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Articles 1 - 30 of 50
Full-Text Articles in Music Theory
Violin Intonation: The Connection Between The Violin’S Tuning System And Performance, Marion J. Johnson
Violin Intonation: The Connection Between The Violin’S Tuning System And Performance, Marion J. Johnson
Musical Offerings
The history of the violin’s intricate tuning system is rich with various pitch standards, the influence of musicians, and diversity of violin craftsmanship. The violin offers a wide array of tuning techniques, and even the smallest intonation adjustment can wildly impact the violin’s pitch and playability. Violinists possess an enormous capability to facilitate effective tuning in a solo and ensemble setting. The design of the instrument’s body, dating as far back as the early Renaissance and extending to the modern violin, impacts timbre, resonance, and string tension. Every detail of the violin, even those that may seem inconsequential, affects its …
Singing Planets Don't Sing; They Speak, Joanna R. Lauer
Singing Planets Don't Sing; They Speak, Joanna R. Lauer
Musical Offerings
Ancient Greek philosophers conceived a theory called Music of the Spheres. This ancient theory progressed for almost one thousand years before finally proving itself untrustworthy. However, this examination uncovers an overlooked fact: the large amount of natural order in sound and music existing before the creation of man. Scripture reveals that God is a God of order, and an extensive amount of natural order is found in the universe. Evidence points to God being the creator of the universe. Specific examples of such evidence are the inherent order of sound laid out in pitches, interval ratios, the overtone series, the …
Joyful, Joyful! The Musical Significance Of Beethoven's Ninth, Allison N. Zieg
Joyful, Joyful! The Musical Significance Of Beethoven's Ninth, Allison N. Zieg
Musical Offerings
Almost everyone is familiar with Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony and the famous four note motif that represents fate knocking at the door. His Third Symphony, or “The Heroic Symphony” that was originally written for Napoleon Bonaparte, enjoyed great success and helped shape the future of classical music. However, Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony which contains the well-known tune “Ode to Joy” most drastically impacted classical music’s future. Beethoven was a master at taking simple ideas and combining them with past musical traditions to create something extravagant and new. This is most evident in his Ninth Symphony. In this work, Beethoven did something that …
Medieval Methods: Guido D’Arezzo’S Innovative Approaches To Music Education, Lydia C. Kee
Medieval Methods: Guido D’Arezzo’S Innovative Approaches To Music Education, Lydia C. Kee
Musical Offerings
Music education has been influenced by many people throughout history, but arguably none of them have done so as much as the monk, Guido D’Arezzo. His teaching methods have been embraced and developed by music educators throughout the centuries. For example, it is recorded that Guido was the first to use the five-line staff as we use it today. This was especially groundbreaking in a world of rote memorization. Today it is used globally in music education. The roots of solfege are also found in Guido’s writings; his syllables have been adapted by Zoltan Kodály. Not only that, but John …
The Rise Of Opera In Monteverdi's Orfeo, Allison N. Zieg
The Rise Of Opera In Monteverdi's Orfeo, Allison N. Zieg
Musical Offerings
Late Renaissance composer Claudio Monteverdi is known by scholars as the father of opera. While Monteverdi did not directly invent the production, we honor him as the first to successfully produce three major operas that have survived to this day. His works set the stage for future opera composers, and he drastically influenced the rise of such a large scale production. He is most known for his opera "Orfeo," which has continued to be adapted to the modern stage, and performed frequently in several opera houses. What led to the creation of such an extravagant production and never before heard …
Re-Forming Music: Martin Luther’S Impact On Church Music Through The Lutheran Reformation, Soraya Peront
Re-Forming Music: Martin Luther’S Impact On Church Music Through The Lutheran Reformation, Soraya Peront
Musical Offerings
Martin Luther is regarded as a seminal figure in 16th-century Europe, having a profound impact on the development of the Protestant Church as it separated from the Roman Catholic Church. Though Luther is most commonly known for his theological influences during the time, his upbringing and musical education strongly influenced his theological beliefs. Not only did this result in a development of a new Christian denomination, but Luther permanently changed the way music was written and performed in the church. How is it, though, that we can credit this musical change to Luther? Through an examination of Luther’s musical understanding …
Hildegard: A Trailblazer?, Emilie Schulze
