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2025

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Articles 391 - 420 of 569

Full-Text Articles in Clinical Psychology

Examining The Impact Of A Mobile-Delivered Brief Intervention On Substance Coping Motives Among A Sample Of Interpersonal Trauma Survivors With Heavy Alcohol Use, Lily Milam Jan 2025

Examining The Impact Of A Mobile-Delivered Brief Intervention On Substance Coping Motives Among A Sample Of Interpersonal Trauma Survivors With Heavy Alcohol Use, Lily Milam

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Brief interventions (BIs) aim to reduce risky alcohol use but show limited effectiveness for interpersonal trauma (IPT) survivors, who may use alcohol to cope with trauma-related issues. BIs typically do not target coping-related motivations or include effective emotion regulation strategies, which may improve outcomes for at-risk groups like IPT survivors. Additionally, digital interventions often struggle with low engagement. This study examined a trauma-informed and peer-supported BI to reduce coping-related drinking motives in heavy drinking young adults and assess its effectiveness compared to a standard BI and assessment only condition. Participants (N=133, 79.2% Female, 91.2% White, M age=19.77) with a lifetime …


Personality And How It Relates To Coping Flexibility, Rebecca Kearns Jan 2025

Personality And How It Relates To Coping Flexibility, Rebecca Kearns

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Stressful events, negative emotions, and negative events are all a normal part of life. How we react and cope with these events can reduce the damage stress can have on our mental health and well-being. There are many ways to cope with situations, but not all are considered to be beneficial. The ability to alternate between different coping strategies within a given situation is called coping flexibility. Having high coping flexibility is considered to be healthy and adaptive, but not everyone possesses the ability to flexibly cope with situations. Personality may explain individual differences among coping flexibility. The big five …


Parental Stress, Child Negative Affect, And A Mediating Relationship With Negative Talk, Olivia Goodman Jan 2025

Parental Stress, Child Negative Affect, And A Mediating Relationship With Negative Talk, Olivia Goodman

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This study aimed to establish if a relationship existed between parenting stress and their child’s depression, anxiety and somatization, referred to as negative affect. Alongside establishing this relationship, this study investigated if parent negative talk, as seen in Parent-Child Interactive Therapy (PCIT) sessions, affected that relationship. It was hypothesized that parenting stress would negatively impact their children’s negative affect, and that parenting stress would lead to increased negative talk towards their children, in turn negatively impacting their children’s negative affect. A total of 47 families from archival PCIT video sessions created the data set. Results found that there was no …


College Students’ Beliefs: Association Between Skin Color And Acceptance, Christopher James Thompson Jan 2025

College Students’ Beliefs: Association Between Skin Color And Acceptance, Christopher James Thompson

Theses and Dissertations

The Multiracial population represents the fastest-growing demographic group in the United States and is expected to more than double by 2060 (Vespa et al., 2018). Despite this rapid increase in the Multiracial population, there is a dearth of research regarding racial identity development, anxiety, and depression on this group. Social inclusion has been recognized as a fundamental human need, and Multiracial individuals may be more likely to be accepted into a majority group if their appearance is racially ambiguous. The current study builds on previous knowledge by utilizing a novel measure developed to examine the beliefs held by Monoracial and …


Show And Tell… Ing What?: Correlation And Moderation Analyses Of Public Displays Of Affection And Romantic Relationship Satisfaction, Communication, And Adult Attachment Styles, Samantha Brooks M.S. Jan 2025

Show And Tell… Ing What?: Correlation And Moderation Analyses Of Public Displays Of Affection And Romantic Relationship Satisfaction, Communication, And Adult Attachment Styles, Samantha Brooks M.S.

