Real Estate Commons^™

National Asset Management Agency (Nama), Alexander Nye

Journal of Financial Crises

After the Irish property boom peaked in 2007, Ireland’s banks faced declining share prices and increasing liquidity pressures. When in the aftermath of the September 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers, Ireland’s banks lost access to liquidity from abroad, it triggered a banking crisis in the country. In spite of various responses by the Irish government, the financial viability of Ireland’s banks (as well as the government’s fiscal position) continued to deteriorate in early 2009. The Irish government attributed the problem to impaired real estate assets sitting on bank balance sheets, which made it difficult for markets to believe that government’s …

Note From Special Issue Guest Editors And Invited Contributors, Amit Sharma, Bendegul Okumus, Seoki Lee

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

No abstract provided.

Impacts Of Covid-19 On The U.S. Restaurant Industry From The Global Perspective, Seoki Lee, Hyoungju Song, Michael S. Lin, Amit Sharma

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

The current study explores the impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. restaurant industry in terms of its stock performance, and further incorporates a global perspective into this examination by testing both the main and moderating effects of non-U.S. COVID-19 and also the moderating effect of the internationalization strategy of the U.S. restaurant industry. Findings of this study confirm that U.S. COVID-19 had a negative influence on U.S. restaurant firms' stock returns while non-U.S. COVID-19 had a positive impact. Further, the non-U.S. COVID-19 had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between U.S. COVID-19 and restaurant firms' stock returns. Unexpectedly, the …

Cost-Benefit Analysis Rules For The Foodservice System, Amit Sharma

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is an established approach to help make informed decisions. The practical technique has been used extensively in several areas of study, and there is a robust literature on numerous aspects of CBA. While the functional characteristics have been well expounded, the incorporation of CBA into varied disciplinary contexts remains scanty. Foodservice systems can be viewed as an extension of the broader food system. Within food system economics literature, a critical gap remains in the study of behavioral decision-making through the lens of microeconomic approaches. CBA provides a theoretical approach to conduct such inquiries. Two rules in the …

Food Policies And Issues In The United States, Europe, And Asia, Bendegul Okumus

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

This study examines global and local food policies in United States, Europe, and Asia and discusses possible challenges and gaps for public and food actors, particularly from an economic perspective. In this paper, food policies and regulations are assessed by reviewing global reports, documents, and scholarly journals. The paper emphasizes the possible risks and disjunctions between theory and application of economic food policies in the foodservice industry. Food regulations, inspection challenges, food insecurities, and food safety issues are summarized. Regardless of the level of strict food policies and facilities, unsatisfactory results still exist in developed and developing countries and have …

Factors Impacting Food Away From Home (Fafh) Spending In The United States: A Macroeconomic Perspective, Michael S. Lin, Inhaeng N. Jung, Yidan Huang

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

In the United States, individuals spend more than half of their food expenditures on food away from home (FAFH), and this trend is growing. This study aims to examine the factors that impact FAFH from a macroeconomic perspective. Macroeconomic and FAFH spending data from January 1997 to February 2020 were obtained from the various databases. The results reveal that the unemployment rate, Consumer Price Index (CPI), stock index, and oil price had a significant negative influence on both nominal and constant FAFH spending percentage, and oil price had a significant positive influence on constant FAFH spending percentage. This study contributes …

Airbnb Release Of Latent Economic Value And Return To Equilibrium, Daniel Joseph Trujillo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

We empirically consider Airbnb’s effect on a new variable in Short Term Rental (STR) research, second homes, employing a model pre-Airbnb diffusion (2009), and post-Airbnb diffusion (2019). In doing so we test our hypothesis that second home use will be converted to short-term rentals with the advent of Airbnb. We do so through a natural experiment examining housing stock. We create a schema to segregate tourist and non-tourist counties based on economic variables and deploy these in our research framework observing a shock to housing supply. Notably, we observe a structural change in the use of second homes resulting in …

Do User-Generated Ratings Affect Hotel Valuations? – An Analysis Of The Chicago Hotel Market, Shailesh Patel