Hildegard: A Trailblazer?, Emilie Schulze
Musical Offerings
Hildegard von Bingen, a Christian mystic, influenced theology, philosophy, and music during the Middle Ages. Some people today claim her as a forerunner for women’s rights because her works gained such prominence people assume she had the authority to teach men in the church. However, this assertion places unnecessary strain on Hildegard, misreading her works and her place within the structure of the medieval Catholic church. Hildegard’s writings did not seek to equalize men and women. Rather, in her life and in her works, she appealed to her humility, virginity, and close relationship with the Holy Spirit to minister. This …
Johannes Brahms’S Horn Trio And Its Unique Place In The Chamber Music Repertoire, Chloë A. Sodonis
Johannes Brahms’S Horn Trio And Its Unique Place In The Chamber Music Repertoire, Chloë A. Sodonis
Musical Offerings
The purpose of this research is to explore the elements in Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Horn in E-flat Major, op. 40, that contribute to its unique position in the vast and revered library of chamber music. These include Brahms's use of folksong, five-measure phrases, a variation on sonata form, developing variation, emotional elements, and unique instrumentation. The German folk song, Es soll sich ja keiner mit der Liebe abgeben is almost identical to the opening fourth movement theme of the horn trio. Brahms incorporates portions of this melody throughout all four movements of his horn trio which demonstrates …
Fighting The Philistines: Robert Schumann And The Davidsbündler, Stephen J. White
Fighting The Philistines: Robert Schumann And The Davidsbündler, Stephen J. White
Musical Offerings
Robert Schumann was an eccentric composer and musical critic who influenced the Romantic-era musical community through the formation of the Davidsbündler. This “league of David” was Schumann’s idea of a musical society which exemplified a distinctly pure style of modern musical composition. The style of the Davidsbündler was based on the idea that music must reflect the personal life experiences of its composer. Needing a journal to publish musical writings of Davidsbündler, Schumann created the New Journal for Music. Having himself suffered from mental instability throughout his life, Schumann’s music often displayed unique levels of polarity and passion …
Henriette Renié: A Threefold Legacy, Jacy A. Stahlhut
Henriette Renié: A Threefold Legacy, Jacy A. Stahlhut
Musical Offerings
In 1810, Sébastien Érard patented a double-action mechanism that would dramatically alter the trajectory of the pedal harp. While this invention granted the harp a newfound voice in orchestral music, the harp still struggled to gain ground as a solo instrument. The harp’s increased complexity necessitated that harpists themselves explore the instrument’s abilities and demonstrate these to the musical world. It is to one such harpist, Henriette Renié, that the harp owes much of its credibility as an instrument worthy of the solo stage. From her prodigious beginnings at Paris Conservatoire, Renié’s concerts captivated musicians and the public alike. Her …
Gesualdo's Late Madrigal Style: Renaissance Or Baroque?, Landon K. Cina
Gesualdo's Late Madrigal Style: Renaissance Or Baroque?, Landon K. Cina
Musical Offerings
Carlo Gesualdo Prince of Venosa’s sixth and final book of Italian madrigals has puzzled scholars since its resurgence in the early twentieth century. Written during a transition between the Renaissance and Baroque periods, Gesualdo’s late madrigals present a musical style that seems to deny any attempt at precise classification with a stylistic movement. So where does Gesualdo’s astonishing style fit within its historical context? And what about his music has drawn the attention of so many scholars? By analyzing representative madrigals of the Mannerist style, a stylistic movement of the Late Renaissance, and the emerging Baroque style, one can understand …
The Compositions Of Thomas Tallis: How The English Reformation Informed His Style, Joshua L. Gore
The Compositions Of Thomas Tallis: How The English Reformation Informed His Style, Joshua L. Gore
Musical Offerings
Thomas Tallis, known by some as the "Father of English Church Music," accomplished one of the most impressive feats in the history of musical service: surviving in the Chapel Royal through the reigns of vastly different monarchs during one of the most volatile political climates in the country's history. A clear streak of pragmatism shines through this stability and success, but exactly how did that pragmatism demonstrate itself within his compositional style? Through exploration and analysis of Tallis's musical style in different political and religious periods, one discovers the answer to how he managed to navigate the winds of change …
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: A Composer On The Fault Line Of Ideological Change, Stephen J. White
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: A Composer On The Fault Line Of Ideological Change, Stephen J. White
