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Investigating The Effect Of Photographic Representations On Scores Of The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39 For People With Moderate To Severe Aphasia, Samantha Studrawa
Investigating The Effect Of Photographic Representations On Scores Of The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39 For People With Moderate To Severe Aphasia, Samantha Studrawa
LSU Master's Theses
Background: The Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life-39 (SAQOL-39) is a valid and reliable measure of quality of life (QOL) for stroke survivors and people with mild-to-moderate aphasia However, it could not be validated for people with severe aphasia due to their language deficits. Research has shown that combining pictures with written text can support communication effectiveness of people with aphasia. Combining language modalities in this way is a form of alternative or augmentative communication (AAC). The use of AAC has been explored as a possibility to improve communication for people with severe aphasia (Dietz, McKelvey & Beukelman, 2006). Aim: …
Reliability Of Subjective Endoscopic Parameters In The Differentiation Of Essential Voice Tremor And Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Using High-Speed Videoendoscopy, Lindsey A. Parker
Reliability Of Subjective Endoscopic Parameters In The Differentiation Of Essential Voice Tremor And Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Using High-Speed Videoendoscopy, Lindsey A. Parker
LSU Master's Theses
Certain neurogenic voice disorders present with similar or overlapping audio perceptual voice characteristics. Developing reliable and standardized perceptual measures of vocal fold vibratory characteristics for such voice disorders can enable accurate diagnosis and lead to faster, targeted treatment. In this study, subjective perceptual vocal fold vibratory characteristics and the presence and absence of supraglottic events during phonation were investigated to differentiate between Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia (ADSD) and Essential Vocal Fold Tremor (EVT) using high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV). The specific aims of the study were to 1) assess which subjective endoscopic vocal fold vibratory measures differentiate EVT from AdSD; and 2) assess …
Acoustic Realization Of Contrastive Stress In Individuals With Parkinson's Disease, Ana Maria Gaviria
Acoustic Realization Of Contrastive Stress In Individuals With Parkinson's Disease, Ana Maria Gaviria
LSU Master's Theses
This study investigated the acoustic correlates of contrastive stress produced by individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to learn more about their ability to modulate acoustic cues to mark contrastive stress. Speech materials from 10 individuals with PD and 10 gender- and age-matched neurologically healthy controls (HC) were recorded and analyzed. The four acoustic measures (peak intensity, peak F0, vowel duration, and acoustic vowel space area) of stressed and unstressed syllables were compared to determine which acoustic parameters are preferentially employed by each group to mark contrastive stress. The results indicated that individuals with PD exhibited significant changes in vowel duration …
Improving The Reliability Of Caregivers' Responses On The Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scales (It-Mais) Via Video, Chelsi Meagan Gibbons
Improving The Reliability Of Caregivers' Responses On The Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scales (It-Mais) Via Video, Chelsi Meagan Gibbons
LSU Master's Theses
The IT-MAIS is a caregiver-report tool used to assess a child’s functional auditory development pre- and post-implantation (Zimmerman-Phillips, et al., 2001) and as a measure of functional auditory behaviors in studies exploring cochlear implant (CI) candidacy (Barker, Kenworthy, & Walker, 2011; Franz 2002; Osberger, Zimmerman-Phillips, & Koch, 2002). However it lacks psychometric analysis of its overall reliability and validity, which are essential in determining the strength of the IT-MAIS’ conclusions in determining the direction of a child’s clinical intervention outcomes. Barker, Donovan, Schubert, and Walker (2013) showed in their longitudinal study that caregivers did not predictably respond to items from …
The Effects Of Using Morphophonic Faces As A Method For Teaching Sight Words To Low-Performing Kindergartners, Ashley Alexandra Brown
The Effects Of Using Morphophonic Faces As A Method For Teaching Sight Words To Low-Performing Kindergartners, Ashley Alexandra Brown
LSU Master's Theses
