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Articles 1051 - 1080 of 1268

Full-Text Articles in Architecture

Development Of By-Pass Blending Station System, Mingsheng Liu, D. Barnes, K. Bunz, N. Rosnberry Jan 2003

Development Of By-Pass Blending Station System, Mingsheng Liu, D. Barnes, K. Bunz, N. Rosnberry

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

A new building blending station system named by-pass blending station (BBS) has been developed to reduce building pump energy consumption in both district heating and cooling systems. Theoretical investigation demonstrated that the BBS can significantly reduce building pump power for a typical cooling system when constant water flow is maintained in the building side. When differential pressure reset is applied in the building side, more pump energy can be saved. The BBS also reduces the pump size and therefore results in lower initial system cost. A case study was also performed and demonstrated 42% of annual chilled water pump energy …

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Acoustic Communication In Panthera Tigris: A Study Of Tiger Vocalization And Auditory Receptivity, Edward J. Walsh, Lily M. Wang, Douglas L. Armstrong, Thomas Curro, Lee G. Simmons, Joann Mcgee Jan 2003

Acoustic Communication In Panthera Tigris: A Study Of Tiger Vocalization And Auditory Receptivity, Edward J. Walsh, Lily M. Wang, Douglas L. Armstrong, Thomas Curro, Lee G. Simmons, Joann Mcgee

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

To adults and children alike, tigers are one of the best-known members of the animal kingdom. It may be surprising, then, to learn that we have a lot to discover about their hearing and the acoustics of their vocalizations. To help fill in the gaps in our knowledge, we are in the midst of a study that is focused on the characterization of the vocal properties and hearing capabilities of a subset of surviving tiger subspecies, namely the Siberian, Bengal, Sumatran and the Indochinese tigers. We are hoping that our findings will not only add to a deeper understanding of …

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Integrated Chiller System Reduce Building Operation And Maintenance Costs In Cold Climates, N. Sheets, Mingsheng Liu Jan 2003

Integrated Chiller System Reduce Building Operation And Maintenance Costs In Cold Climates, N. Sheets, Mingsheng Liu

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Although water-cooled chillers are more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers, a majority of chilled water systems use air-cooled chillers. In cold weather climates, air-cooled chillers are capable of functioning in low ambient temperatures with few operational concerns, where as water-cooled chiller systems must be equipped to prevent cooling tower freezing. The integrated chiller system attempts to take advantage of each chiller’s strengths and eliminate any cold weather operational concerns. An integrated chiller system includes a cooling tower and air-cooled condenser. During the summer, both the cooling tower and air condenser can be operated. In cold weather, the cooling tower is …

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Improving Building Control And System Operation Through The Continuous Commissioning® Process: A Case Study, Nathan Redmann, Mingsheng Liu Jan 2003

Improving Building Control And System Operation Through The Continuous Commissioning® Process: A Case Study, Nathan Redmann, Mingsheng Liu

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Utilization of the Continuous Commissioning® process is presented in the case of the Consolidated Mission Support Center office building at Travis Air Force Base in Travis, California. The CC® process was applied to the building in early 2003. The examination of the heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) and control systems revealed several areas where considerable improvement could be made, including air handling unit (AHU) operational parameters, terminal box and water loop operation, and Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) functionality. It also aided in the identification of mechanical systems needing repair. The optimization of the HVAC systems and …

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Strengthening And Load Testing Of Three Bridges In Boone County, Missouri, S. Schiebel, R. Parretti, Antonio Nanni, M. Huck Nov 2002

Strengthening And Load Testing Of Three Bridges In Boone County, Missouri, S. Schiebel, R. Parretti, Antonio Nanni, M. Huck

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Three bridges in Boone County, Missouri - Brown School Road, Coats Lane, and Creasy Springs Bridges - were selected for strengthening with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer laminates in both shear and flexure. The objective of the rehabilitation program was to remove the 15-ton load posting that had been imposed on each of the bridges. To verify the results of the upgrade, load tests were performed before and after strengthening on two of the bridges - Brown School Road and Coats Lane Bridges. This paper presents the procedures followed in the design, installation, and load testing of the bridges. A recommendation regarding the …

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Review Of Stabilization Of Clays And Expansive Soils In Pavements And Lightly Loaded Structures - History, Practice, And Future, Thomas M. Petry, Dallas N. Little Nov 2002

Review Of Stabilization Of Clays And Expansive Soils In Pavements And Lightly Loaded Structures - History, Practice, And Future, Thomas M. Petry, Dallas N. Little