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

Public Displays of Affection (PDA) amongst romantic couples are clearly shown in everyday life, though paradoxically, they are largely unexplored and therefore poorly understood. Not only is it unknown how PDA relates to other well-studied components of romantic relationships, but it is also unclear who engages in PDA. The present study investigated the relationship between public displays of affection and previously examined, fundamental components of romantic relationships including relationship satisfaction and attachment and communication styles. It then investigated the moderating effects of relationship satisfaction on respective communication and attachment styles and PDA. Sample size was 105 participants (N= 105). Students …


Good Trips, Bad Trips: Attachment, Connectedness, And Mental Health In Psychedelic Experiences, Sean Michael Nickley Jan 2025

Good Trips, Bad Trips: Attachment, Connectedness, And Mental Health In Psychedelic Experiences, Sean Michael Nickley

Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-

Research into psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies and the overall psychedelic experience is in a period of acceleration, with hopes from multiple disciplines that such research might uncover novel and effective treatments for myriad psychological disorders. Much research to date has examined the neurobiological underpinnings of psychedelic states. The current study, existing as part of a larger trend examining the phenomenological and psychological mechanisms of psychedelic experience, sought to examine the ways in which attachment dynamics influenced the type of psychedelic experience—mystical versus challenging—and the subsequent effects on social connectedness and psychiatric symptoms. Prior research had suggested that individuals with more anxious attachment …


Family Secrets: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Self After Dna Revelation, Joanna Rybnick M.S. Jan 2025

Family Secrets: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Self After Dna Revelation, Joanna Rybnick M.S.

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

How much do we know about our families? There is limited research on the influx of family secrets revealed through genetic ancestry (genealogical/DNA) testing, a method utilized to learn about genealogy and family history that has become increasingly popular (Jorde & Bamshad, 2020). The present study stems from available research and archival stories and allows for a deeper understanding of how family secrets may present themselves in therapy. Previous research has focused on the content of secrets, categorizing themes within secrets, and the various functions of secret-keeping within family dynamics (Vangelisti, Caughlin, & Timmerman, 2001; Vangelisti & Caughlin, 1997). Additionally, …


The Interplay Between Friendship Quality And Emotion Regulation In The Prediction Of Weight-Related Concerns Among Adolescent Girls, Vasavi Ganesan Shanthi Jan 2025

The Interplay Between Friendship Quality And Emotion Regulation In The Prediction Of Weight-Related Concerns Among Adolescent Girls, Vasavi Ganesan Shanthi

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Adolescent girls are especially vulnerable to weight-related concerns such as body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and body surveillance. These issues are often linked to difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) and the quality of friendships. This study explored how ER and friendship quality, both independently and interactively, predict these weight-related issues. A sample of 106 girls aged 11–21 completed questionnaires on ER, friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, objectified body consciousness, and disordered eating behaviors. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed that greater ER difficulties were significantly associated with increased body dissatisfaction, emotional eating, and restrained eating. Additionally, negative friendship quality predicted emotional eating. …


Ripples Of Support: A Mixed Methods Study Of Bystander Behavior In The Context Of Sexual Assault Among College Students, Miranda Levy Jan 2025

Ripples Of Support: A Mixed Methods Study Of Bystander Behavior In The Context Of Sexual Assault Among College Students, Miranda Levy

Theses and Dissertations

Emerging adulthood represents a period of elevated risk for sexual assault (SA), particularly among college students. Students are not only potential victims or perpetrators but also bystanders—individuals who may witness or become aware of risky or harmful situations and must decide whether and how to respond. Understanding what influences students’ decisions to intervene as bystanders in SA contexts is critical to improving peer responses and fostering safer campus environments. This study used a concurrent mixed methods design to examine how college students’ knowledge of campus SA policies, personal history of victimization, prior experiences receiving help, and SA disclosure reactions relate …


Severity Profiles Of Preschool-Aged Children And Their Associations With Maternal Help-Seeking: A Latent Profile Analysis, Samuel T. Jackson Jan 2025

Severity Profiles Of Preschool-Aged Children And Their Associations With Maternal Help-Seeking: A Latent Profile Analysis, Samuel T. Jackson

Theses and Dissertations

Parents of preschoolers are more likely to seek treatment for childhood depression compared to anxiety and behavioral disorders. Atypicality and stability have been implicated in relation to help-seeking, but it is not known how they differ between disorders and whether such differences impact help-seeking. The current study grouped mothers based on their atypicality and stability appraisals across disorders; tested for differences in appraisals between disorders; and then tested for differences in help-seeking based on group membership. Participants were 272 adult mothers of preschool-aged children. Mothers read a series of vignettes describing preschool-aged children with depression, anxiety, and ADHD, and then …


