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Full-Text Articles in Other Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration
Mine Action In Bosnia’S Special District: A Case Study, Matthew Bolton
Mine Action In Bosnia’S Special District: A Case Study, Matthew Bolton
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
The Brčko Municipality, located in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), was a fierce battleground during the war from 1992 to 1995. Because of the Brčko district’s unique, strategic and symbolic significance to all sides of the conflict, it was the only issue left unresolved by the Dayton Peace Accords that ended the war in December 1995, which had divided the country into two decentralized semi-autonomous “entities”: the Republika Srpska (populated mostly by Serbs) and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (populated mostly by Bosniaks and Croats).
A War Far From Over: Iraq’S Landmine Struggle, Nicole Kreger
A War Far From Over: Iraq’S Landmine Struggle, Nicole Kreger
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
With the end of major hostilities, there comes an urgent need for UXO/ mine clearance teams to start tackling their arduous task. A number of countries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have begun to take on this responsibility, hoping to eliminate fear and restore a sense of security to the newly freed Iraqi people.
Hierarchic Approach To Mine Action In Croatia, Nenad Mladineo, Snjezana Knezic, Damir Gorseta
Hierarchic Approach To Mine Action In Croatia, Nenad Mladineo, Snjezana Knezic, Damir Gorseta
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
The Republic of Croatia is one of the 10 most mine-contaminated countries in the world. There are almost 750,000 mines on 1,630 sq km of mine-suspected areas. About 170 sq km are actual minefields, while the rest of the area is contaminated with individual explosive ordnance. Mine-affected areas that have not been used for years, pose a huge economic problem and obstruct infrastructure development, reconstruction, and return of displaced persons to their normal lives. They also pose a significant safety problem. In particular, any activities carried out in mine-contaminated areas significantly threaten human lives and material assets. It is estimated …
Costa Rica: The First Country In Latin America Free Of Anti-Personnel Landmines, Jaime Perales, Carl Case
Costa Rica: The First Country In Latin America Free Of Anti-Personnel Landmines, Jaime Perales, Carl Case
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
On December 10, 2002, Costa Rica declared itself the first country free from anti-personnel landmines in the Western Hemisphere. Placed in hills and brooks, bridges and roads, mines and UXO were buried for more than 15 years during the conflict in Central America.
Somalia, Country Profile
Somalia, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Somalia’s first known inhabitants were Arabs who established trading posts over 1400 years ago. During the 19th century, Britain, France and Italy colonized the area, and it remained three separate colonies until Britain combined the region under one rule in 1941. This unity was sustained until 1950, when the area once colonized by Italy became a UN territory under Italian rule and was named Somalia. In 1960, the nation finally achieved independence from European rule; however, this newfound liberty brought about many conflicts. Clashes with Ethiopia began in the late 1960s and, for the most part, lasted throughout the late …
Benefit/Cost Analysis Of U.S. Demining In Ethiopia And Eritrea, Michael Litzelman
Benefit/Cost Analysis Of U.S. Demining In Ethiopia And Eritrea, Michael Litzelman
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
A Benefit/Cost (B/C) Analysis is a tool used to compare the rewards reaped by a program to the costs expended to accomplish it. The author discusses the B/C analysis of demining operations in Ethiopia and Eritrea and extrapolates the meaning of the results.
Ethiopia, Meet Eritrea: An Overview Of The Landmine Situation In Ethiopia And Eritrea As A Result Of The Border Conflict, Susanna Sprinkel
Ethiopia, Meet Eritrea: An Overview Of The Landmine Situation In Ethiopia And Eritrea As A Result Of The Border Conflict, Susanna Sprinkel
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Sparked by a controversy over Eritrean seaports, Ethiopia and Eritrea were drawn into a three-year border war that took numerous lives and permanently injured an already struggling economy. Now that the fighting has ceased and negotiations are being conducted, United Nations and humanitarian aid organizations are working to piece the two broken nations back together and eliminate the landmine threat.