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Expansive clay soils-those that change significantly in volume with changes in water content-are the cause of distortions to structures that cost taxpayers several billion dollars annually in the United States. Much has been learned about their behavior over the past 60 years, and relatively successful methods have been developed to modify and stabilize them. This paper reviews some of the key advances developed over the past 60 years in improving our understanding of the nature and methods of modifying and stabilizing expansive clay soils. The state of the practice in stabilization is presented, and practical and research needs to help …

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Strengthening Of Short Shear Span Reinforced Concrete T Joists With Fiber-Reinforced Plasic Composites, Francesco Micelli, Raghu H. Annaiah, Antonio Nanni Nov 2002

Strengthening Of Short Shear Span Reinforced Concrete T Joists With Fiber-Reinforced Plasic Composites, Francesco Micelli, Raghu H. Annaiah, Antonio Nanni

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this work, the results of an experimental study conducted in a 1964-vintage building are presented. Twelve reinforced concrete (RC) T-joists strengthened with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites were loaded until failure in a short shear span configuration. Different strengthening schemes, including different FRP materials and a new FRP anchorage system, were adopted in order to compare the performance of the different installations. Carbon FRP and aramid FRP sheets in an epoxy matrix were bonded to the RC joists using the wet layup technique. All of the joists were loaded close to one end support and showed similar cracking patterns at …

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Comparison Of Radiated Power From Structurally Different Violins, Lily M. Wang, Courtney B. Burroughs Nov 2002

Comparison Of Radiated Power From Structurally Different Violins, Lily M. Wang, Courtney B. Burroughs

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

The acoustic power has been determined from intensity measurements on three structurally different violins: a Scherl and Roth student violin, Hutchins' SUS29S, and Hutchins' mezzo violin SUS 100. While each violin was bowed with an open-frame mechanical bowing machine, the intensity measurements were made by scanning each side of the bowing machine with an intensity probe. One-third octave band sound power levels of the acoustic radiation from each of the three instruments as each of the four open strings is bowed show that the structurally different mezzo violin produces greater power at low frequencies when the lowest (G) string is …

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Evaluation And Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strengthening Of Existing Garage: Case Study, Milan Vatovec, Paul L. Kelley, Tarek Alkhrdaji, Antonio Nanni Aug 2002

Evaluation And Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strengthening Of Existing Garage: Case Study, Milan Vatovec, Paul L. Kelley, Tarek Alkhrdaji, Antonio Nanni

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The concrete-repair fiber reinforced polymer technology emerged in the United States during the past 10 years. Since 1995, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been applied to strengthen concrete decks of a troubled posttensioned garage in Atlanta. During the construction of the garage, design deficiencies were found. A remedial repair, involving heavily reinforced, 7.6 cm (3 in.) thick Gunite (Shotcrete) beams, applied to the underside of the slab between drop panels in the east-west (E-W) direction, was developed in 1984. Since then, delamination of Gunite beams and other structural problems repeatedly occurred. Epoxy injection and other limited repairs were done …

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Strength And Modulus Degradation Of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates From Fiber Misalignment, Xinbao Yang, Antonio Nanni, Stephen B. Haug, Chung Leung Sun Jul 2002

Strength And Modulus Degradation Of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates From Fiber Misalignment, Xinbao Yang, Antonio Nanni, Stephen B. Haug, Chung Leung Sun

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates are being used as external reinforcement for strengthening concrete members. The performance of unidirectional FRP laminates is highly dependent on fiber orientation with respect to applied load direction. In the case of fabrication by manual layup, it is possible to have fiber plies installed with improper orientation. In this project, the degradation of strength and modulus of carbon FRP laminates from fiber misalignment was investigated experimentally using tensile coupons. The specimens consisted of one and two plies of unidirectional carbon FRP impregnated with a two-component epoxy. The misalignment angles varied from 0 to 40° for the …

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Formal Engineering Of Residential Buildings, Joseph E. Minor Jun 2002

Formal Engineering Of Residential Buildings, Joseph E. Minor

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The performance of residential buildings during hurricanes is as important as the performance of other buildings. Buildings where people live and where they are likely to be when a hurricane strike must survive. If this premise is accepted, it follows that residential buildings should be afforded a degree of engineering attention that is commensurate with that given to industrial and commercial buildings. Building code authorities have not been blind to this need. In new procedures adopted for hurricane zones in the United States, common sizes and geometric shapes of timber and masonry residential buildings are formally engineered, and associated construction …