How Therapists’ Perceptions Impact Disseminating And Implementing Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Maddi R. Gervasio Jan 2025

How Therapists’ Perceptions Impact Disseminating And Implementing Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Maddi R. Gervasio

Theses and Dissertations

In the United States, 60% of youth experience a traumatic event before the age of 18 (Lawrence-Sidebottom et al., 2024) and childhood trauma is associated with a range of psychopathology. Although evidence-based therapies like Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT; Cohen et al., 2017) are available, only 14-22% of traumatized youth receive trauma-specific practices during treatment (Borntrager et al., 2013). Barriers to disseminating and implementing TF-CBT and similar interventions exist at the micro (e.g., therapist and client) and macro (e.g., systemic) levels (e.g., Gervasio & Herren, 2020). Emerging research focused on training in trauma therapists found that therapists’ negative perceptions about the …


Associations Between Psychoeducation And Measures Of Treatment Engagement In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Shari Lieblich Jan 2025

Associations Between Psychoeducation And Measures Of Treatment Engagement In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Shari Lieblich

Theses and Dissertations

Despite the efficacy of TF-CBT, its effectiveness is compromised by high premature dropout or attrition rates. Psychoeducation, the first component of TF-CBT, provides both a rationale for engagement in treatment and normalizes symptoms to instill hope in youth and their caregivers. This component has been minimally examined as a predictor of later-phase symptom outcomes, mostly in adult trauma treatments, with mixed results. The goal of the current study is examine the influence of psychoeducation on participation-related variables in TF-CBT. Results indicate a positive association between the percentage of sessions of with psychoeducation and attrition and negative association with percentage session …


The Relationship Between Psychotherapist Self-Disclosure And Occupational And Emotional Variables, Kay Nikiforova Jan 2025

The Relationship Between Psychotherapist Self-Disclosure And Occupational And Emotional Variables, Kay Nikiforova

Theses and Dissertations

The effect of therapist self-disclosure practices on patients and the therapeutic relationship has long been debated. The historical trend of viewpoint toward self-disclosure began from predicting a negative, therapy-interfering stance to a growing openness towards the consideration that therapists sharing about themselves in session can have a positive effect on the patient. Evidence exists for both potential patient benefit and harm from therapists engaging in self-disclosure. Still, there is an increasing body of evidence that demonstrates that therapist self-disclosure benefits the therapeutic process, increases patient disclosure, and provides a more positive view of the therapeutic relationship. However, at present, there …


The Role Of Ethnic-Racial Centrality On Exposure To Microaggressions And The Mental Health And Academic Success Of Second-Generation Latiné Adolescents, Lisette Munoz Jan 2025

The Role Of Ethnic-Racial Centrality On Exposure To Microaggressions And The Mental Health And Academic Success Of Second-Generation Latiné Adolescents, Lisette Munoz

Theses and Dissertations

People holding racially minoritized identities are frequently subjected to racial-ethnic microaggressions, a form of everyday racism and discrimination. Acculturative stress and microaggressions have a direct impact on immigrants' mental health (Gee et al., 2007; Finch & Vega, 2003; Hovey, 2000). The increase in conservative immigration policies has led to increased anti-immigrant sentiments and microaggressions (Sissoko & Nadal, 2021). The impact of microaggressions can detrimentally affect psychological and physiological wellbeing, as well as academic performance and cognitive function (Solórzano & Pérez Huber, 2020). Because of their experiences with discrimination, Latino children may become more aware of biases in their social interactions …


The Effects Of Parenting Styles On Childhood Memories And Resilience Building, Nathaniel Paredes Jan 2025

The Effects Of Parenting Styles On Childhood Memories And Resilience Building, Nathaniel Paredes

