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Articles 31 - 60 of 85
Full-Text Articles in Business
Going Green In The Coffee Business: A Stock Market Perspective, Jeffrey Spiletic
Going Green In The Coffee Business: A Stock Market Perspective, Jeffrey Spiletic
Accounting
Concern for the environment has been freely expressed by many individuals across the globe. Research has shown that customers, employees, and stockholders are more trustworthy of a company that practices socially responsible behavior. This paper will examine whether investors will prefer to invest in a company that has committed itself to reducing its environment footprint over a company that has done little or nothing to reduce its environmental impact. This will be done by comparing and contrasting the beta coefficients, share price movement, and the price to earnings ratio of two companies that differ in their attitude towards the environment. …
An Empirical Investigation Into The Informativeness Of Earnings, Joyce Tseng
An Empirical Investigation Into The Informativeness Of Earnings, Joyce Tseng
Accounting
Accounting earnings are widely used by investors, creditors and financial analysts as a measure of operating performance in valuing firms. However, accountants trade off relevance in decision making in favor of reliability in computing earnings. This study uses an analysis based on stock prices to examine the effectiveness of the earnings number in measuring the operating performance of a firm under different situations where it may be less accurate: when Research and Development Expense, Pension Expense, Special Items, and Income from Discontinued Operations are disproportionately large in magnitude. The results are generally consistent with my hypotheses. The results of this …
Are All Management Earnings Forecasts Created Equal? Expectations Management Versus Communication, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Are All Management Earnings Forecasts Created Equal? Expectations Management Versus Communication, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Accounting
Recent studies associate management earnings forecasts (MEFs) with expectations management. These studies, however, neither provide evidence on the extent and scope of expectations management through MEFs nor consider alternative incentives for issuing MEFs. Consequently, existing evidence does not help regulators assess whether MEFs effectively facilitate communication with investors. We investigate to what extent managers exploit their earnings forecasts as a tool of expectations management or as a communication device. By examining relations among MEFs, analysts' forecasts, and actual earnings, we classify MEFs into three incentive categories: (1) expectations management, (2) communication, and (3) other incentives. We find that a significant …
Analyst Vs. Market Forecasts Of Earnings Management To Avoid Small Losses, Michael Eames, Yongtae Kim
Analyst Vs. Market Forecasts Of Earnings Management To Avoid Small Losses, Michael Eames, Yongtae Kim
Accounting
Burgstahler and Eames (2003) present evidence that analysts commonly anticipate earnings management to avoid small losses, but often incorrectly predict its occurrence. Here we consider whether the market's behavior mimics that of analysts. Our results suggest that analysts exhibit more forecast optimism in their zero earnings forecasts than in their other small earnings forecast levels, and markets exhibit less relative optimism at this point. At the 271-360 day forecast horizon, we find a reduction in the earnings response coefficient at analysts' zero earnings forecasts and interpret this as reflecting less optimism in market earnings forecasts than in analyst forecasts when …
Perspectives On Eventual Ifrs Adoption, Annette Or
Perspectives On Eventual Ifrs Adoption, Annette Or
Accounting
Will the effects of eventual adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) be more positive or negative for practitioners and companies in the United States? How will IFRS affect stakeholders, including Chief Financial Officers (CFOs), investors, bankers, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), chairmen, taxpayers, Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), and publicly traded companies? This paper will discuss the challenges faced, the opinions regarding the transition process, and the implications of IFRS implementation.