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Bending Strength Of Hybrid Cold-Formed Steel Beams, Chi Ling Pan, Wei Wen Yu May 2002

Bending Strength Of Hybrid Cold-Formed Steel Beams, Chi Ling Pan, Wei Wen Yu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

For the purpose of determining the load-carrying capacity of cold-formed steel structural members, the effective width approach has been used. Since most studies were limited only to the structural members, which were assembled from the same material in a given section, this investigation was concentrated on a study of structural strength and behavior of hybrid cold-formed steel beams subjected dynamic loads. An investigation was also conducted to study the validity of effective design width formulas for the design of these specimens. The materials used in this study were 25 AK and 50 SK sheet steels. A total of 72 spot-welded …

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Rehabilitation Of Rectangular Simply Supported Rc Beams With Shear Deficiencies Using Cfrp Composites, Ahmed Khalifa, Antonio Nanni Apr 2002

Rehabilitation Of Rectangular Simply Supported Rc Beams With Shear Deficiencies Using Cfrp Composites, Ahmed Khalifa, Antonio Nanni

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The present study examines the shear performance and modes of failure of rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed with shear deficiencies. These members were strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and evaluated in the laboratory. The experimental program consisted of twelve full-scale RC beams tested to fail in shear. The variables investigated within this program included steel stirrups, and the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, as well as amount and distribution of CFRP. The experimental results indicated that the contribution of externally bonded CFRP to the shear capacity was significant. The shear capacity was also …

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Effect Of Ph And Gas-Phase Ozone Concentration On The Decolorization Of Common Textile Dyes, Craig D. Adams, Steven Gorg Mar 2002

Effect Of Ph And Gas-Phase Ozone Concentration On The Decolorization Of Common Textile Dyes, Craig D. Adams, Steven Gorg

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the effect of pH (2, 5, and 9) and gas-phase ozone concentration (1, 7, and 11 wt. %) on the decolorization efficiency via ozonation for seven common textile dyes. Higher gas-phase ozone concentrations resulted in higher decolorization rates due to more rapid ozone transfer. Higher gas-phase ozone concentration, however, was also observed to have a positive, neutral, or negative effect on ozone dose requirements for different dyes. In general, greater ozone utilization efficiency was achieved at lower pH levels where direct ozone reactions predominate. It was observed that because ozonation …

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Removal Of Antibiotics From Surface And Distilled Water In Conventional Water Treatment Processes, Craig D. Adams, Yang Wang, K. Loftin, M. Meyer Mar 2002

Removal Of Antibiotics From Surface And Distilled Water In Conventional Water Treatment Processes, Craig D. Adams, Yang Wang, K. Loftin, M. Meyer

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Conventional drinking water treatment processes were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled/ deionized water and Missouri River water with the studied compounds. Sorption on Calgon WPH powdered activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with chlorine and ozone under typical plant conditions were all shown to be effective in removing the studied antibiotics. Conversely, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, ultraviolet irradiation at disinfection dosages, and …

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Optimal Placement Of Dampers And Actuators Based On Stochastic Approach, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang, Xiaozhe Zhang Jan 2002

Optimal Placement Of Dampers And Actuators Based On Stochastic Approach, Franklin Y. Cheng, Hongping Jiang, Xiaozhe Zhang

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A general method is developed for optimal application of dampers and actuators by installing them at optimal location on seismic-resistant structures. The study includes development of a statistical criterion, formulation of a general optimization problem and establishment of a solution procedure. Numerical analysis of the seismic response in time-history of controlled structures is used to verify the proposed method for optimal device application and to demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic response control with optimal device location. This study shows that the proposed method for the optimal device application is simple and general, and that the optimally applied dampers and actuators …

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Behavior Of Screw Connections In Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, M. A. Sokol Jan 2002

Behavior Of Screw Connections In Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, M. A. Sokol

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Self-drilling screws are the primary means of fastening cold-formed steel members in residential construction. Because the fabrication of connections is the most labor-intensive aspect of the construction process, a better understanding of the behavior of screw connections could lead to more optimum connection design. Therefore, studies have been performed at the University of Missouri-Rolla aimed at developing a better understanding of the behavior of single-shear connections using self-drilling screws in cold-formed steel construction. The study's focus was on design parameters typically employed in residential construction. Fastener patterns, screw spacing, stripped screws, and the number of screws in a connection was …