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

One of the most significant agents of shaping children early in life is their parental figures. There has been extant research into parenting styles and outcomes later in life. The current study sought to understand how parenting styles can influence the formation of positive and adverse childhood experiences (PCEs and ACEs), which in turn lead to the development of resilience later in life. It was expected that participants who reported higher levels of authoritative parenting would be significantly correlated with higher levels of positive childhood experiences, and lower levels of adverse childhood experiences. Secondly, authoritarian and permissive parenting would be …


Personality Assessment Inventory: The Treatment Rejection Scale & Treatment Variables, Ashlee Bradley Jan 2025

Personality Assessment Inventory: The Treatment Rejection Scale & Treatment Variables, Ashlee Bradley

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

The present study aimed to identify the role and validity of the Treatment Rejection Scale (RXR), one of the treatment consideration scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), and its relationship with treatment variables in an outpatient clinical setting. The study used archival data involving 200 client files. The current study evaluated RXR scores in relation to premature, situational, and mutual terminators. Therapist-rated process variables, such as client cancellations, the number of sessions attended, client “no-shows,” and any barriers to completing treatment from the clinician’s point of view, were also considered. Additionally, the treatment outcome variable, in the …


Attachment And Delusional Ideation: A Systematic Review And Proposed Model Of The Association Between Attachment Insecurity And Delusion Symptoms, Ryan Sparks M.S. Jan 2025

Attachment And Delusional Ideation: A Systematic Review And Proposed Model Of The Association Between Attachment Insecurity And Delusion Symptoms, Ryan Sparks M.S.

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

Early repeated child-parent experiences impact the emergence of children’s reality testing by providing them with secure, trusting relationships with reality-oriented caregivers in which beliefs can be evaluated and refined. These relationships facilitate open and reciprocal communication about thoughts and feelings. Caregivers facilitate the development of children’s reflective capacities by helping them connect their inner experiences to their behavior. This process encourages them to assess whether their thoughts and feelings accurately reflect reality by remaining attuned to the perceptions of reality that are shared with others. Given the centrality of early caregiving experiences to one’s development of reality testing, attachment theory …


Cohesive Model Of Supervision: An Empirically Based Approach, Gülşah Kemer Jan 2025

Cohesive Model Of Supervision: An Empirically Based Approach, Gülşah Kemer

Counseling & Human Services Faculty Publications

Supervision models are fundamental to our supervision practices and criticized for lacking empirical support. As a data-driven approach based on research with expert supervisors, Cohesive Model of Supervision unifies existing models’ central premises in a meaningful manner and emphasizes the understated areas of supervision practice.


The Unintended Consequences Of Normalization: Unmonitored Mental Health Discourse Among Youth And Suicide Risk, Farley Morris Jan 2025

The Unintended Consequences Of Normalization: Unmonitored Mental Health Discourse Among Youth And Suicide Risk, Farley Morris

Social Work Theses - Archive

Suicide has become an increasingly common cause of death among U.S. children ages 10–14. In 2001, suicide accounted for 8% of deaths in this age group; by 2010 the proportion rose to 12%, and by 2020 it reached 22% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020). Although factors such as adverse childhood experiences (Felitti et al., 1998; Jones et al., 2024), psychache (Shneidman, 1998), burdensomeness (Joiner, 2005; O’Connor, 2011), and hopelessness (Bat Tonkus et al., 2022; Qiu et al., 2017) are associated with suicide, these elements alone do not explain the significant rise in suicide deaths over the past …


The Impact Of Family Variables On The Mental Health Of Gender Expansive Transitional Age Youth And Adults, Courtney Erdly Jan 2025

The Impact Of Family Variables On The Mental Health Of Gender Expansive Transitional Age Youth And Adults, Courtney Erdly

West Chester University Doctoral Projects

Gender expansive individuals are at an elevated risk for stress and poor psychological outcomes such as depression, substance abuse, and death by suicide due to minority stress. Family variables can either protect against or perpetuate poor psychological outcomes. There is need to examine specific protective and risk factors in families with gender expansive children. The present study explores the relationship between family and caregiver relationship variables and well-being in a sample of 39 gender expansive individuals. Participants completed an online survey consisting of questionnaires measuring current internalizing and externalizing symptoms and their perception of their family structure, functioning, and parental …


