Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1993)
- Edith Cowan University (1249)
- Walden University (1235)
- Selected Works (843)
- Fort Hays State University (743)
-
- Taylor University (701)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (625)
- Kansas State University Libraries (572)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (516)
- Western Michigan University (509)
- University of South Florida (489)
- Central Washington University (472)
- Eastern Illinois University (467)
- Utah State University (408)
- Aga Khan University (390)
- Rowan University (376)
- Bryn Mawr College (372)
- Western Kentucky University (368)
- Morehead State University (346)
- SelectedWorks (331)
- University of New Mexico (330)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (328)
- Nova Southeastern University (321)
- California State University, San Bernardino (313)
- Georgia Southern University (308)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (271)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (266)
- The University of Maine (259)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (254)
- Bank Street College of Education (253)
- Keyword
-
- Education (1774)
- Teacher education (931)
- Professional development (745)
- Teaching (535)
- Higher education (510)
-
- Teachers (346)
- Leadership (345)
- Teacher Education (320)
- Literacy (300)
- Technology (290)
- Assessment (266)
- Pedagogy (266)
- Teacher preparation (261)
- Mathematics (241)
- Collaboration (237)
- Professional Development (224)
- Learning (207)
- Curriculum (205)
- Mentoring (204)
- Child Nutrition (197)
- Diversity (194)
- Elementary education (194)
- Higher Education (186)
- Self-efficacy (183)
- Reading (181)
- STEM (178)
- Early childhood education (175)
- Writing (170)
- Teaching Resource Center (167)
- Teacher training (165)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (1146)
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (1115)
- Theses and Dissertations (756)
- Academic Leadership: The Online Journal (723)
- Dissertations (691)
-
- To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development (500)
- Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications (462)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (426)
- Journal of Mathematics and Science: Collaborative Explorations (419)
- The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning (370)
- Teaching and Learning Together in Higher Education (360)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (355)
- Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research (313)
- Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs (306)
- All Master's Theses (298)
- MA TESOL Collection (273)
- Growth: The Journal of the Association for Christians in Student Development (267)
- Faculty Research at Morehead State University (238)
- UNL Faculty Course Portfolios (237)
- Research Days (232)
- Masters Theses (222)
- Professional Learning Day (222)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (217)
- Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: Archives (206)
- Oral History Project (all interviews) (199)
- Institute for Educational Development, Karachi (192)
- Doctoral Dissertations (187)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (183)
- The Advocate (178)
- Perspectives In Learning (176)
Articles 121 - 150 of 28105
Full-Text Articles in Education
The Effects Of High-Leverage Practices On Teaching Candidates Math Self-Efficacy, Christine Quisley
The Effects Of High-Leverage Practices On Teaching Candidates Math Self-Efficacy, Christine Quisley
Dissertations, Theses, and Projects
The start of each school year should be one of excitement and joy for learning. However, year to year, there is one subject that elementary students and their teachers dread: math. This study focused on collecting data from teaching candidates on their math self-efficacy beliefs and the perceived competence in their ability to implement three specific high-leverage practices (HLPs) during student teaching.
This qualitative case study explores the experiences of teaching candidates enrolled in a university teacher preparation program. Within previous method courses, content focused on the planning, instruction, and assessment of high-leverage practices. The overarching question of this study …
From Crisis To Aftermath: The Role Of Nursing Professional Development Educators During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Realist Case Study, Kimberly Kanner
From Crisis To Aftermath: The Role Of Nursing Professional Development Educators During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Realist Case Study, Kimberly Kanner
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative, realistic inquiry case study was to examine and understand the experiences of NPD educators as they assisted new graduate nurses transitioning into clinical nursing practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in acute care hospitals in the state of New York. Moreover, this research study sought to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic brought about changes to the NPD educator's role and their ability to assist new graduate nurses transitioning into clinical practice post-pandemic. The sample included NPD educators from acute care hospitals in the state of New York. Data collection included semi-structured interviews and document collection. The …
Infographic: Teenagers Reading For Pleasure, Max Hughes
Infographic: Teenagers Reading For Pleasure, Max Hughes
Teacher infographics
A Deakin University study delves into secondary school students’ reading habits and explores the prevalence of reading for pleasure amongst teenagers. In this infographic we share some of the findings.