Auditor Size Vs. Audit Quality: An Analysis Of Auditor Switches, Jackie Weiner
Auditor Size Vs. Audit Quality: An Analysis Of Auditor Switches, Jackie Weiner
Accounting
In recent years, there has been a debate over whether public companies should be required to have either a mandatory retention period or a mandatory rotation period for their external auditors. With all of the financial scandals that occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the idea of auditor switching has come to the forefront. There are some opponents to auditor switching when companies switch auditors due to opinion shopping. However, research has identified many other reasons for switching auditors, such as business growth or requirements for new audit procedures. When companies require more complex audits, it may become …
The Study On The Entry Mechanisms By Chinese Companies To The U.S. Market, Yingjie Zhang
The Study On The Entry Mechanisms By Chinese Companies To The U.S. Market, Yingjie Zhang
Accounting
These days, along with the rapid growth of China’s economy and active involvement around the world, We see booming Chinese companies traded on the international markets. This is an effective way for Chinese companies to raise worldwide capital. As more and more Chinese companies find their way to the U.S. market recently, they attract not only the investors’ attention but also the regulators’ attention. This paper examines the development of China’s economy and the Chinese companies on the U.S. market. It focuses on the three major entry mechanisms used by such companies.
The Debate Over The 150 Credit Requirement, Amy Wong
The Debate Over The 150 Credit Requirement, Amy Wong
Accounting
In 1983, Florida adopted a 150 credit hour rule in order for a CPA candidate to sit for the CPA exam. In 1989, the AICPA voted to recommend that all states follow Florida’s lead to adopt the 150-hour rule (Carpenter and Hock 2009). The events that led to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 raise the question of just how helpful those extra credits are in improving the knowledge of accounting professionals in their field. A previous study has shown that the 150-hour requirement does not affect pass rates (Allen and Woodland 2006). Another study has shown that when there was …
Does Eliminating The Form 20-F Reconciliation From Ifrs To U.S. Gaap Have Capital Market Consequences?, Yongtae Kim, Haidan Li, Siqi Li
Does Eliminating The Form 20-F Reconciliation From Ifrs To U.S. Gaap Have Capital Market Consequences?, Yongtae Kim, Haidan Li, Siqi Li
Accounting
This paper investigates the capital market consequences of the SEC's decision to eliminate the reconciliation requirement for cross-listed companies following International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We find no evidence that the elimination has a negative impact on firms' market liquidity or probability of informed trading (PIN). We also find no evidence of a significant impact on cost of equity, analyst forecasts, institutional ownership, stock price efficiency and synchronicity. Moreover, IFRS users do not increase disclosure frequency nor supply the reconciliation voluntarily. Our results do not support the argument that eliminating the reconciliation results in information loss or greater information asymmetry. …
Do Corporations Invest Enough In Environmental Responsibility?, Yongtae Kim, Meir Statman
Do Corporations Invest Enough In Environmental Responsibility?, Yongtae Kim, Meir Statman
Accounting
Proponents of corporate environmental responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too little in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by increasing their investment in environmental responsibility. Opponents of corporate social responsibility argue that corporations shortchange shareholders by investing too much in environmental responsibility. They claim that corporations can improve their financial performance by reducing their investment in environmental responsibility. Yet others claim that corporations serve their shareholders well by investing just enough in social responsibility, not too little and not too much. If so, corporations increase their investment in environmental responsibility when an …
Analyst Characteristics, Timing Of Forecast Revisions, And Analyst Forecasting Ability, Yongtae Kim, Gerald J. Lobo, Minsup Song
Analyst Characteristics, Timing Of Forecast Revisions, And Analyst Forecasting Ability, Yongtae Kim, Gerald J. Lobo, Minsup Song
Accounting
We first examine whether analysts with certain characteristics that prior research has identified are related to superior forecasting ability systematically time their forecast revisions later in the fiscal quarter. We then examine whether this superior ability persists after controlling for this timing advantage by using relative forecast error, a measure that largely eliminates the timing advantage of recent forecasts. Using a sample of quarterly earnings forecast revisions over the 20-year period from 1990 to 2009, we find that analysts with more firm-specific and general experience and more accurate prior-period forecasts, analysts employed by larger brokerage firms, and analysts who follow …
Revenue Recognition Of Gift Cards Complications Of Breakage Income, Matthew Hendricksoon
Revenue Recognition Of Gift Cards Complications Of Breakage Income, Matthew Hendricksoon
Accounting
Gift Cards are loved by both companies and customers. They are a large source of income and customers love their ease. However, regulation for reporting gift card income is something companies must pay close attention to. Companies must be concerned with recognition of breakage income as well as state escheatment laws. This paper will examine the current regulatory environment relating to gift card revenue as well as how companies are currently presenting this information to investors.