Dissertations

Today’s travelers are increasingly relying on aggregated online opinions to make purchase decisions. One of the sectors most impacted by these online reviews is the hospitality industry, where consumer review websites such as TripAdvisor, Expedia, and Bookings.com play a critical role in influencing consumer's choice of hotel and the price they will pay for the room. Recently, there have been studies investigating the various aspects of user-generated online reviews and ratings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of user-generated ratings on hotel valuations. Our paper does this using regression analysis to study the impact of TripAdvisor …

Two Essays On The Microstructure Of The Housing Market: Agents' Diffused Effort And Sellers' Behavior Bias, Zhaohui Li

Theses and Dissertations in Business Administration

For the first essay, we generalize the classic Williams [1998 RFS] brokerage model by introducing the diffused effort. That is, the agent can cross-utilize effort spending on one listing to another one. Besides, the agent can manage heterogeneous housing assets. One counterintuitive finding in Williams’ paper is the absence of the agency problem. As a special case in our model, we recover the agency problem. We examine the positive externality due to the diffused effort and show that it depends on the agent’s inventory size. Hence there exists a trade-off between agents’ effort spending on existing listings and on finding …

Investing In The Land Of O.Z.: The Promise Of Qualified Opportunity Zone Investing In Ameliorating Urban Blight, Lukas John Foy

Undergraduate Honors Theses

In 2017, President Trump’s landmark Tax Cuts and Jobs Act introduced one of the most prolific federal incentives for real estate development in decades. In an effort to stimulate investment in neglected neighborhoods across all 50 states and five territories, the Federal Government authorized the designation of almost 9,000 blighted census tracts across the country as eligible for tax incentives. Investment in these tracts, deemed Qualified Opportunity Zones, allow investors to receive substantial capital gains deferral and possible capital gains exclusion at the end of the designated holding period, assuming they comply with the regulations of the program. While designed …

The Implementation Of Eportfolios As A High Impact Practice In The Real Estate Practice Class, Yu Liu

Q2S Enhancing Pedagogy

I would like to implement the ePortfolio to my Fin 481 Real Estate Practice course. Real Estate Practice course introduces students to a broad spectrum of practical issues and activities in real estate markets. It provides the opportunity for the students to get an in-depth understanding of the real estate business. Subjects include Understand Real Estate Market; Math for Real Estate; Buying Real Estate, Mortgage, Escrow, Title Company, Inspection, Home Insurance Company; Selling Real Estate, Repairing, Brokerage, Staging; Comparative Market Analysis; Brokerage and Marketing Strategies; Investing in Real Estate Market, Debt Utilization; Flipping and Wholesaling; Construction Fundamentals; Legal Protection and …

A Case Study On Whether A Business Should Own Or Lease Its Real Estate, Benjamin Cooper

Finance Undergraduate Honors Theses

Businesses are continually faced with many difficult decisions to make daily that can have a significant impact on their success. Whether it is if they should adopt a new accounting practice, work with a new supplier, or push into a new consumer sector, these decisions will affect their operations and long-term plans. One of these major decisions that a business has to make is whether they should own or lease their real estate. Depending on the size, type, and scope of a business this decision could be made differently but for certain companies there is definitely a correct answer. Buying …

Essays On Mortgage Portfolio Diversification, Timothy Patrick Dombrowski

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Portfolios of mortgage loans played an important role in the Great Recession and continue to compose a material part of bank assets. The distribution of mortgage portfolio returns, and consequently, the risk of these portfolios, is quite distinct even from other fixed income asset classes. This dissertation contains three essays, each aiming to analyze a specific component of risk in mortgage portfolios and role of geographical diversification in reducing this risk.

The first essay investigates how cross-sectional dependence in the underlying properties flows through to the loan returns, and thus, the risk of the portfolio. In addition to demonstrating this …

Superstition, Conspicuous Spending, And Housing Market: Evidence From Singapore, Jia He, Haoming Liu, Tien Foo Sing, Changcheng Song, Wei-Kang Wong

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

We study the effect of superstition and conspicuous spending motives on housing demand and price in Singapore. We find that buyers pay less for homes with unlucky addresses and more for homes with lucky addresses. There were fewer housing transactions on inauspicious days of the lunar calendar when people are advised to avoid making major economic decisions. This suggests that superstitious belief still affects economic activities. The demand for lucky addresses is also weaker on these inauspicious days, suggesting that superstitious belief indeed affects the demand for lucky addresses. Moreover, the price premium for a lucky address is significantly higher …