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Finite Element Assessment Of The Effects Of Seismic Loading Rate On Soil Liquefaction, Radu Popescu Jan 2002

Finite Element Assessment Of The Effects Of Seismic Loading Rate On Soil Liquefaction, Radu Popescu

Architectural Engineering

The influence of frequency content of seismic excitation on the extent and pattern of pore-water pressure build-up in saturated soil deposits is addressed. Seismic acceleration time histories are generated as uniformly modulated nonstationary stochastic processes, in accordance with prescribed response spectra and prescribed modulating functions. Based on numerical examples, it is shown that the interplay between the frequency content of seismic excitation and the dynamic characteristics of the soil system and their evolution during and after the earthquake have important implications on the dynamic response.Key words: seismic motion, frequency content, finite elements, soil dynamics.

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Biological Fixed Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Ellen England Jan 2002

Biological Fixed Film Systems, Mark W. Fitch, Ellen England

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

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Variable Speed Drive (Vsd) Applications In Dual-Duct Constant Volume Systems, Ik-Seong Joo, Mingsheng Liu, Kirk Conger, Gang Wang Jan 2002

Variable Speed Drive (Vsd) Applications In Dual-Duct Constant Volume Systems, Ik-Seong Joo, Mingsheng Liu, Kirk Conger, Gang Wang

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Models have been developed for static pressure and potential supply fan energy savings by using variable speed drive (VSD) in dual-duct constant volume systems. Experiments have been performed using a full size dual-duct constant volume system installed in a 68,000 ft2 (6,317 m2) office and classroom building. The measured static pressure variations and the energy savings agree with the model projected values. The VSD saves the fan power by as much as 35%, reduces the total airflow by 15%, and decreases the excessive static pressure on the terminal box dampers. This paper presents the systems models, the …

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Smooth Static And Dynamic Indentation Of A Cantilever Beam, Minggang Zhou, William P. Schonberg Dec 2001

Smooth Static And Dynamic Indentation Of A Cantilever Beam, Minggang Zhou, William P. Schonberg

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The static and dynamic indentation of structural elements such as beams and plates continue to be intriguing problems, especially for scenarios where large area contacts are expected to occur. Standard methods of indentation analyses use a beam theory solution to obtain an overall load-displacement relationship and then a Hertzian contact solution to calculate local stresses under the indenter. However, these techniques are only applicable in a fairly limited class of problems: the stress distribution in the contact region will differ significantly from a Hertzian one when the contact length exceeds the thickness of the beam. The indentation models developed herein …

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Practical Issues For The Application Of High-Performance Concrete To Highway Structures, John J. Myers, Yumin Yang Nov 2001

Practical Issues For The Application Of High-Performance Concrete To Highway Structures, John J. Myers, Yumin Yang

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In recent years, the advantages of high-performance concrete (HPC) have been well documented. Among others, these advantages include enhanced design flexibility and improved durability performance that results in reduced maintenance costs and an increased service life. Despite these obvious benefits, the implementation of HPC has been very slow. This can be attributed to several factors including the uncertainty related to current design codes and a lack of familiarity of designers and contractors with practices and requirements for proper design and construction of high-performance concrete structures. This paper introduces and discusses several fundamental issues that affect the implementation of HPC and …

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Bridge Lifetime System Reliability Under Multiple Limit States, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol Oct 2001

Bridge Lifetime System Reliability Under Multiple Limit States, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol

Architectural Engineering

A system reliability approach to minimizing the life-cycle cost of a deteriorating structure offers significant advantages such as a rational assessment of the assumed risk of failure, and an understanding of the importance and contribution of individual components to the overall reliability of the structure. The reliability of a structural system as a whole is the measure of its overall performance. This measure has to include both ultimate and serviceability limit states. A system model of a structure traditionally consists of a series-parallel combination of strength-based component limit states. Serviceability limit states however, can play a tremendously important role in …

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Pilot Study: Lateral Braced C-Sections Under Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube Oct 2001

Pilot Study: Lateral Braced C-Sections Under Bending, B. Beshara, Roger A. Laboube

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The overall behavior under uniform load of cold-formed steel C-sections assemblies was investigated. Each test assembly consisted of C-sections acting as beams having a track section to restrain its ends. A lateral brace to restrain the C-sections from rotation was provided at mid-span. To better understand the influence of the brace on the flexural behavior, an experimental investigation was carried out with particular emphasis placed on the study of the effect of the mid-span brace connection when wallboard was attached to the tension flange. The tested moment capacities are compared to predictions based on the 1996 edition American Iron and …

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Inside Unlv, Carol C. Harter, Betty Biodgett Sep 2001

Inside Unlv, Carol C. Harter, Betty Biodgett

Inside UNLV

No abstract provided.