Polishing Diamonds In The Rough: The Sources Of Syndicated Venture Performance, Sanjiv R. Das, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Polishing Diamonds In The Rough: The Sources Of Syndicated Venture Performance, Sanjiv R. Das, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Accounting
Using an effort-sharing framework for VC syndicates, we assess how syndication impacts investment returns, chances of successful exit, and the time taken to exit. With data from 1980-2003, and applying apposite econometrics for endogeneity to these different performance measures, we are able to ascribe much of the better return to selection, with the value-addition by monitoring role significantly impacting the likelihood and time of exit. While the extant literature on Venture Capital (VC) syndication is divided about the relative importance of the "selection" and "value-add" hypotheses, we find that their roles are complementary.
A Re-Balanced Scorecard: A Strategic Approach To Enhance Managerial Performance In Complex Environments, Joseph H. Callaghan, Arline Savage, Steven Mintz
A Re-Balanced Scorecard: A Strategic Approach To Enhance Managerial Performance In Complex Environments, Joseph H. Callaghan, Arline Savage, Steven Mintz
Accounting
This paper is a proposal to develop conceptual and practical frameworks for evolving corporations seeking to improve their managerial performance in complex environments with actionable strategies for dealing with social, environmental and corporate governance issues. These frameworks are coalesced by social contract theory that extends the traditional view of the firm as a nexus of contracts to a broader view of the firm as a nexus of social contracts. A re-balanced scorecard is proposed to induce and evaluate management performance that captures important dimensions and aspects of the frameworks established for firms strategically choosing to change their long term objectives …
Equational Zero Vector Databases, Non-Equational Databases, And Inherent Internal Control, Roberta Ann Barra, Arline Savage, Jeff J. Tsay
Equational Zero Vector Databases, Non-Equational Databases, And Inherent Internal Control, Roberta Ann Barra, Arline Savage, Jeff J. Tsay
Accounting
Equational zero vector accounting systems, based on duality principles and the double-entry model, were designed as ontological control systems to help prevent and detect fraud and errors inherent in non-equational, single-entry systems. Non-equational systems lend themselves to fraud and errors to a larger degree because the internal control inherent in an equational zero vector system has no substitute. We use an analytical analysis methodology to show that an equational zero vector system provides superior inherent internal control over data completeness and data reliability. In the accounting information systems area, the most popular modern non-equational system, the resource-event-agent model, is increasingly …
Ethical Concerns About The Online Sale Of Instructor-Only Textbook Resources, Arline Savage, Mark G. Simkin
Ethical Concerns About The Online Sale Of Instructor-Only Textbook Resources, Arline Savage, Mark G. Simkin
Accounting
Yes, your test bank and solutions manual are for sale and it is very easy for your students to acquire them. Using a stakeholder framework, we analyze the ethical issues involved in acquiring, using, and distributing these instructional resources by individuals besides the professors for whom they are intended. We also discuss countermeasures that stakeholders might use to deal with this latest development.
Women Accountants In The 1880 Us Federal Census: A Genealogical Analysis, Diane H. Roberts
Women Accountants In The 1880 Us Federal Census: A Genealogical Analysis, Diane H. Roberts
Accounting
This historical census micro-data project examines the characteristics of women who self report as accountants in the 1880 US Federal Census. Using the data provided by the actual Census forms the demographic, familial, and economic characteristics of women accountants are examined and found to be quite different from the experience of accountants overall found by Lee [2007]. A fairly clear picture of a typical 1880 female accountant emerged and analysis of their multi-generational families gave insight into the changing occupational landscape of the period. Almost all women accountants were US born of US born parents and most did not migrate …
Market Uncertainty And Disclosure Of Internal Control Deficiencies Under The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Market Uncertainty And Disclosure Of Internal Control Deficiencies Under The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Accounting
This study examines cross-sectional differences in stock market reactions to the disclosure of internal control deficiencies under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We hypothesize that the market punishment for internal control problems will be less severe for internal control disclosure that helps reduce market uncertainty around the disclosure. We also predict that such a relation is dependent on the types of disclosure and the market's prior knowledge of the credibility of firms' financial reporting. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that when firms disclose their internal control deficiencies, their abnormal stock returns are negatively associated with changes in market …
Financial Management To Support Sustainability, Doug Cerf, Arline Savage
Financial Management To Support Sustainability, Doug Cerf, Arline Savage
Accounting
No abstract provided.