Personalized Therapy To Meet Individual Children’S Needs And Improve Access: Identifying A “Goldilocks” Group Therapy Length For Children With Post Traumatic Stress (Pts), Rosa L. Boniface Jan 2025

Personalized Therapy To Meet Individual Children’S Needs And Improve Access: Identifying A “Goldilocks” Group Therapy Length For Children With Post Traumatic Stress (Pts), Rosa L. Boniface

West Chester University Doctoral Projects

Objectives. The present study investigated the incidence and correlates of early treatment response among youth participating in a school-based intervention for PTSD symptoms. Methods. 44 elementary school children who participated in the Bounce Back Program (BB) from 2017 to 2019 were included. A Reliable Change Index (RCI) score was calculated for each child on the UCLA-R for PTSD. Youths with a significant RCI score by session 5 of the 10-session protocol were classified as early treatment responders. Pretreatment characteristics were examined in relation to early responder status. Results. PTS means in this sample decreased significantly after 5 …


Integrated Behavioral Health In Pediatric Primary Care: Identifying Latent Patient Subgroups And Differential Outcomes, Karen Glownia Jan 2025

Integrated Behavioral Health In Pediatric Primary Care: Identifying Latent Patient Subgroups And Differential Outcomes, Karen Glownia

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Fifty percent of children do not receive care for their mental health concerns, while 95% are seen annually within primary care by age 6. Individual, cultural, and systemic barriers limit access to mental health care. Integrating mental health services into primary care has the potential to increase awareness, reduce costs, and decrease stigma. However, integrated primary care often relies on a brief and targeted intervention approach that may not be suitable for all families. Therefore, it is important to examine differential outcomes within this setting. Methods: This study analyzed retrospective data from 3,494 new patient medical records at a large …


Examination Of Barriers To Accessing Integrated Behavioral Health Care, Alyssa Buthman Jan 2025

Examination Of Barriers To Accessing Integrated Behavioral Health Care, Alyssa Buthman

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

Research has found that pediatric integrated behavioral health (IBH) significantly increases utilization of behavioral health services, but there are still families who are missing out. The purpose of the current study is to examine characteristics that may influence or impede utilization of an IBH referral. Phase 1 utilized survey methodology paired with electronic medical record review in a sample of 24 caregivers to pediatric patients to investigate whether parent-reported perceived stigma of accessing mental health care, barriers to accessing health care in general, and child symptom severity uniquely predicted referral utilization. Phase 2 used electronic medical record data in a …


Can Secure Base Script Knowledge Predict Changes In Perceptions Of Conflict Resolution Discussions In Engaged Couples Over Time?, Sarah Finkelstein Jan 2025

Can Secure Base Script Knowledge Predict Changes In Perceptions Of Conflict Resolution Discussions In Engaged Couples Over Time?, Sarah Finkelstein

Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-

According to attachment theory, attachment representations shape the way in which individuals obtain and organize social information. One facet of social information processing that has been studied in relation to attachment representations is memory reconstruction, which is the process by which previous experiences and prior knowledge shape the recollection of past events. In this study, we examined how secure base script knowledge, an aspect of attachment representations that reflects access to a temporal-causal sequence regarding receiving support from close others, predicts changes in how romantic partners perceive conflict resolution discussions over time. Members of engaged couples (N =154) rated levels …


How Does Psychopathology Impact The Trajectory From State To Trait Mindfulness?, Veronica O'Brien Jan 2025

How Does Psychopathology Impact The Trajectory From State To Trait Mindfulness?, Veronica O'Brien

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Previous research has found that higher levels of trait mindfulness protect against psychopathology (e.g., Chiesa & Serretti, 2013; Desrosiers et al., 2013; Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones et al., 2018); however, the research on state mindfulness and psychopathology is more mixed. These mixed findings suggest that some clients with higher levels of psychopathology may have greater difficulty engaging with mindfulness practice thereby hampering their progression towards trait mindfulness and its associated benefits. The present study sought to explore how psychopathology (i.e., anxiety, trauma, alcohol use, and depression) relates to the growth of state and trait mindfulness. The present study recruited 274 participants from a …