Musical Offerings
While there has been a renewed interest in recent years on Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and his place as a transitional figure in Western music history, little academic thought is given to his musical philosophy. Emanuel’s father, Johann Sebastian Bach, taught him the German-Protestant view that the primary purpose of music was to highlight scripture. Through his education, Emanuel gained an appreciation for the secular philosophies of humanism and the Enlightenment. In contrast to J. S. Bach’s Protestant views, the philosophies of the Enlightenment asserted that the primary purpose of music was to highlight the essence of humanity through emotions …
Nuper Rosarum Flores: The Cathedral Conundrum, Jacy A. Stahlhut
Nuper Rosarum Flores: The Cathedral Conundrum, Jacy A. Stahlhut
Musical Offerings
In 1436, Pope Eugenius IV consecrated the newly-completed Santa Maria del Fiore, more commonly known as Florence Cathedral. The completion of the cathedral’s dome was an incredible feat of great significance to the city of Florence, whose cathedral had remained unfinished for over one hundred years, and the splendor of the dedication ceremony reflected this reality. Franco-Flemish composer Guillaume Dufay was commissioned to write a motet for the occasion, and the resulting work, Nuper rosarum flores, has sparked a great deal of controversy in the musicological realm. In 1973, musicologist Charles Warren claimed that the isorhythmic proportions of …
Gustav Mahler The Protomodernist, Austin M. Doub
Gustav Mahler The Protomodernist, Austin M. Doub
Musical Offerings
Steeped in a cultivated European tradition and burdened by several personal tragedies, Gustav Mahler undeniably shaped the course of classical music leading into the twentieth century. Holding fast to late Romantic stylistic conventions including complex rhythmic concepts, emotional and expansive melodies, and a strict adherence to form allowed the forward-thinking composer to seamlessly introduce modern elements into his symphonies. Through Mahler’s commanding symphonic output, the composer successfully maintained strong Austro-German stylistic principles while propelling the genre forward. In these symphonic writings, modern techniques of tonal decentralization, chromaticism, quotation, and paraphrasing are met with cohesive and compelling narratives to create balanced …
Understanding The Cultural And Nationalistic Impacts Of The Moguchaya Kuchka, Austin M. Doub
Understanding The Cultural And Nationalistic Impacts Of The Moguchaya Kuchka, Austin M. Doub
Musical Offerings
This paper explores Russian culture beginning in the mid nineteenth-century as the leading group of composers and musicians known as the moguchaya kuchka, or The Mighty Five, sought to influence Russian culture and develop a "pure" school of Russian music amid rampant westernization. Comprised of César Cui, Alexander Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, this group of inspired musicians opposed westernization and supported Official Nationalism by the incorporation of folklore, local village traditions, and promotion of their Tsar as a supreme political leader. In particular, the works of Balakirev, Cui, and Mussorgsky established cultural pride and contributed …
Emanuel Bach: A Composer Ahead Of His Time, Tyler Dellaperute
Emanuel Bach: A Composer Ahead Of His Time, Tyler Dellaperute
Musical Offerings
Up until recently, many musicologists perceived music history through the lens of what is known as the “linear view.” This is the idea that one “musical period” seamlessly gave way to another, with brief transitionary periods to bridge the gaps. As a result, composers were expected to fall neatly into categories depending on their chronological placement. For this reason, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the eldest son of J. S. Bach, was (and still is) regarded as merely the bridge between the late Baroque style and that of the Viennese Classicists. In the past half-century, however, scholars have begun to study …
Domenico Scarlatti: The Beginnings And Creation Of The Classical Piano Sonata, Megan R. Stuart
Domenico Scarlatti: The Beginnings And Creation Of The Classical Piano Sonata, Megan R. Stuart
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
The keyboard sonata is a musical work that many instrumentalists understand and have played at one point or another during their years of mastering their instruments. Many composers have tried their hand at writing a sonata and for some, their sonatas have been their crowning achievements. Some composers are more renowned for their sonatas compared to others, examples being Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Clementi, and Domenico Scarlatti. The sonata began to be developed during the Baroque era and even has its roots before this time, yet the largest development stage of the sonata is seen during the late Baroque era, especially …
The Battle Between Impeccable Intonation And Maximized Modulation, Timothy M. True