Teaching Freshman Business Students Ethics: A Case Study, John Koeplin
Teaching Freshman Business Students Ethics: A Case Study, John Koeplin
Accounting
Making ethical decisions is important for both personal and business situations. This case study suggests a different approach to educating business students about ethics and personal character. By exposing beginning business students to personal and business dilemmas, requiring reflection papers on their experiences, debating business and political issues, and through other activities such as discussion various business ethical dilemmas, students will become more sensitive to ethical issues and ideally see character development as something directly related to their studies. Additionally, by having students take this course in their first year of undergraduate studies, this will affect the context and experience …
Positive And Negative Information Transfers From Management Forecasts, Yongtae Kim, Michael Lacina, Myung Seok Park
Positive And Negative Information Transfers From Management Forecasts, Yongtae Kim, Michael Lacina, Myung Seok Park
Accounting
We examine positive and negative information transfers associated with management earnings and revenue forecasts. Positive information transfers are due to industry commonalities whereas negative information transfers are caused by competitive shifts. We argue that positive and negative intra-industry information transfers offset each other and lead to an overall finding of no information transfers even though they exist. We also conjecture that the type of information transfers from the same management forecast can be positive or negative based on the characteristics of the information receiver. We hypothesize positive information transfers to non-rival firms and negative information transfers to rivals. Consistent with …
Ethics And Disclosure: A Study Of The Financial Performance Of Firms In The Seasoned Equity Offerings Market, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Ethics And Disclosure: A Study Of The Financial Performance Of Firms In The Seasoned Equity Offerings Market, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Accounting
In this article, we examine the association between ethics and disclosure and the impact of this association on the long-term, post-issue performance of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We argue that firms with extensive disclosure are less likely to face information problems, and more likely to lead to active shareholder monitoring, and therefore, engage in fewer unethical activities, such as aggressive earnings manipulation, and have better long-term, post-issue performance. Consistent with these predictions, this study presents evidence that disclosure is negatively related to unethical earnings manipulation and positively associated with long-term, post-issue performance. In particular, we find that long-term, post-issue SEO …
An Investigation Of Real Estate Investment Decision-Making Practices, Edward J. Farragher, Arline Savage
An Investigation Of Real Estate Investment Decision-Making Practices, Edward J. Farragher, Arline Savage
Accounting
This survey investigation reports on the investment decision-making processes used by equity investors in real estate. The survey covers the entire investment decision-making process, from setting strategy to auditing operating performance. Respondents identify the most important stages of the process as searching for investment opportunities, forecasting expected returns, and evaluating forecasted returns. Most believe that individual project factors are more important than strategic and portfolio factors, and that returns should be measured on a before-tax cash flow basis and evaluated using discounted cash flow measures. Respondents are more concerned with project than portfolio risk and are unlikely to make a …
Bankruptcy Probability Changes And The Differential Informativeness Of Bond Upgrades And Downgrades, Yongtae Kim, Sandeep Nabar
Bankruptcy Probability Changes And The Differential Informativeness Of Bond Upgrades And Downgrades, Yongtae Kim, Sandeep Nabar
Accounting
Prior studies have found that stock returns around announcements of bond upgrades are insignificant, but that stock prices respond negatively to announcements of bond downgrades. This asymmetric stock market reaction suggests either that bond downgrades are timelier than upgrades, or that voluntary disclosures by managers preempt upgrades but not downgrades. This study investigates these conjectures by examining changes in firms' probabilities of bankruptcy (assessed using bankruptcy prediction models) and voluntary disclosure activity around rating change announcements. The results indicate that the assessed probability of bankruptcy decreases before bond upgrades, but not after. By contrast, the assessed probability of bankruptcy increases …
Making The Case For Sustainable Business Practices: An Introduction, Kathryn Lancaster
Making The Case For Sustainable Business Practices: An Introduction, Kathryn Lancaster
Accounting
No abstract provided.