A Teacher And Her Language Minoritized Students In A Translanguaging Mathematics Classroom: Activating And Suppressing Our Full Linguistic Repertoires For Increased Mathematical Reasoning And Sense-Making, Ana M. Bogota
Education Doctorate Dissertations
This study delves into translanguaging practices within a mathematics classroom led by a bilingual teacher and attended by language minoritized students. Grounded in translanguaging theory and practices, it investigates the dynamic language interactions between teacher and students, shedding light on the activation and suppression of linguistic features within purported “named languages.” Utilizing diverse data sources, such as audio-recorded lessons and student interviews, the study uncovers patterns in classroom language use. Results highlight the prevalent utilization of the full linguistic repertoire by both teacher and students, especially in elucidating mathematical concepts and fostering conceptual understanding. Furthermore, the study examines how translanguaging …
An Investigation Of How High School Teachers Can Positively Influence The Mental Health Of High School Students, Anthony Mahady
An Investigation Of How High School Teachers Can Positively Influence The Mental Health Of High School Students, Anthony Mahady
Dissertations, Theses, and Projects
The purpose of this study was to better understand student mental health needs to advocate for intentional change within the school district where the study occurred. A critical case study approach was taken to learn about student and teacher needs, within a bounded location and time, to invoke intentional change for students in the school district. The study elicited responses from a student focus group of seven students, where they addressed the current mental health needs of students in the district. Responses from the focus group were used to inform the questions in the six semi-structured interviews conducted with high …
Teacher Initiated Collaboration In Community: A Case Study Considering Communities Of Practice At A Title I Middle School, Katherine Stewart
Teacher Initiated Collaboration In Community: A Case Study Considering Communities Of Practice At A Title I Middle School, Katherine Stewart
Dissertations
This qualitative case study investigates how faculty members in a Title I middle school engage in collaborative practices to enhance professional growth without formal professional learning. Framed within a descriptive lens (Merriam, 1998) and informed by Brown and Duguid's Community of Practice (CoP) framework (1991), the study addresses two research questions: (1) How do teachers collaborate to improve their practice outside formal professional learning? (2) In what ways do these methods reflect the elements of CoP: working, learning, and innovating? Through data analysis, the study reveals that teachers predominantly collaborate on student behavior and classroom management, with curriculum being a …
Teachers' Perceptions Of Technology Professional Development And Implementation In An Urban Middle School: A Case Study, Valeria Williams
Teachers' Perceptions Of Technology Professional Development And Implementation In An Urban Middle School: A Case Study, Valeria Williams
Dissertations
This qualitative case study focused on understanding teachers’ perceptions of technology-based professional development sessions and the impact of technology requirements on their decisions to remain in or exit the teaching profession. The study involved seven middle school teachers with varying teaching experience and technology backgrounds. Participants shared their insights through journals, interviews, and document notes, which were then organized into themes reflecting their responses to the research questions.