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Minimim Expected Cost-Oriented Optimal Maintenance Planning For Deteriorating Structures: Application To Concrete Bridge Decks, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol Sep 2001

Minimim Expected Cost-Oriented Optimal Maintenance Planning For Deteriorating Structures: Application To Concrete Bridge Decks, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol

Architectural Engineering

Civil engineering structures are designed to serve the public and often must perform safely for decades. No matter how well they are designed, all civil engineering structures will deteriorate over time and lifetime maintenance expenses represent a substantial portion of the total lifetime cost of most structures. It is difficult to make a reliable prediction of this cost when the future is unknown and structural deterioration and behavior are assumed from a mathematical model or previous experience. An optimal maintenance program is the key to making appropriate decisions at the right time to minimize cost and maintain an appropriate level …

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Benzene Toxicity And Removal In Laboratory Phytoremediation Studies, Joel Gerard Burken, Carla Ross, Lisa M. Harrison, Adrian Marsh, Lars Zetterstrom, Juel S. Gibbons Jul 2001

Benzene Toxicity And Removal In Laboratory Phytoremediation Studies, Joel Gerard Burken, Carla Ross, Lisa M. Harrison, Adrian Marsh, Lars Zetterstrom, Juel S. Gibbons

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hybrid Poplar Cuttings Were Shown to Impact the Fate and Transport of Subsurface Benzene, While Toxicity to the Poplars Was Not Observed. Laboratory Experiments Investigated the Toxicity Response of Poplar Cuttings to Benzene Exposure, Contaminant Distribution in Plant Tissues, Contaminant Degradation in the Soil Profile, and Contaminant Volatilization from the Soil and Plant Tissues. Two Separate Studies Were Conducted to Evaluate These Parameters. the First Study Examined the Toxicity of Benzene to Hybrid Poplar Cuttings in Batch Reactors. Poplar Cuttings Were Exposed to Various Concentrations of Benzene Contaminated Water in Two Different Types of Soil. Transpiration Rates Were Measured as …

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Acoustic Radiation From Bowed Violins, Lily M. Wang, Courtney B. Burroughs Jul 2001

Acoustic Radiation From Bowed Violins, Lily M. Wang, Courtney B. Burroughs

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) is applied to visualize the acoustic radiation from bowed violins across a frequency range from 294 Hz to 3 kHz. These visualizations are employed to localize regions of acoustic radiation from surfaces of violins. Three violins were tested: a common student instrument by Scherl and Roth; Hutchins violin SUS295, which has been the subject of many previous investigations; and a Hutchins mezzo violin from the Violin Octet set of instruments, which is longer, broader and thinner than a standard instrument. The violins were bowed continuously with an open-frame mechanical bowing machine, while NAH measurements were made …

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Using Condition Index Inspection Results To Update The Reliability Of Miter Gates For Navigation Locks, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol, Stuart D. Foltz May 2001

Using Condition Index Inspection Results To Update The Reliability Of Miter Gates For Navigation Locks, Allen C. Estes, Dan M. Frangopol, Stuart D. Foltz

Architectural Engineering

In an effort to ensure public safety, many civil engineering structures undergo various inspections to assess their condition or performance. Comprehensive procedures for using routine inspection data to update reliability assessments have not been developed. This paper illustrates how the Condition Index inspection data from a specific miter gate on a Corps of Engineers navigation lock can be modified and used for this purpose.

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Strain Rate And Aging Effect On The Mechanical Properties Of Sheet Steels, Chi Ling Pan, Shaojie Wu, Wei Wen Yu May 2001

Strain Rate And Aging Effect On The Mechanical Properties Of Sheet Steels, Chi Ling Pan, Shaojie Wu, Wei Wen Yu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study was primarily involved with the experimental determination of the dynamic mechanical properties of five different sheet steels. The nominal yield strengths of these five types of sheet steels ranged from 172 to 690 MPa (25-100 ksi) and the range of strain rates varied from 10-4 to 1.0 mm/mm/s. All these five materials were studied in both longitudinal and transverse directions under various strain rates, and some materials were also tested under different strain rates and different amounts of prior cold stretching. In addition, two types of steels were tested to estimate the aging effect on the mechanical properties …

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