Five kindergarten subjects who had no known disabilities, but were identified as low beginning readers received intervention using both Plain Word Cards (PWC) and pictured word cards, termed MorphoPhonic Faces (MPF). A group of eight words were presented as printed word cards and a comparable group of eight words were presented as MPF. Results revealed that MPF did not hold an advantage for learning and retaining sight words compared to the plain print words. Improvements in sight word training corresponded in time with improved skills underlying the alphabetic principle, including phonological awareness skills and letter-sound learning, as well as emerging …
"Mais, You Talk Like Me? /Ju Ra:/": Kindergarteners' Use Of Five Cajun English Phonological Features, Hannah Joy Smitherman
"Mais, You Talk Like Me? /Ju Ra:/": Kindergarteners' Use Of Five Cajun English Phonological Features, Hannah Joy Smitherman
LSU Master's Theses
Cajun English (CE) is an understudied dialect that is spoken in and around the Acadian triangle of Louisiana. Of the studies that exist, almost all have been completed with adults. The purpose of the current study was to determine if children whose parents have identified their family as Cajun use five phonological features of CE (/t, d/ for /θ, ð/, nonaspirated /p, t, k/, heavy vowel nasalization, monophthongization, and glide weakening on vowels) more frequently than those identified as non-Cajun. The participants were 11 kindergarteners who were identified as Cajun or non-Cajun and who resided in Assumption Parish in rural …
Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39: Investigating Preliminary Content Validity Of Picture Representations By People With Mild To Moderate Aphasia, Lea Jane Heise-Jensen
Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39: Investigating Preliminary Content Validity Of Picture Representations By People With Mild To Moderate Aphasia, Lea Jane Heise-Jensen
LSU Master's Theses
Speech-language pathologists must consider the clients’ quality of life (QoL) to provide effective and meaningful evidence-based treatment (ASHA, 2005). Quality of life assessment goes beyond language impairments and is often a key part of planning intervention. However, few QoL measures exist for people with aphasia (PWA). The Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39; Hilari, 2003) is one of the few valid and reliable measures used to assess QoL in people with mild to moderate aphasia. However, the validity and reliability of the SAQOL-39 has not been established for individuals with severe aphasia who are unable to read and …
Evaluating The Effects Of Dialect On Kindergartners' Use Of Three Grammatical Structures In Narratives, Andromeda Patrice Love
Evaluating The Effects Of Dialect On Kindergartners' Use Of Three Grammatical Structures In Narratives, Andromeda Patrice Love
LSU Master's Theses
The aim of this study was to determine if dialect status has an effect on the frequency at which kindergarteners produce nonmainstream English markings for regular third person, IS and ARE, and regular past tense when producing oral narratives. Specifically, I wished to determine if child speakers of African American English (AAE) and child speakers of Southern White English (SWE) mark these structures with nonmainstream English forms at different rates. The narrative data came from language samples that had been previously collected from twenty kindergarten speakers of AAE and twenty kindergarten speakers of SWE. All of the children were recruited …
Effect Of Rate Reduction On Speech Intelligibility In Individuals With Dysarthria, Zachary Hall
Effect Of Rate Reduction On Speech Intelligibility In Individuals With Dysarthria, Zachary Hall
LSU Master's Theses
This study examined how speech rate reduction affects speech intelligibility in speakers with dysarthria associated with diverse neurological conditions. Three speakers with dysarthria were recorded reading a paragraph using conversational and reduced speech rates. The samples of both the conversational and slow rates were digitally edited to include silent pauses at the speakers’ natural breaks. The samples were then segmented into breath group utterances. Five samples with the greatest rate reductions from each speaker were used as stimuli, each presented in four rate conditions: conversational, slow, synthesized conversational, and synthesized slow. The listeners rated the intelligibility of 60 samples using …
Differentiation Of Voice Disorders Using Objective Parameters From Harmonic Waveform Modeling In High-Speed Digital Imaging, Aimee Elaine Perkins
Differentiation Of Voice Disorders Using Objective Parameters From Harmonic Waveform Modeling In High-Speed Digital Imaging, Aimee Elaine Perkins
LSU Master's Theses