The findings revealed key themes such as the structure and availability of professional learning sessions, facilitators’ positive impact, teachers’ emotions during and after training, optional learning strategies, and how these factors influence …
Stations: Do They Affect Students' Learning In A Music Classroom?, Leighton Meyer
Stations: Do They Affect Students' Learning In A Music Classroom?, Leighton Meyer
Masters of Education in Teaching and Learning
Students in a middle school band class were taught using traditional strategies the first three weeks of the study, then randomly placed into station groups for the final three weeks where they completed a variety of activities at different stations. Data was collected through assessment rubrics of the musical concepts, individual and focus group student interviews, along with a student opinion survey. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, displayed using pie charts and bar graphs, and the qualitative data was analyzed using the comparative method. The findings indicated that there was not a significant change in the speed …
Evaluating The Need For Professional Learning That Highlights Proficient Teaching Strategies For Students With Autism In The Elementary Environment, Allison Norman
Dissertations
There is an increase in the identification of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) throughout the country. There is also an emphasis on inclusion within the classrooms in the country. This qualitative study addresses the need for teachers to grasp more knowledge about Autism so that they can help children with autism have better access to the general education curriculum and increase support for success in the classroom. Through an action research project, this study aimed to gauge elementary school teachers' existing knowledge about Autism and identify areas where they desired further education. The study involved surveying teachers to understand …
Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes About Gender, Education, And Mathematical Aptitude: A Quantitative Study, Paige Barnett
Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes About Gender, Education, And Mathematical Aptitude: A Quantitative Study, Paige Barnett
Honors Theses
Females and mathematics are often not grouped together due to the gender bias surrounding the two. Perhaps attending an all-girls high school has instilled a higher level of confidence in me and my mathematical abilities than many females exhibit. The focus of my research is to examine preservice elementary teachers for their confidence levels in mathematics, as well as if they hold a form of unconscious gender bias. I completed this research by developing a six-question survey instrument. The survey was administered in the Spring and Fall of 2023 Math 245 and Math 245 classes. Both are required math courses …
Female Medical Students’ Lived Experiences Of Financial Stress And Coping, Untara Shaikh, Dr. Kimberlee Bonura
Female Medical Students’ Lived Experiences Of Financial Stress And Coping, Untara Shaikh, Dr. Kimberlee Bonura
Georgia Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Conference
Financial stress is a pervasive concern among medical students, with documented associations with adverse physical health, psychological morbidity, and ineffective coping. This study focuses on understanding the financial stressors female medical students face and the coping strategies they employ. While financial stress and coping mechanisms have been explored in the literature, a notable gap exists in understanding these dynamics among female students.
The study employed a phenomenological research approach to obtain data from the respondents, where data collection involved face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The Adaptation Model of Nursing, complemented by Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Theory, was a comprehensive framework for analyzing …
Sjsu Erfa Annual Meeting Minutes, May 3, 2024, San Jose State University, Emeritus And Retired Faculty Association
Sjsu Erfa Annual Meeting Minutes, May 3, 2024, San Jose State University, Emeritus And Retired Faculty Association
SJSU ERFA Minutes
SJSU ERFA Annual Meeting Minutes
May 3, 2024
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogical Practices In Early Literacy Classrooms: A Qualitative Case Study Of Two Kindergarten Classrooms, Elizabeth Carlton Phd
Culturally Sustaining Pedagogical Practices In Early Literacy Classrooms: A Qualitative Case Study Of Two Kindergarten Classrooms, Elizabeth Carlton Phd
Dissertations
Students who attend school possess their own “funds of knowledge” from their home life and prior experiences (Moll et al., 1992). Yet, learners from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds are not viewed from a strengths-based perspective but rather a deficit perspective. The deficit perspective perpetuates the oppression and marginalization of students of color and multilingual students. Using a qualitative comparative case study research design, the study is rooted in the tenets of Critical Pedagogy (Freire, 2000), Critical Literacy, and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy as it sought to uncover insights into asset-based instructional strategies that allow multilingual learners opportunities to participate equitably …
Self-Study Portfolio Evi Francey Kampouri Lagonik, Evi Francey Kampouri Lagonik
Self-Study Portfolio Evi Francey Kampouri Lagonik, Evi Francey Kampouri Lagonik
Master of Education in Teacher Leadership Portfolios
No abstract provided.