Impact Of Costume And Rape Myths On Perceptions Of The Need For Consent In Interactions With Cosplayers, Kiana Monique Perez-Jimenez Jan 2025

Impact Of Costume And Rape Myths On Perceptions Of The Need For Consent In Interactions With Cosplayers, Kiana Monique Perez-Jimenez

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Research on fandom communities is relatively understudied. Specifically, perceptions surrounding consent, rape myth acceptance, and other factors such as gatekeeping attitudes and experiences with discrimination are understudied and undertheorized (Hale, 2014). Historically, sexual harassment has been a pervasive issue in spaces like video gaming communities, especially toward women (Barak, 2005). It is important to further investigate these behaviors in different areas, such as conventions (i.e., cons), because, like in video gaming communities, sexual harassment has been an ongoing issue in con spaces (Zarin, 2017). The current study addressed how cosplayers' dress impacts key aspects of sexual harassment, including perceptions of …


South Asian American Experiences Of Microaggressions And Wellbeing: The Moderating Role Of Social Support, Archita Birla Jan 2025

South Asian American Experiences Of Microaggressions And Wellbeing: The Moderating Role Of Social Support, Archita Birla

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Although the South Asian American community is rapidly expanding in the United States (South Asian Americans Leading Together [SAALT], 2015), there remains a dearth of psychological research regarding the impacts on mental health and wellbeing affecting this diverse community. Racial microaggressions, or verbal or behavioral actions indicating hostile or negative attitudes toward marginalized individuals (Sue et al., 2007), negatively impact People of Color (POC) mental health and wellbeing (Forrest-Bank & Jenson, 2015a; Nadal, Wong, et al., 2015). Some research exists on South Asian American communities and microaggressions (Houshmand et al., 2014; Poolokasingham et al., 2014) but there is limited research …


Why People Stay: Factors Contributing To Staff Retention In Community Mental Health Clinics, Brianna D. Boggs Jan 2025

Why People Stay: Factors Contributing To Staff Retention In Community Mental Health Clinics, Brianna D. Boggs

Theses and Dissertations

The current behavioral health crisis is exacerbated by a crisis in the behavioral health workforce. Recruiting and retaining workers in behavioral health has become a challenge, making access to services for those needing them even more difficult. This study aimed to examine which factors have the strongest influence on an employee’s work engagement and decision to remain employed at their current organization. This study used Aarons et al.’s multilevel, multiphase implementation model (2011), with a focus on inner contextual factors as a means to help inform potential interventions to address the factors and improve retention. This study also applied the …


The Correlation Between Working From Home And Depression, Anxiety & Stress And The Moderating Effect Of Parenting, Lauren H. Marshall Jan 2025

The Correlation Between Working From Home And Depression, Anxiety & Stress And The Moderating Effect Of Parenting, Lauren H. Marshall

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the impact of working from home on depression, anxiety and stress and whether parenting has a moderating role in its impact. The number of individuals working from home increased dramatically because of the pandemic and many individuals continue to work from home despite the absence of government-issued lockdowns and the diminishing threat of the COVID-19 virus. Earlier pre-pandemic research supports several positive work-related outcomes of working from home; however, little consideration has been given to the long-term impact of this major change in the way we work on individual’s mental health. Social isolation, an increase in sedentary …


Evaluating The Brief Symptom Inventory (Bsi) And Bsi-18 Psychometrics, Samantha Freville Jan 2025

Evaluating The Brief Symptom Inventory (Bsi) And Bsi-18 Psychometrics, Samantha Freville

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Derogatis, 1975, 1993) is often utilized as an intake screener for psychiatric symptoms with a variety of populations. The present study evaluated the internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the BSI-18 when compared to similar subscales, including Somatization (SOM), Anxiety (ANX), and Depression (DEP), and dissimilar subscales, including Nonsupport (NON), Drug Problems (DRG), and Alcohol Problems (ALC), on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to determine its clinical utility in communicating clients’ level of distress in an outpatient clinical sample. The results indicated that Global Severity Index (GSI) scores of the BSI and BSI-18 …