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Articles 31 - 60 of 156
Full-Text Articles in Clinical Psychology
Personality Pathology As A Self-Regulating Dynamical System, Haya Fatimah
Personality Pathology As A Self-Regulating Dynamical System, Haya Fatimah
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
With mounting evidence that personality is both stable and variable, personality scientists have called for comprehensive approaches that integrate stability and dynamics. Dynamical systems theory offers concepts and tools to systematically integrate the stable and dynamic components of personality while identifying the relationship between these components. This study extends the dynamical systems approach to personality pathology and investigates how pathological personality states vary in a patterned manner in relation to their equilibria or attractors, as opposed to random noise. Furthermore, I test if these patterned dynamics may describe important individual differences and predict behavioral outcomes. Using daily data pertaining to …
Internalized Binegativity, Alcohol Consumption, And Expectancies Following An Experience Of Binegativity: An Experimental Study, Alexander P. Rivera
Internalized Binegativity, Alcohol Consumption, And Expectancies Following An Experience Of Binegativity: An Experimental Study, Alexander P. Rivera
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Individuals who identify as bisexual have repeatedly been found to consume alcohol at higherrates than individuals who identify as heterosexual or homosexual and are at greater risk for developing AUD. Per the Minority Stress Model, this heightened risk for bisexuals’ poor alcohol outcomes may be attributed to experiences of bisexual-specific stressors (i.e., experienced binegativity) and beliefs about their own bisexual identity., which have previously been associated with increased alcohol use. To date, however, no studies have examined if experiences of binegativity are associated with changes in internalized binegativity and alcohol outcomes in an experimental design. The current study aimed to …
Classifying Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations With Executive Functioning And Externalizing Behavior, Lauren F. Fournier
Classifying Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations With Executive Functioning And Externalizing Behavior, Lauren F. Fournier
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves a head injury that is, for some individuals, associated with long-term behavioral difficulties, including externalizing behaviors. The literature on TBI and its links to externalizing is limited in several important ways. First, there is evidence that current classification system of mild, moderate, or severe is imprecise and contains important variation within TBI categories. Second, TBI and externalizing are understudied among high functioning individuals, such as undergraduate students, despite rates of TBI among this population that are similar to those of the general population. Third, while it is theorized that executive functioning deficits explain the association …
Moderating Role Of Momentary Social Anxiety In The Relationships Between Authenticity, Situational Appraisals, Expressivity, And Approach-Avoidance Motivation, Jessica A. Birg
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Authenticity, the sense of being true to oneself, may be less sought out or rewarding whenconcerns with social approval and/or rejection take priority. The present study extends prior work by investigating the moderating role of momentary social anxiety in concurrent relationships between (1) perceptions of social interaction partner (i.e., feeling close to or judged by an interaction partner) and authenticity and (2) expressivity while socializing and authenticity. This study also aimed to identify (3) how momentary social anxiety moderates the prospective relationship between authenticity and social approach/avoidance motivation. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), data was collected from 55 participants over …
The Prevalence And Perceptions Of Self-Relevant Research (“Me-Search”) In Psychological Science, Andrew R. Devendorf
The Prevalence And Perceptions Of Self-Relevant Research (“Me-Search”) In Psychological Science, Andrew R. Devendorf
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Self-relevant research (i.e., me-search; SRR) is research that is informed by lived experience or having close connections to a topic. The disclosure of SRR may impact how a researcher is viewed in professional contexts, like an application to graduate school, and thus can impact who is recruited and retained in psychology. Although SRR appears to be common in psychology, little systematic research exists on its prevalence by subfield of psychology or how SRR is perceived. This study examined SRR across psychology disciplines. An online survey was administered to faculty and graduate students (N = 1313) affiliated with accredited doctoral programs …
Socio-Emotional Effects Of Rejection: An Experience-Sampling Examination, Gabriella Silva
Socio-Emotional Effects Of Rejection: An Experience-Sampling Examination, Gabriella Silva
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Rejection is a detrimental experience that directly threatens people’s fundamental need for social acceptance and connection. Rejection is particularly distressing for people with elevated social anxiety, as it is their core fear. Yet, very few studies have examined the impact of daily rejection in the context of social anxiety. The present research examined the socioemotional effects of daily feelings of rejection in the context of social anxiety across two experience-sampling studies. Study 1 was a 2-week daily diary study with community adults and Study 2 was a 4-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with a clinical sample of adults with …
An Evaluation Of Measurement Invariance Of Dsm-5 Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria Across Heterosexual, Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Adults, E. Elisa Carsten