High-speed digital imaging (HSDI) has recently become clinically available for the direct observation of vocal fold movement in the last 20 years. However, before it can become routinely used in the clinical setting, a universal means of objectively analyzing and interpreting the HSDI data must be established. In this study, preliminary data was gathered for five parameters used to objectively analyze vocal fold vibratory patterns observed with HSDI. The parameters investigated were established by Ikuma, Kunduk, and McWhorter (2012a) and were previously studied with a small sample (N=8) comparing pre and post-phonosurgical removal of benign lesions. The five parameters included …
Finding Similarities Between Photographs And The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale - 39 (Saqol-39) Items, Ashley Renee Brouwer
Finding Similarities Between Photographs And The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale - 39 (Saqol-39) Items, Ashley Renee Brouwer
LSU Master's Theses
Background: The Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39) is a valid, reliable quality of life (QoL) assessment for PWA (Hilari, 2003; Hilari, Byng, Lamping, & Smith, 2003). However, individuals with severe aphasia are unable to use it because their ability to comprehend the text is too severely impaired for accurate self-report (Hilari & Byng, 2009; Hilari et al., 2003; Hilari, Owen, & Farrelly, 2007). Proxy respondents often report on QoL measures for these individuals; however, studies suggest differences between proxy-reported and self-reported scores in less severe populations (e.g., Cruice, Worrall, Hickson, & Murison, 2005; Engell, Hütter, Willmes, & …
Comparing The Treatment Effect Of Conversational And Traditional Aphasia Treatments On Linguistic Complexity Measures, Kelsey Ann Copperberg
Comparing The Treatment Effect Of Conversational And Traditional Aphasia Treatments On Linguistic Complexity Measures, Kelsey Ann Copperberg
LSU Master's Theses
Linguistic complexity is frequently analyzed in studies of child language acquisition and impairment (Heilmann, Miller, & Nockerts, 2010; Price, Hendricks, & Cook, 2010) and the language of aging adults (Capilouto, Wright, & Wagovich, 2005; Kemper & Sumner, 2001; Kemper, Thompson, & Marquis, 2001; Kynette & Kemper, 1986; Shewan & Henderson, 1988) to document changes over time. There is little, if any, literature applying linguistic measures to analyze the language of individuals with aphasia as well as to analyze effects of different treatment measures. The current study analyzed semantic and syntactic components of linguistic complexity used by people with aphasia (PWA) …
The Effects Of Morphophonic Faces As A Method For Teaching Sight Words, Ashley Jean Williams
The Effects Of Morphophonic Faces As A Method For Teaching Sight Words, Ashley Jean Williams
LSU Master's Theses
Previous studies exploring the use of superimposed pictures for sight word learning provide mixed results, with inconclusive benefits. One criticism is that even when sight word learning is enhanced, it does not improve the learner’s use of the alphabetic principle. A second criticism is that it is only feasible for easily depicted words. This study addressed these criticisms by using pictured sight words representing a hybrid between alphabet and sight word learning, MorphoPhonic Faces (MPF). MPF have the first letter drawn in the mouth of a face suggesting speech production cues. Thus, participants were provided alphabet cues first and then …
Treatment Effects Of Attention Process Training For An Individual With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Kristen Michelle Ferguson
Treatment Effects Of Attention Process Training For An Individual With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Kristen Michelle Ferguson
LSU Master's Theses
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment efficacy of the Attention Process Training (APT; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2005), a therapeutic protocol designed for individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI), on a person with Parkinson’s disease to determine if improvement of various attention processes and memory recall could be improved. Methods: We designed a phase I, multiple baseline A1-B-A2-A3, single-subject study with one participant diagnosed with idiopathic PD and self-reported attention impairments. We used Attention Process Training (APT) protocol (Sohlberg & Mateer, 2005) to train attention process 120-minutes per session, one time per week …
Attitudes About Voice And Voice Therapy Among Transgender Individuals, Stefanie E. Hays
Attitudes About Voice And Voice Therapy Among Transgender Individuals, Stefanie E. Hays
LSU Master's Theses
Due to increased interest in the area of voice problems and treatment among transgender individuals in recent years, a study about vocal experiences, vocal handicap, and participation in treatment methods among this population is needed. This study examined vocal handicap among transgender women, transgender men, and individuals identifying as a non-binary gender through an online questionnaire. The goals of the study were to compare vocal handicap between transgender men and women as well as those who had participated in voice therapy and those who had not. Another goal was to identify reasons among transgender individuals for not participating in voice …