The Radical Refuge: Reconceptualizing Teacher Quality Liberated From The Historical Commodification Of Latina And Black Women In Early Childhood Education, Vanessa Rodriguez
The Radical Refuge: Reconceptualizing Teacher Quality Liberated From The Historical Commodification Of Latina And Black Women In Early Childhood Education, Vanessa Rodriguez
Occasional Paper Series
This article highlights the need to redefine 'quality' in early childhood education (ECE) and challenges systems that devalue Latina and Black women educators. It advocates for recognizing teachers' inherent value and creating a supportive framework that promotes their well-being. The "Radical Refuge" program is introduced as a means of addressing systemic traumas through identity development and healing. Activities like Education Journey Mapping shed light on how traditional measures of quality negatively affect teachers' self-worth. The article emphasizes the importance of teachers' personal experiences and their ability to foster relationships with students. It concludes with hope for a reimagined concept of …
“Pour Into The Teachers”: Learning From Immigrant Women Of Color Through Conversations On “Quality” In Urban Early Education And Care, Seung Eun Mcdevitt, Louella Sween
“Pour Into The Teachers”: Learning From Immigrant Women Of Color Through Conversations On “Quality” In Urban Early Education And Care, Seung Eun Mcdevitt, Louella Sween
Occasional Paper Series
In this paper, we share our conversations with an education director of an early childhood education and care center, situated in a low-income immigrant community in New York City. We highlight an expanded definition of quality that she has demonstrated as a leader of the center. In doing so, we offer possible alternative ways of creating quality and equitable ECEC practices with and for immigrant children, families, and teachers, and detail the challenges that come with resisting the status quo.
“I Want To Say The Right Thing”: Developing Translingual Literacy Practices Through Early Care Educator And University Researcher Partnerships, Angie Zapata Phd, Mary Adu-Gyamfi, Phd, Adrianna González Ybarra
“I Want To Say The Right Thing”: Developing Translingual Literacy Practices Through Early Care Educator And University Researcher Partnerships, Angie Zapata Phd, Mary Adu-Gyamfi, Phd, Adrianna González Ybarra
Occasional Paper Series
An early care educator (ECE) and university collaborative model of teacher learning offers a distinct departure from common top-down models of professional development. Implementing a Social Design-Based Experiment, ECE and university partners collaborate to explore translingual picturebooks to address curricular inequities in their school settings. Featuring the experience of one white, middle-class ECE (Tamara) in a Midwest rural suburban school, we identify three critical components of this ECE and university researcher collaborative inquiry model: role of ECE as mentors and supporters, picturebooks as tools, and role of university partners as facilitators. Tamara’s experience highlights the critical components of the model, …
Redefining Quality To Center The Capabilities Of Young Children, Soyoung Park, Sunmin Lee, Nnenna Odim, Jennifer K. Adair
Redefining Quality To Center The Capabilities Of Young Children, Soyoung Park, Sunmin Lee, Nnenna Odim, Jennifer K. Adair
Occasional Paper Series
In this article, we offer a justice-centered approach to measuring and documenting instructional quality that counters traditional teacher evaluations models commonly used in states' Quality Rating Improvement Systems (QRIS). We tell the story of two early care and education practitioners - one teacher and one school leader - who participated in a professional development that focused on learning to observe young children in agentic contexts and finding more ways for young children to showcase, demonstrate, strengthen, or contribute their capabilities. Through these stories, we show how focusing on children's capabilities served to counter the reductionist, hierarchical, and dehumanizing approaches of …
Preparing Students For Adulthood: Comparing The Experiences Of Degree And Non-Degree Seeking Graduates, Lacee R. Boschetto, Brian K. Warnick
Preparing Students For Adulthood: Comparing The Experiences Of Degree And Non-Degree Seeking Graduates, Lacee R. Boschetto, Brian K. Warnick
Journal of Research in Technical Careers
The role of secondary education is critical to preparing graduates for adulthood. This study explored the transition experiences of high school graduates and factors that impacted their preparation for adulthood. This descriptive study focused on the experiences of degree and non-degree-seeking graduates. Surveys were distributed to students enrolled in a general education course at a state university and marketing research participants not enrolled in post-secondary programs. The survey sought to identify overall preparedness, responsibilities deemed necessary to teach in high school, and influence factors that prepared them for adulthood. The overall findings displayed that graduates seeking degrees felt more prepared …