Rwanda, Country Profile
Rwanda, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Ethnic conflicts have troubled Rwanda for over 50 years, resulting in nearly continuous warfare and bloodshed. Prior to 1959, a monarchy led by the minority Tutsi ethnic group dominated the region’s politics, persecuting the majority Hutus. That year, the Hutus rebelled and overthrew the Tutsi government before imposing a violent retribution on thousands of Tutsi civilians, driving 150,000 of them into exile. The children of these banished Tutsis formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and returned to Rwanda in 1990, sparking a civil war. The RPF eventually defeated the Hutu regime, but they first had to endure the genocidal murder …
Namibia, Country Profile
Namibia, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Like many countries in southwestern Africa, Namibia has had a troubled military and political history. Germany occupied the nation until 1914, at which point the League of Nations entrusted South Africa with administration and control. This instigated a long period of hostility between Namibia and South Africa. Upon the dissolution of the League of Nations, the newly formed United Nations requested South Africa’s withdrawal from Namibia. In 1966, the United Nations officially withdrew South Africa’s Mandate, but hostilities merely intensified. South Africa did not relinquish control until 1990, after repeated UN requests and years of fighting. In the years since, …
Africa: It's Big!, Dennis Barlow
Africa: It's Big!, Dennis Barlow
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
The great opera commentator, John Culshaw was once asked to describe the monumental Wagnerian “Ring Cycle” using only one word. After pondering the question for a moment he responded by characterizing it as, “long.” At first, this obvious answer seemed more flippant than serious, but a little thought leads one to conclude that Culshaw was on to something. Many words could describe the Ring: monumental, bombastic, fantastic, convoluted, stirring, mythological, but each limits the scope or makes a judgment which may not be ultimately true. The truth is that someone who wants to tackle the Ring must be prepared to …
Demining In Ethiopia: A Demanding Task, Josef Strebel
Demining In Ethiopia: A Demanding Task, Josef Strebel
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Mines and UXO are an ever-present danger for people and their livestock in many parts of Ethiopia, which has been ravaged by years of conflict and war. The Ethiopian Mine Action Office (EMAO) is the focal point of humanitarian mine action in Ethiopia and therefore in charge of locating and destroying the cruel and hidden killers. A demining program under its auspices began in May 2002 with clearance work in the priority areas of Northern Tigray.
One Leg Dancing (Um Pé Que Dança) Angola Embraces The Future, Joe Lokey, Ken O'Connell
One Leg Dancing (Um Pé Que Dança) Angola Embraces The Future, Joe Lokey, Ken O'Connell
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
During a period of peace, demining efforts in Angola continue to require top priority in order to reopen the country to desperately needed aid programs. Unfortunately, funding by countries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in recent years has been low due to a sense of confusion and an unsuccessful history of previously under-funded projects.
Update: The Landmine Situation In Chechnya, Cisr Jmu
Update: The Landmine Situation In Chechnya, Cisr Jmu
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Stemming from the ongoing war between Russian and Chechen forces, the use of anti-personnel mines throughout Chechnya continues today. As the landmine victim toll increases, much is being done in an attempt to alleviate the current state of affairs.
Demining Efforts In Namibia, Cisr Jmu
Demining Efforts In Namibia, Cisr Jmu
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Previous mine clearance programs in Namibia started the country on a clear path towards demining success. Unfortunately, a current lack of funding and a spillover of the longstanding conflict in Angola have thwarted progress.
Humanitarian Mine Action In Mozambique, Hildegard Scheu
Humanitarian Mine Action In Mozambique, Hildegard Scheu
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Mozambique is a geographically vast country populated by diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. While most areas are not heavily mined, landmines and UXO still affect a large part of its population. The author discusses the past, present and future of mine action in this country.
Mozambique, Country Profile
Mozambique, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Between the 1890s and 1920, Portugal led a military campaign to colonize Mozambique. After over 40 years of Portuguese rule, nationalist groups in Mozambique united to form the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO). In 1964, FRELIMO began a movement of guerilla warfare against the Portuguese, starting a trend of civil war that would ravage Mozambique for decades. By the early 1970s, FRELIMO’s 7,000 guerilla fighters controlled most of central and northern Mozambique. In 1974, the Portuguese military overthrew the government and installed leadership that was sympathetic toward Mozambique. Portugal struck a mutual cease-fire agreement with FRELIMO and gave Mozambique its independence …
Chad, Country Profile
Chad, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
After centuries of domination by several autonomous and constantly warring kingdoms, the land that would eventually make up the nation of Chad was subjugated by France in the 1890s. The French colonized Chad only half-heartedly, using it primarily as a source of raw materials and unskilled labor, never bothering to institute any unifying or modernizing policies. Chad gained its independence from France in 1960 but immediately became ensnared in a morass of ethnic warfare. Like so many other post-independence African nations, internal strife—sporadically punctuated by outside incursions—delayed all national development programs for decades. In Chad, a 1975 military coup and …
Ethiopia And Eritrea, Country Profile
Ethiopia And Eritrea, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Conflicts existed between Ethiopia and Eritrea from 1935 until 1993, when Eritrea became an independent nation. In 1997, a trade war developed between the two nations, causing further disputes. Hostilities ceased in 2000, and the governments are now working to institute a clear borderline between the two countries. Meanwhile, mine action programs are being established to clear the large number of AT mines, AP mines and UXO that remain scattered along the border and throughout Ethiopia and Eritrea as a result of these and other conflicts.