Examining The Validity And Reliability Of The Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scales (It-Mais) Via Rasch Analysis, Anne Denise Schubert
Examining The Validity And Reliability Of The Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scales (It-Mais) Via Rasch Analysis, Anne Denise Schubert
LSU Master's Theses
In this study, we analyzed the validity and reliability of the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scales (IT-MAIS; Zimmerman-Phillips, Osberger, & Robbins, 2001), an assessment designed to measure listening skills in children ages 0-3 years. The IT-MAIS is a caregiver report tool used by speech-language pathologists and audiologists to assess listening skills in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) pre- and post-cochlear implant (CI). The IT-MAIS is widely used; however, it has not undergone thorough psychometric analysis. Using longitudinal data collected by the University of Iowa Children’s Cochlear Implant Program, we analyzed the psychometric properties of the IT-MAIS via Rasch analysis, …
The Effect Of Cajun Status On Kindergartners' Use Of Five Grammar Structures, Corrina Spedale
The Effect Of Cajun Status On Kindergartners' Use Of Five Grammar Structures, Corrina Spedale
LSU Master's Theses
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between Cajun status, as defined by location, and five grammatical structures of Cajun English (CE): zero marking of past tense, zero marking of third person singular, zero marking of copula is and are, and was-leveling. The data were from 35 kindergartners, 14 from a Cajun status school, 21 from a non-Cajun status school; 15 were male and 20 were female. The data compared rate-based differences between the Cajun status and non-Cajun status children’s productions of the five CE structures in transcribed language samples. Five independent samples t-tests revealed that …
An Acoustic Description Of Vowels Spoken By Speakers With Cajun Ethnicity In Southern Louisiana, Ali Beslin
An Acoustic Description Of Vowels Spoken By Speakers With Cajun Ethnicity In Southern Louisiana, Ali Beslin
LSU Master's Theses
This study aimed to provide selected acoustic data for vowels of one portion of the southern region (Southern LA) in recognition that a variety of Southern dialects have not been recognized on the American English dialect map. To examine dialectical variations in vowel acoustics, this study included a relatively greater number of acoustic parameters including: vowel duration, F1 and F2 from the temporal midpoint of the vowel, trajectory length, and F2 slope. Ten participants between the ages of 18 to 24 were selected from the Southern Louisiana dialect region. Speech stimuli, which have been used in prior research regarding dialect, …
Spectral Analysis Of Stop Consonants In Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary To Stroke, Trescha S. Kay
Spectral Analysis Of Stop Consonants In Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary To Stroke, Trescha S. Kay
LSU Master's Theses
Dysarthria refers to a group of neurogenic speech disorders which result in abnormal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements required for speech production. Although speech deficits of dysarthria are heterogeneous according to lesion sites and/or etiologies such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), “imprecise consonants” has been known as one of the most prominent and frequently occurring features of dysarthria, which subsequently contributes to decreased speech intelligibility. The present study points out the paucity of acoustic data on consonants produced by speakers with dysarthria, especially by spectral analysis, and reports four spectral moment …
The Relationship Between Children's Nonmainstream English Dialect Density And Their Emergfent Reading Achievement, Katelyn Danielle Rodrigue
The Relationship Between Children's Nonmainstream English Dialect Density And Their Emergfent Reading Achievement, Katelyn Danielle Rodrigue
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between children’s use of nonmainstream dialect and their emerging reading ability. The data were from 79 kindergarteners; 39 were AA and 40 were non-AA; 38 were male and 41 were female. All children presented with varying language abilities and dialect densities, as measured by the DELV-ST. Dialect densities ranged from Mainstream American English (MAE), some variation of MAE, and strong variations of MAE. The children’s reading abilities were measured by the DIBELS, which was administered at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year. Preliminary results showed that children’s …