Qualitative Data Analysis Retreats: Creating New Spaces For Doctoral Student Analytic Work, Deborah Tyndall, Mitzi Pestaner
Qualitative Data Analysis Retreats: Creating New Spaces For Doctoral Student Analytic Work, Deborah Tyndall, Mitzi Pestaner
The Qualitative Report
Qualitative data analysis is recognized as a threshold concept in research education and can be conceptually challenging for doctoral students. While retreats are common approaches to support dissertation writing, we propose an unconventional approach for doctoral education with the use of retreats for qualitative data analysis. Analytic autoethnography was used to examine what features of an off-campus retreat supported data analysis of dissertation research, With the use of a focused agenda, the retreat space offered opportunities for icebreakers to stimulate synthesis thinking, student-led analytic activities, and reflective writing. Data were collected from documents, analytic artifacts, photographs, and reflective journals. We …
Book Review: How Education Policy Shapes Literacy Instruction: Understanding The Persistent Problems Of Policy And Practice, Nicole Hertz
Book Review: How Education Policy Shapes Literacy Instruction: Understanding The Persistent Problems Of Policy And Practice, Nicole Hertz
The Language and Literacy Spectrum
Abstract: This review of How Education Policy Shapes Literacy Instruction: Understanding the Persistent Problems of Policy and Practice, edited by Rachael Gabriel, explores the most pressing educational concerns and their relationship to history and policy, written by scholars from all over the country, such as retention, intervention, early childhood and English language literacy acquisition, and coaching. With the current Science of Reading (SoR) movement and all the related laws that are being passed throughout the United States based on current educational reform measures, this review explores the relationship to past, present, and future literacy legislation, through a historical lens, …
Shifting The Balance: 6 Ways To Bring The Science Of Reading Into The Upper Elementary Classroom- A Review, Mary-Jo Morse
Shifting The Balance: 6 Ways To Bring The Science Of Reading Into The Upper Elementary Classroom- A Review, Mary-Jo Morse
The Language and Literacy Spectrum
In recent weeks, the New York State Governor Kathy Hochul unveiled her “Back to Basics” plan to improve reading achievement in New York State. As part of her plan, Governor Hochul has proposed that millions of dollars be allocated in the state’s budget to train “20 thousand teachers in Science of Reading Instructional best practices and announced an expansion of SUNY and CUNY’s microcredentialing programs for teachers focused on the Science of Reading.” (Hochul, 2024). With the Science of Reading becoming a major component in reading instruction, this new text, Shifting the Balance: 6 ways to Bring the Science of …
Incorporating Books As Strength-Based Examples Of Characters With Dyslexia, Vera Sotirovska, Margaret Vaughn
Incorporating Books As Strength-Based Examples Of Characters With Dyslexia, Vera Sotirovska, Margaret Vaughn
The Language and Literacy Spectrum
Incorporating books that facilitate inclusive understandings of dyslexia can be a challenging yet important pedagogical approach to promoting equitable practices. As realistically portrayed characters and stories provide a way for students to see not only themselves but also others, and enter different worlds, the need for multiple representations of children with dyslexia is necessary when working to create equity-oriented classrooms. First, we discuss strategies on how to select and use books with diverse representations of individuals with dyslexia. Next, we provide book selection criteria to guide teachers in curating their own classroom libraries with similar texts. Finally, we include activities …
Gaps In Teacher Education: Defining, Developing And Diverting On The Path To An Equity Stance, Sherry Dismuke, Jenn Snow-Gerono
Gaps In Teacher Education: Defining, Developing And Diverting On The Path To An Equity Stance, Sherry Dismuke, Jenn Snow-Gerono
Journal of Educational Supervision
Heeding the call for equity and transformative praxis in teacher education, teacher education programs often focus on equity and justice in mission statements and program design. This bounded case study explores how the construct of equity stance is framed by one teacher education program and then how the enactment of an equity stance is actualized in clinical field experiences. Feedback from clinical supervisors during observation cycles along with focus group interviews, surveys, and the examination of addressing an equity stance in teacher education are the focus of this article. Findings documented a continuum of equity enacted practices building from inclusive …
Clinical Opportunities For Special Education Teacher Candidates: Developing Professional Identities That Endure Beyond Candidacy, Christine M. Davila
Clinical Opportunities For Special Education Teacher Candidates: Developing Professional Identities That Endure Beyond Candidacy, Christine M. Davila