Disclosure Frequency And Earnings Management, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Disclosure Frequency And Earnings Management, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim
Accounting
We examine the relation between disclosure frequency and earnings management,and the impact of this relation on post-issue performance, for a sample of seasoned equityofferings (SEOs). We contend that firms with extensive disclosure are less likely to faceinformation problems, leading to less earnings management and better post-issueperformance. Our results confirm that disclosure frequency is inversely related toearnings management and positively associated with post-issue performance. We alsofind that transparency-reducing disclosure is concentrated in firms that substantially, buttemporarily, increase disclosure prior to the offering. Such firms exhibit more earningsmanagement and poorer post-SEO stock performance, on average.JEL classification:G14; G24; G32; M41
Assessing The Control Environment Using A Balanced Scorecard Approach, Joseph H. Callaghan, Arline Savage, Steven Mintz
Assessing The Control Environment Using A Balanced Scorecard Approach, Joseph H. Callaghan, Arline Savage, Steven Mintz
Accounting
No abstract provided.
Underwriter Choice And Earnings Management: Evidence From Seasoned Equity Offerings, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Underwriter Choice And Earnings Management: Evidence From Seasoned Equity Offerings, Hoje Jo, Yongtae Kim, Myung Seok Park
Accounting
Using a sample of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), this paper examines the association between the choice of financial intermediary and earnings management. We contend that with more stringent standards for certification and intense monitoring, highly prestigious underwriters restrict firms' incentives for earnings management to protect their reputation and to avoid potential litigation risks, while firms with greater incentives for earnings management avoid strict monitoring by choosing low-quality underwriters. Consistent with our predictions, we find an inverse association between underwriter quality and issuers' earnings management. In addition, we find that underwriter quality is positively related to SEOs' post-issue performance, even after …
Sustainability Reporting Practices In Portugal: Greenwashing Or Triple Bottom Line?, Diane H. Roberts, John Koeplin
Sustainability Reporting Practices In Portugal: Greenwashing Or Triple Bottom Line?, Diane H. Roberts, John Koeplin
Accounting
This paper examines the status of sustainability reporting in Portugal. The Global Reporting Initiative's (GRI) guidelines for sustainability reporting is an initiative that attempts to create a paradigm of triple bottom line reporting that encompasses the economic, environmental, and social performance of business. Measurement and reporting of environmental and social aspects are in their infancy compared to financial/economic reporting. The objective of the GRI's framework is to elevate environmental and social reporting to the level of financial reporting by developing reporting principles and information qualities similar to those used in corporate financial reporting. In the post-Enron corporate reporting environment, such …
Auditor’S Independence: Increasing Expectations And Expanding Responsibilities In The Early 1930s, Diane H. Roberts
Auditor’S Independence: Increasing Expectations And Expanding Responsibilities In The Early 1930s, Diane H. Roberts
Accounting
Auditor independence is an aspect of professional ethics crucial to user confidence in contemporary times and the early 1930s. Primary sources that reflect the thinking of the leaders of the accounting profession in the United States are examined to determine the profession's stance on independence issues. The period examined begins with the stock market crash of October 1929 and ends with the American Institute of Accountants' (AIA) fiftieth anniversary meeting in 1937. Thus both events leading up to and immediately following the passage of US Federal Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 are examined. Although ownership interests in clients and …