients. PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate any effects of PEM on exercise performance and cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to a two-day CPET in LC patients to determine whether the day-1 CPET would impair performance, cardiorespiratory responses or perceptions of exercise at day-2. METHODS: Fifteen LC patients …

Validity And Reliability Of The Garmin Instinct In Measuring Heart Rate During Pickleball, Setareh Zarei, Samantha Cruz, Tashari A. Carballo, Bryson Carrier, Dustin W. Davis, Jae Bovell, Thea Sweder, Matahn Blank, Elias M. Malek, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Playing a racquet sport called pickleball is increasing in popularity every day in the United States. Garmin is a popular brand that manufactures wearable fitness trackers capable of measuring heart rate (HR). Because HR is a common way to determe exercise intensity, the validity and reliability of wearables to provide accurate HR during pickleball is important. PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze and assess the validity and reliability of HR from the Garmin Instinct vs. Polar H10 (criterion) during pickleball. METHODS: Eleven adults (2 female, 8 male, 1 prefer not to disclose; age = 28.1 ± 9.2 years; …

Stress And Eating Behaviors Pre- And Post Covid-19 Pandemic Declaration In A Sample Of College-Aged Adults, Megan Bratetic, Michelle Nguyen, Makenna Peterson, Anthony Acevedo, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Purpose: This study compared stress and eating behaviors pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic in college students. METHODS: This was a non-experimental comparative study. Participants were invited to the laboratory for a single visit to measure eating behaviors and stress indicators. Four instruments were used in this study: The Weight and Lifestyle Inventory questionnaire, the Mindfulness Eating Questionnaire, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Independent t-test and a two-way ANOVA were used to compare participants who were tested before the COVID-19 pandemic declaration and after. RESULTS: N=151 (n=81 male, n=70 female) participants completed pre-covid testing, and a separate group, …

Bicycle Handlebar Width Does Not Affect Spirometry, Ventilation, Or Gas Exchange, Matthew J. Fahey, Daniel T. Cannon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bicycle fit may affect comfort, aerodynamics, efficiency, ventilation, and power generation. Handlebars determine how the rider interacts with the bicycle. A wide range of handlebar widths are commercially available, but it is unclear if the resultant position affects lung function, ventilation, gas exchange, or efficiency. PURPOSE We aimed to measure the effects of handlebar widths on ventilation, gas exchange, spirometry, and comfort during moderate constant power exercise. METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active adults completed the study (32 ± 5 yrs., 175 ± 9 cm, 74 ± 12 kg, 8 women, 16 men). Participants completed three moderate constant power bouts of exercise …

Validity And Reliability Of The Polar Oh1 Biceps-Band Heart Rate Monitor During Pickleball, Jamaal K. Bovell, Dustin W. Davis, Bryson Carrier, Setareh Zarei, Tashari A. Carballo, Matahn Blank, Thea Sweder, Samantha Cruz, Elias M. Malek, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Pickleball is making a name for itself as one of the fastest growing sports in the United States. According to the Association of Pickleball Professionals (APP), 14% of Americans 18 years and over (~36.5 million people) played pickleball at least once in 12 months. With almost half of the total players planning to play more often in the upcoming months, pickleball is certain to continue its ascension. It is unclear if paying intensity can be gauged accurately and reliably with heart rate (HR) measurements from biceps-band monitors. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Polar …

Assessing The Reliability Of Stryd 27 For Variable Speed Running, Kathryn A. Lavin, Dustin W. Davis, Matahn Blank, Tashari A. Carballo, Elias M. Malek, Thea Sweder, Eric Lambert, Nicole Argueta, Marcus M. Lawrence, Jeffrey Cowley, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable technology is beneficial when it comes to tracking and optimizing performance. The Stryd 27 is a wearable footpod marketed as being more responsive in measuring power during running than the previous version (Stryd 25). However, the reliability of this newer device to return consistent values has not been determined. PURPOSE: This study aimed to observe whether Stryd 27 gives reliable metrics during variable speed running. METHODS: Sixteen participants (N = 16; 50% female; height = 174.1 ± 8.1 cm; mass = 73.0 ± 12.4 kg) were recruited, each equipped with two Stryd 27 footpods (updated to the same …