Investigating The Use Of Graphic Organizers For Writing, Laura Nicole Delrose
Investigating The Use Of Graphic Organizers For Writing, Laura Nicole Delrose
LSU Master's Theses
Students are placed under increasing demands for more complex syntax and discourse structure in oral and written language as they age. Children with language and learning disabilities struggle to grasp the organization and relationships between the facts of the topic, making writing an increasingly daunting task. In addition, these students must also master conventions such as vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, and syntax to produce a written essay (Schumaker & Deshler, 2003). This study explored the efficacy of graphic organizers as a strategy to facilitate higher complexity of syntactic and discourse structures in sentence and story formation. After seven weeks of intervention, …
Treatment Effects Of Attention Process Training For An Individual With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Erin Renee' Guillory
Treatment Effects Of Attention Process Training For An Individual With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Erin Renee' Guillory
LSU Master's Theses
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a degeneration of the substantia nigra, resulting in a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Cognitive impairments, evident in 72% of people with PD (PWP) are indicated by deficits in visuospatial capacity, memory, executive functioning, and attention (Cooper, Sagar, Jordan, Harvey, & Sullivan, 1991; Duffy, 2005). Unfortunately, to date, there is little research that demonstrates improvement of these cognitive processes, particularly those affecting memory recall and attentional skills. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of utilizing Attention Process Training (APT; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2005), a therapeutic protocol designed for individuals who have …
Using The Ambulatory Phonation Monitor To Measure The Vocal Parameters Of Older People With And Without Parkinson's Disease, Danielle Marie Boudreaux
Using The Ambulatory Phonation Monitor To Measure The Vocal Parameters Of Older People With And Without Parkinson's Disease, Danielle Marie Boudreaux
LSU Master's Theses
Our project was designed to determine if there was a difference in vocal parameters, including mean fundamental frequency, mean amplitude, and total phonation time, between individuals diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and age-and gender-matched individuals without a diagnosis of any neurologic or neurodegenerative diseases (NO PD) using the Ambulatory Phonation Monitor (APM: KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, New Jersey). The APM was designed to gather objective data in a naturalistic environment by having participants wear the device over the course of three 8-hour days. The APM measured total phonation time, mean amplitude, and mean fundamental frequency throughout that time. The participants wore …
A Survey Of Selected Representations Of The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39 Items, Dara Lynn Elizabeth Deroche
A Survey Of Selected Representations Of The Stroke And Aphasia Quality Of Life Scale-39 Items, Dara Lynn Elizabeth Deroche
LSU Master's Theses
This research was designed to gain information that could be used in the future to improve quality of life measures for people with aphasia. Aphasia is a language disorder resulting from stroke or traumatic brain injury. People with aphasia exhibit difficulty producing and understanding verbal and written language. Existing quality of life measures, while valid and reliable for those with mild to moderate aphasia, are often unable to be used for those with severe aphasia. The written text is too complex for them to comprehend. Other studies have been done supporting the idea that pictures aid in the comprehension of …
Parent Report Of Home Literacy Experiences In Children With And Without Speech And Language Impairments, Amanda Blair Grace
Parent Report Of Home Literacy Experiences In Children With And Without Speech And Language Impairments, Amanda Blair Grace
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose of this study was to evaluate caregivers’ perceptions of their children’s literacy experiences and determine if their perceptions differed as a function of whether their children presented with speech and language impairment or with typical language development. Participants were caregivers of children, between the ages of 24 and 54 months. Eleven children presented with speech and language impairments (S/LI) and 14 children presented with typically developing (TD) language. Caregivers’ perceptions about early home literacy experiences were collected through a questionnaire. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of caregivers’ responses to the …