The Battle Between Impeccable Intonation And Maximized Modulation, Timothy M. True
Musical Offerings
Equal temperament represents a way of completing the musical circle, and systematically compensating for the Pythagorean comma. Pythagoras discovered this acoustical problem around 550 B.C., and since that time music theorists have debated how to deal with it. The problem is that no perfect solution exists—something must be compromised. As musical styles developed, specific factors and harmonic tendencies led to the gradual adoption of equal temperament. Early in music history, theorists preferred systems which kept acoustical purity relatively intact. Pythagorean intonation and just intonation serve as two examples. However, the move from modality to tonality decentralized the melody as the …
The Federal Music Project: An American Voice In Depression-Era Music, Audrey S. Rutt
The Federal Music Project: An American Voice In Depression-Era Music, Audrey S. Rutt
Musical Offerings
After World War I, America was musically transformed from an outsider in the European classical tradition into a country of musical vibrance and maturity. These great advances, however, were deeply threatened by the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the consequent Great Depression. The nation that, for the first time, was developing an international reputation in the arts now faced a crisis of how to support them. Government sponsorship of the arts through the New Deal Federal One projects allowed struggling artists to survive economically during this era. In the realm of music, however, the Federal Music Project (FMP) had …
Film Music And The Cinematic Experience, Brian Campbell
Film Music And The Cinematic Experience, Brian Campbell
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
Ever since the invention of cinema, film producers have always played music with movies. The addition of quality music to a well-crafted film can change the feel of the entire film. Over its one hundred and thirty years of existence, cinema has evolved into an extremely diverse art form that addresses a wide array of subjects. Given all these factors, this paper explores how film music is extremely diverse and can be used in a wide variety of ways to enhance, affect, and contribute to the way we experience a film. It explores storytelling methods as a narrative device, mood …
The Doctrine Of Affections: Emotion And Music, Kristen E. Jarboe
The Doctrine Of Affections: Emotion And Music, Kristen E. Jarboe
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
The Doctrine of Affections originated in and is interpreted into the musical realm of the Baroque Era in the music of Bach, Handel, and others. The Doctrine of Affections is a theory created in the Baroque era that seeks to explain the effect that music has on the body. It seeks to personify music, and prove that music itself has the ability to produce a particular feeling, independent of the listener. This theory assumes that music has the ability to be an emotion, and that the particular emotion is located in the properties of the music itself. Johann Mattheson, the …
The Unifying Strands: Formalism And Gestalt Theory In The Musical Philosophies Of Aristoxenus, Descartes, And Meyer, Amanda N. Staufer
The Unifying Strands: Formalism And Gestalt Theory In The Musical Philosophies Of Aristoxenus, Descartes, And Meyer, Amanda N. Staufer
Musical Offerings
In every age, philosophers deal with inquiries concerning musical meaning and the effect of music on the listener. Instead of answering the formidable question of musical meaning, this essay demonstrates the parallel aspects of three musical theories from ancient, Enlightenment, and modern times. Using the two criteria of musical formalism and Gestalt Theory, this essay systematically connects the philosophies of Aristoxenus of Tarentum, René Descartes, and Leonard Meyer. Musical formalism holds that music’s nature is innate, self-evident, able to be systematically deduced, and rational. According to formalism, musical meaning is defined by things objectively ‘there’ in the music, musical experience …
The Doctrine Of Affections: Where Art Meets Reason, Sharri K. Hall
The Doctrine Of Affections: Where Art Meets Reason, Sharri K. Hall
Musical Offerings
The Doctrine of Affections was a widespread understanding of music and musicality during the Baroque era. The Doctrine was a result of the philosophy of reason and science as it coincides with music. It aimed to reconcile what man knew about science and the human body, and what man thought he knew about music. It was a reconciliation of practical musicianship and theoretical music which had begun to rise in the time. Though it is generally understood as being apart from Enlightenment thinking, the Doctrine is a result of Enlightenment-style philosophy. As the Enlightenment sought to explain why things occurred …
The Partimento Tradition In The Shadow Of Enlightenment Thought, Deborah Longenecker
The Partimento Tradition In The Shadow Of Enlightenment Thought, Deborah Longenecker