Angola, Country Profile
Angola, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
During the 13th century, Angola’s first known residents migrated from west Africa. In 1575, imperialism found its way to this nation through Portuguese colonizers. After World War II, Angola became an important coffee supplier, and the colonial population grew to over 80,000. Consequently, clashes began between the Portuguese and the original inhabitants. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the Capitalist National Union for the Independence of Angola (UNITA) finally gained independence in 1975. Except for a brief period during 1991, UNITA has aggressively rebelled against the established government and …
Burundi, Country Profile
Burundi, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
A monarchy ruled Burundi from the 17th century until it was overthrown in 1966. After this overthrow, the First Republic went into effect, a tumultuous time marked by the 1972 genocide of the Hutu community. In 1976, the First Republic government was overthrown, leading to the Second Republic, headed by Jean Paptiste Bagaza. In 1987, Pierre Buyoya overthrew him and created the Third Republic. Despite Buyoya’s efforts to bring peace and unity to the country, violence similar to that of 1972 erupted in 1988 between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Since 1993, Burundi’s ethnic-based conflicts have reportedly claimed over 150,000 …
Mine Action Program For Somalia, Jab Swart
Mine Action Program For Somalia, Jab Swart
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Aiming to set up a sustainable institution for resolving Somalia’s mine problem and to provide direct support for mine action activities there, the United Nations Mine Action Program for Somalia is making a difference in a country ravaged by years of conflict.
Ukrainian Mine Action, Sergio Pashinsky
Ukrainian Mine Action, Sergio Pashinsky
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
There is no doubt that the Ukraine is a mine and UXO affected country. This fact is well known but still not recognized by the international mine action community. Perhaps the biggest issue is that the Ukrainian government has not acknowledged this national challenge, and consequently, international assistance has not been given.
The Jordanian Humanitarian Demining Program: A Model Of Optimism And Persistence, Jose Saucedo
The Jordanian Humanitarian Demining Program: A Model Of Optimism And Persistence, Jose Saucedo
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Detecting and removing over 300,000 estimated mines in Jordan’s 509 mine fields is a huge but not insurmountable problem. The deliberate clearing process requires courageous patience, a demonstrated quality of Jordan’s highly qualified engineer officers and soldiers. Trained and experienced deminers, outfitted with state-of-the-art protective equipment and using internationally recognized demining techniques and methodologies, form the base of the Royal Corps of Engineers Humanitarian Demining (HD) attack plan. Though many mines are unaccounted for due to erosion, flooding, and accidental detonation, Royal Corps of Engineer HD soldiers have an established perseverance that will prevail.
Afghanistan, Country Profile
Afghanistan, Country Profile
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
This article has been removed.
Yemen, Country Profile
Oman, Country Profile
Humanitarian Demining In The Sultanate Of Oman, Steve Soucek, Darrell Strother
Humanitarian Demining In The Sultanate Of Oman, Steve Soucek, Darrell Strother
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Oman has a low to moderate landmine/unexploded ordnance (UXO) problem. Anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) landmines were laid in the Dhofar region between 1964 and 1975 during an internal struggle with the People’s Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOG, later shortened to PFLO, a communist separatist group). Both the Royal Army of Oman (RAO)—with its allies Jordan, Iran and the United Kingdom—and the PFLO used landmines during the conflict; the RAO to support defensive positions or to interdict the separatists’ movements, and the separatists to ambush the RAO and allied units.
Cost Effectiveness Of The Ethiopian And Eritrean Demining Programs, Michael Litzelman, Wayne Perry
Cost Effectiveness Of The Ethiopian And Eritrean Demining Programs, Michael Litzelman, Wayne Perry
The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction
Long after anti-personnel landmines (AP) were planted to gain military advantage in battle, they continue to destroy lives by killing and maiming civilians and livestock, inhibiting productivity and preventing economies from developing in poor, third world countries. Landmines contribute to political instability in regions vital to the United States. The U. S. Department of State claims that there are approximately 85 to 200 million mines in 63 countries, producing approximately 15,000 casualties per year, an average of 70 people per day, or 500 people every week, most of them innocent civilians (DOS 1994). Of these, an estimated 9,500 people are …
Israel, Country Profile
Libya, Country Profile