2019-2020 Restaurant Industry Performance Index, Atul Sheel

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Leverage On Financial Information Quality: International Evidence From The Hospitality Industry, Cédric Poretti, Alain Schatt, Tiphaine Jérôme

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Earnings are a key firm-performance yardstick for investors. The quality of earnings has fascinated researchers and investors alike, as it may be manipulated by a firm's management. This paper studies the relationship between earnings quality and debt levels of firms in the hospitality sector, using a sample of 642 firms from 26 countries for the 2002-2016 period. Results of this study suggests a generally positive relationship between a firm's leverage and its earnings quality in the hospitality sector, particularly for firms incorporated in countries with stronger investor protection. As such, some interesting implications of the leverage-earnings quality relationship are revealed …

Three Essays On Entry Barriers And Incentives In Labor Markets, Samuel Ingram

Theses and Dissertations--Economics

Occupational choice at the margin depends on both the incentives for entry and barriers to entry. The primary entry barrier determined by regulation is an occupational license. These are government laws determining the minimum qualifications to enter an occupation including education, testing, fees, and background checks. These regulations are currently enforced on 25% of the US labor market. The laws are crafted to protect consumers from unsafe goods and services but also have important consequences in labor market outcomes. The consequences may include fewer workers entering the profession, changes to which workers enter the profession, and altering competition, all of …

F&B Performance In The United States Hotel Industry, Michael S. Lin, Inhaeng N. Jung, Amit Sharma

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Competitive environments warrant otels to diversity products and services. Diversification is necessary to reduce the risks associated with revenues and profitability. This study explored whether food and beverage (F&B) activities have the potential to create a diversification of revenue sources for hotel businesses. Using STR hotel performance data from 2007 to 2016, the study conducted panel regression analyses and time trend analyses in the pre- and post-2008 recession period to investigate the impact of diversifying revenue and profit sources through F&B activities. Results indicate that F&B activities can be a source of diversification for upper upscale hotels. Results further suggest …

Does Geographic Focus Reduce Systematic Risk In Hotel Reits?, Brigitte Silvia Frutig, Prashant Das

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

This paper examines how the systematic risk of large commercial real estate owners is associated with geographic diversification. It analyzed time-varying equity betas and geographic exposure of publicly traded pure-play lodging REITs. Contrary to popular expectation, results of this study showed that stock investors perceive smaller risk in geographic focus rather than diversification. Further, regional focus becomes insignificant in reducing the risk if the focus expands beyond two or three regions. The findings were robust to multiple measures of geographic diversification. As such, the study reaffirmed the impact of geographic focus in the context of commercial real estate as a …

Human Capital And Hotel Operating Performance, Nan Hua

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Human capital plays an essential role in firm sucess in the hospitality industry (Baum, 2015; Tracey, 2014); however, how the mechanism through which human capital contributes to a hotel's performance remains unclear (Bagri et al., 2010; Domínguez-Falcón et al., 2016; Ooi et al., 2015). By extending Hua et al. (2015) and O’Neill et al. (2008), this study systematically examined the impacts of human capital, proxied by Total Labor Expenses at different lagged time points, on hotel operating performance, while controlling for a comprehensive array of potential confounding variables. This study offers a more holistic view of whether human capital influences …

What Hotel Attributes Matter? Understanding The Price Determinants In The Lodging Industry, Lan Jiang, Marcia H. Taylor

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

The major purposes of the empirical study are to investigate the price determinants in the lodging industry (i.e., hotel class, hotel operation, location, size, age, and seasonality) and to examine how these price determinants affect financial performance of the hotel. A quantitative method was used in this study, with 6,732 valid observations collected and analyzed. The findings suggested that hotel class, hotel operation, location, size, and seasonality are significant factors determining hotels’ average daily rate (ADR) and revenue per available room (RevPAR). The results have both theoretical and practical contributions. They not only broaden the existing lodging research but can …

Abstracts Of Presentations At The 2019 Annual IAhfme Research Symposium

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

No abstract provided.