Channels: Where Disciplines Meet
How did Enlightenment ideals influence seventeenth-century music theory and composition pedagogy? This article investigates the relationship between partimento pedagogy and Rameau’s music theories as influenced by Enlightenment thought. Current research on partimento has revealed its importance in Neapolitan music schools of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Along with counterpoint, partimento was a core subject in the study of composition in the Neapolitan schools; however, as pedagogy and theory began to be influenced by Enlightenment ideals such as the scientific method or a preference for clear systemization, the partimento tradition began to wane. Juxtaposing the Enlightenment ideals of Rameau’s music theory …
From Modal To Tonal: The Influence Of Monteverdi On Musical Development, Haley J. Perritt
From Modal To Tonal: The Influence Of Monteverdi On Musical Development, Haley J. Perritt
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
In efforts to prove the transition from modality to tonality in the late Renaissance era, this paper uses examples from the works of Monteverdi to reveal the shift to tonal music. By examining his background in music theory and his involvement within the church, it is evident that Monteverdi’s upbringing in music later affected his musical compositions. Being raised in Cremona, a city in close proximity with Milan, he was exposed to a wide variety of music and excellent instruction, especially from the church cantor Marc’ Antonio Ingegneri. Through score study and evaluation of Monteverdi’s early madrigals and his famous …
Film Score: The Romantic Ideal, Michael Carbaugh
Film Score: The Romantic Ideal, Michael Carbaugh
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
Though film scores bear the marks of modern music in many ways, they are, in themselves, a Romantic endeavor. In this paper, I will discuss the history and development of film score as a musical style. I will then discuss the modern elements of film score. Finally I will categorize film score as a Romantic endeavor and make some predictions based on the implications of this idea. This style developed during the 20th century, so it does indeed bear some marks of modern composition. The biggest influence form the modern era is simply the vast diversity in compositional approaches and …
A Blend Of Traditions: The Lute’S Influence On Seventeenth-Century Harpsichord Repertoire, Audrey S. Rutt
A Blend Of Traditions: The Lute’S Influence On Seventeenth-Century Harpsichord Repertoire, Audrey S. Rutt
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
The close relationship between the harpsichord and lute traditions is commonly claimed but rarely elaborated upon, and many experts disagree on the manner in and extent to which the two are related. Often, texts covering the early harpsichord literature will limit discussion of the lute’s influence to a brief mention of the style brisé, if the important connection between the two traditions is even mentioned all. The lute’s impact on the harpsichordists of the seventeenth century is not a facet that can be ignored; rather, an understanding of the lute tradition is essential to an understanding of the harpsichord tradition. …
The Partimento Tradition In The Shadow Of Enlightenment Thought, Deborah Longenecker
The Partimento Tradition In The Shadow Of Enlightenment Thought, Deborah Longenecker
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
This presentation investigates the relationship between partimento pedagogy and Rameau’s music theories as influenced by Enlightenment thought. Current research on partimento has revealed its importance in Neapolitan music schools of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Along with counterpoint, partimento was a core subject in the study of composition in the Neapolitan schools; however, as pedagogy and theory began to be influenced by Enlightenment ideals such as the scientific method or a preference for clear systemization, the partimento tradition began to wane. In this presentation, I examine Rameau’s music theory as an example of Enlightenment thought in music, juxtaposing the central …
The Doctrine Of Affections In Music: Where Art Meets Reason, Sharri K. Hall
The Doctrine Of Affections In Music: Where Art Meets Reason, Sharri K. Hall
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
The Doctrine of Affections was a widespread understanding of music and musicality during the Baroque era. The Doctrine was a result of the philosophy of reason and science as it coincides with music. It aimed to reconcile what man knew about science and the human body, and what man thought he knew about music. It was a reconciliation of practical musicianship and theoretical music which had begun to rise in the time. Though it is generally understood as being apart from Enlightenment thinking, the Doctrine is a result of Enlightenment-style philosophy. As the Enlightenment sought to explain why things occurred …