Vocal Warm-Up Practices And Perceptions In Vocalists: A Pilot Survey, Allison Kimberly Gish
Vocal Warm-Up Practices And Perceptions In Vocalists: A Pilot Survey, Allison Kimberly Gish
LSU Master's Theses
Vocal warm-up exercises are believed to contribute to the prevention of vocal fold injury in professional voice users. Professional singers and students of singing consider a regular vocal warm-up regimen essential. There is conflicting information in the vocal pedagogy literature about the most effective and widely used vocal warm-up exercises and the optimal frequency and duration of vocal warm-up sessions. The goal of this current study was to investigate the characteristics of vocal warm-up regimens in the singing community using a survey. One hundred seventeen participants completed the survey. Participants included voice students from undergraduate, masters, and doctoral music programs …
Treatment Effect Of Maximum Performance Speech Therapy For Individuals With Parkinson's Disease And Dysarthria, Heidi Huckabee Michiels
Treatment Effect Of Maximum Performance Speech Therapy For Individuals With Parkinson's Disease And Dysarthria, Heidi Huckabee Michiels
LSU Master's Theses
The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT™) has received much attention in the past decade for its use in the treatment of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (Jones, 2005; Ramig, Countryman, O'Brien, Hoehn, & Thompson, 1996; Ramig, Sapir, Countryman et al., 2001; Wohlert, 2004). This intensive program requires therapy four times a week for four weeks in order to improve perceptual characteristics of the voice, such as loudness. However, since LSVT™ was introduced, the rehabilitation industry has experienced systematic reductions in allowable frequency and duration of covered services. The result has been that individuals often cannot qualify for the rigorous LSVT™ protocol …
Using The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Ados) To Discriminate Between Children With Autism And Children With Language Impairments Without Autism, Whitney Nicole Dolan
Using The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Ados) To Discriminate Between Children With Autism And Children With Language Impairments Without Autism, Whitney Nicole Dolan
LSU Master's Theses
The purpose of this study was to learn about the diagnostic accuracy of Module 1 of the ADOS-G. Specifically, this study was designed to determine how well the ADOS-G differentiates children with autism from children with language impairments without autism. Data for this study were obtained from 10 children who were recruited from speech, language and hearing clinics in the metropolitan area of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Visual inspection and statistical analyses indicated that the means of the ADOS-G scores for all domains (Communication, Social Interaction, and Communication + Social Interaction Score) were higher for the autism group than for the …
Effect Of Group Aphasia Treatment On Word Retrieval Skills, Claire Renee Zimmerman
Effect Of Group Aphasia Treatment On Word Retrieval Skills, Claire Renee Zimmerman
LSU Master's Theses
ABSTRACT The present single subject study investigated the treatment effects of group aphasia treatment (GAT) on word retrieval skills. Two participants participated in 1.5 hours of GAT, two times a week for 17 sessions. Both participants demonstrated significant improvements in percent of correct responses, but theses gains were not maintained. Slight improvements were noted on the Boston Naming Test (BNT; Kaplan et al., 2001) in one participant, but not the other. Both participants demonstrated improvement in discourse as evidenced by percent correct information units (CIUs; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993) and in functional communication abilities as evidenced by the ASHA Functional …
Voice Initiation And Voice Offset Patterns In Normal Females: Investigated By High Speed Digital Imaging, Rebecca Leblanc Jopling
Voice Initiation And Voice Offset Patterns In Normal Females: Investigated By High Speed Digital Imaging, Rebecca Leblanc Jopling
LSU Master's Theses
This preliminary study investigated the voice initiation period (VIP) and voice offset period (VOP) using high-speed digital imaging. The purpose of the study was to obtain preliminary data on VIP and VOP patterns of normal voice and to investigate the variability in VIP and VOP patterns in young female subjects within and between recording sessions. VIP was segmented into 3 phases: VIPa, VIPb, and VIPc. Results of the analysis of the data demonstrated that VOP is a more consistent measure than VIP and that VIPa is the most consistent phase of VIP. This study also suggested that changes in fundamental …