Hotel Industry Performance In 2019-2020, Covid-19 Impact, And The Jhfm Index, Atul Sheel

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Employee Meals On Employee Satisfaction And Hotel Financial Performance: An Experimental Study, Luana Nanu, Cihan Cobanoglu, Ibrahim Hakan Yilmaz, Timucin Dis

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

It is common for hotel employees to receive several benefits tied to their workplace; in some cases these benefits are in a nonmonetary form. Several hotel companies, in both developing and eveloped countries, offer employee meals as a nonmonetary form of benefits. By using secondary data on employee satisfaction prior to and post staff cafeteria renovation, this study investigated the impact of employee meals on employee satisfaction and hotel financial performance. The findings showed a significant and robust correlation among the quality of the employee meals, employee satisfaction, and financial performance of the resort.

Food And Beverage Staffing Changes In Nevada Resorts After The Great Recession, Toni Repetti, Liheng Zhang

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

With profit margins averagins 5-7% and labor costs of 30-55% of revenue, restaurant managers need to carefully monitor expenses to maintain these already low profit margins. This study evaluates food and beverage departments within Nevada casinos from 2000 to 2018 to see if managers exhibited expense preference behavior prior to the Great Recession. Three models were tested: number of employees, salaries and wages, and total payroll. Results show that in all three models, there is a significant decrease postrecession versus prerecession, with a decrease of 12.8% in employees, 4.5% in salaries and wages, and 9.1% in total payroll. Only the …

International Association Of Hospitality Financial Management Educators (Iahfme) Academic Member 2019 Total Annual Earnings, Raymond S. Schmidgall

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

This study uses survey research to determine the 2019 annual earnings of hospitality financial management educators. Forty percent of iAHFME members affiliated with educational institutions responded. Survey results show that for 2019, annual base salaries of iAHFME members ranged from $72,000 to $200,000. The lowest-paid member was an assistant professor and the highest-paid member, a full professor. Many respondents supplemented their base salaries by teaching during summer school or consulting or both. The total annual earnings of iAHFME members ranged from $82,000 to $250,000. Survey results also show that hospitality financial management educators appear to be more highly compensated than …

Are We Keeping Our Cash In Our Hotels?, Agnes L. Defranco, Raymond S. Schmidgall

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Cash is often known as the most important asset of any business. Without cash, it is very difficult to sustain a business, let alone to grow it. This study therefore investigated the compilation and usage of the statement of cash flows and the cash budget in hotels. The former is a historical document recording how cash was accumulated and used in the previous accounting period while the latter is a forecast to plan for the use of cash in the future. Other cash management practices, ranging from deposits, cancellations, and penalties to a list of accounts receivable and accounts payable …

The Monitoring Effects Of Debt In The U.S. Restaurant Industry, Lan Jiang, Michael Dalbor

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

The issuance of debt is a monitoring mechanism. Whether the debt is from a private lender or is in the form of publicly traded bonds, both types of lenders expecct a return on their money (Jensen, 1986). Thus, while finding ways to increase sales is important, the control of expenses is paramount to the success of the firm and to be able to borrow more funds in the future. Using data from 111 restaurant companies is an effective monitoring agent and if it helps firm performance. Results reveal a significant relationship between a restaurant firm's expense ratio and its short-term, …

Cash In Hotels And Clubs: 2020 And Beyond, Agnes L. Defranco, Raymond S. Schmidgall

Journal of Hospitality Financial Management

Cash is the lifeblood of any business. Even if a business has cash but is not properly managed, the operation will suffer. One hundred and sixty clubs and hotels shared their accounts receivable and accounts payable practices. In addition, for the users and usage of the statement of cash flows and cash budgets, how often such statements are prepared are documented as points of comparison. It is found that both clubs and hotels view the cash budget more favorably than the statement of cash flows, and hotels are more vigilant, employing more practices to collect their accounts receivable. Managing the …

Do Real Estate Agents Have Information Advantages In Housing Markets?, Sumit Agarwal, Jia He, Tien Foo Sing, Changcheng Song

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

We use a large housing transaction data set in Singapore to study whether real estate agents use information advantages to buy houses at bargain prices. Agents bought their own houses at prices that are 2.54% lower than comparable houses bought by other buyers. Consistent with information asymmetries, agent buyers have more information advantages in less informative environments, and agent buyers are more likely to buy houses from agent sellers. Agent discounts are from both “cherry picking” and bargaining power, and bargaining power contributes more to the agent discounts. Agents’ advantage consists in their information of available houses and previous purchase …