The Journal of Advancing Education Practice
There is an ongoing shortage of special education teachers, particularly due to early burnout. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were utilized to explore field experience needs for special education teacher candidates that positively affected their ability to maintain self-efficacy toward classroom and behavior management in self-contained settings into their early years of teaching. Findings indicated that special education teacher candidates need opportunities for experiences that allow them to imagine themselves in the role and foster professional identity development that endures beyond candidacy. Embedding opportunities for preservice special education teachers to develop their professional identities within their formal preservice training programs …
The Matthew Effect Within South Side Chicago Public Schools, Jazmin S. Hollingsworth
The Matthew Effect Within South Side Chicago Public Schools, Jazmin S. Hollingsworth
Honors Capstones
The Matthew Effect was first developed by sociologist Robert Merton (1968) to describe a phenomenon they observed whereby wealth and credit is distributed to individuals based on the wealth or credit they already possess. Keith Stanovich further developed this theory around poverty and effects on students, their learning, and in particular reading (1986). The name Matthew Effect comes from the Bible book of Matthew chapter 25: verse 29. "For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath." The dynamics of poverty …
Designing Research Assignments That Enhance Student Research Skills, Kathleen Oakey
Designing Research Assignments That Enhance Student Research Skills, Kathleen Oakey
Books & Chapters
Hi, I’m Kathleen. I have worked as an academic librarian at Sheridan College in Ontario, Canada for the past 13 years. In my role, I help International and domestic students find, evaluate, and use information sources ethically for their research assignments.
This handbook is the culmination of an 8-month sabbatical project to create an open educational resource that supports research assignment design at post-secondary institutions in Ontario.
Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Impact Of Iready On Student Reading Achievement For Students In Response To Intervention, Althia Gates
Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Impact Of Iready On Student Reading Achievement For Students In Response To Intervention, Althia Gates
Dissertations
This qualitative case study aimed to explore teachers’ perceptions of the impact of i-Ready on student reading achievement for students in Response to Intervention (RTI). In this qualitative case study, participants were given an opportunity to voice their point of view and perceptions of the impact of i-Ready, including the benefits and barriers they experience when implementing i-Ready as an intervention tool for struggling readers. The need to hear teacher voices and perspectives on an RTI intervention tool is essential to providing students with the best learning experience and growth results. The study included five elementary teachers who implement i-Ready …
College Students' Perceptions And Opinions Of Their Physical Activity Instructor Being Caring In Class, David C. Barney, Kamora Shelton, Katelyn Rogers, Teresa Leavitt Dr.
College Students' Perceptions And Opinions Of Their Physical Activity Instructor Being Caring In Class, David C. Barney, Kamora Shelton, Katelyn Rogers, Teresa Leavitt Dr.
Faculty Publications
College can be a very impressionable time for a student, both positively and negatively. One way the college experience can be positive is the interactions the student has with their professors/instructors (hereafter the term instructor will be used). One behavior the instructors can exhibit including in physical activity (PA) classes is being caring or showing caring behaviors toward students. The purpose of this study was to investigate college students’ perceptions of the impact of PA instructor caring behaviors toward the student. For this study 69 college students (45 males and 24 females) were surveyed with one open-ended survey question. It …
Effects Of College Physical Activity Instructors' Enthusiasm On Student Experiences In Class, David C. Barney, Teresa Leavitt Dr.
Effects Of College Physical Activity Instructors' Enthusiasm On Student Experiences In Class, David C. Barney, Teresa Leavitt Dr.
Faculty Publications
It is hoped that teachers in all content areas will be excited, or enthusiastic for what they will be teaching their students. A teacher’s enthusiasm in class can be beneficial to students (Locke & Woods, 1982). Teacher enthusiasm also applies in college physical activity classes. This study investigated college physical activity instructor’s perception and opinions their enthusiasm and how it may affect the student’s experiences in class. For this study 10 college physical activity instructors were surveyed. Generally, the college physical activity felt that when they initiate conversations with students, listen to students, and are excited about what they are …