An Evaluation Of Measurement Invariance Of Dsm-5 Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria Across Heterosexual, Lesbian, Gay, And Bisexual Adults, E. Elisa Carsten
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
There is a robust, yet poorly understood relationship between non-heterosexual orientation and borderline personality disorder (BPD), with lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals evidencing greater BPD symptoms compared to heterosexual individuals. Recent evidence suggests possible bias in BPD diagnostic criteria leading to greater endorsement among sexual minority individuals, which hinders researchers’ ability to make valid group comparisons. The present study utilized an epidemiological sample of 35,995 men and women to evaluate the extent of differential item functioning (DIF) among BPD criteria across sexual orientation groups using a multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) approach. All criteria except affective instability and emptiness indicated …
Examining The Role Of Executive Functions On The Intention-Behavior Gap Of Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy Use, Becky K. Gius
Examining The Role Of Executive Functions On The Intention-Behavior Gap Of Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy Use, Becky K. Gius
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Alcohol harm reduction strategies are health behaviors that aim to minimize the likelihood or severity of consequences associated with alcohol use. Despite the demonstrated usefulness of harm reduction strategies, there is variability in who and when the strategies are used, leading to the question “if they work, why not use them all the time?” One potential explanation is a discrepancy between the intention to drink safely and actually drinking safely, termed the intention-behavior gap. It is unclear to what extent college drinkers plan on engaging in safe drinking behaviors but fail to follow through. It is plausible some drinkers have …
Investigating Risk Factors Of The Development Of Compulsive Exercise And Eating Disorder Symptoms In College Students, Madeline Palermo
Investigating Risk Factors Of The Development Of Compulsive Exercise And Eating Disorder Symptoms In College Students, Madeline Palermo
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Compulsive exercise (e.g., high exercise frequency combined with the inability to reduce or stop exercising) is associated with a variety of maladaptive outcomes in college students, such as quality of life impairment, body dissatisfaction, and poor physical health outcomes. Recent research suggests that compulsive exercise is highly prevalent among college students and that engagement in compulsive exercise behaviors may increase over the first year of college. Given that college is an important developmental period for establishing behavioral patterns that affect long-term health, developing effective preventative interventions for compulsive exercise among early college students is paramount. Extant cross-sectional work suggests that …
An Experimental Study Of Negative Performance Feedback: Consideration Of A Cognitive Pathway And Individual Difference Factors, Ansley M. Bender
An Experimental Study Of Negative Performance Feedback: Consideration Of A Cognitive Pathway And Individual Difference Factors, Ansley M. Bender
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Negative performance feedback is relatively common and may be related to negative mental health outcomes, but there is a lack of sufficient experimental research. Further, little is known about the pathway by which effects emerge, or factors that may enhance or attenuate resilience to the effects of negative performance feedback. There is preliminary support for a cognitive pathway through appraisals of falling short of standards, but this specific model remains untested. Likewise, research suggests that perfectionism and positive future thinking may affect resilience in the context of negative performance feedback. The present study was among the first to experimentally test …
Planning To Behave Impulsively To Feel Better: An Ema Study Of College Students' Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, Binge Eating, And Exercise Behaviors, Rose H. Miller
Planning To Behave Impulsively To Feel Better: An Ema Study Of College Students' Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, Binge Eating, And Exercise Behaviors, Rose H. Miller
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Extensive research has demonstrated associations between impulsivity and maladaptive behaviors such as nonsuicidal self-injury and binge eating. Little attention has been paid to the planning that may occur prior to engagement in these behaviors, or to the role the planning might play in allowing individuals to regulate their emotions when they are not immediately able to engage in their chosen behaviors. Including another behavior that is typically considered to be non-impulsive (i.e., physical exercise) as a comparison, we sought to test the hypothesis that planning may serve an affect regulatory role for individuals who engage in so-called “impulsive” behaviors. We …
The Influence Of Covid-19 On Tobacco Racial Health Disparities: Testing The Differential Effects Of Covid-19 On Smoking Motivation Variables Across Black And White Smokers, Patricia F. Calixte-Civil
The Influence Of Covid-19 On Tobacco Racial Health Disparities: Testing The Differential Effects Of Covid-19 On Smoking Motivation Variables Across Black And White Smokers, Patricia F. Calixte-Civil
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated persistent racial differences in access and quality of healthcare resources that result in disproportionately poor health outcomes for Black and African Americans, relative to Whites. Given COVID-19’s influence on racial health disparities broadly, examination is warranted on whether the pandemic has more specificallyinfluenced smoking motivation and, subsequently, tobacco-related health disparities. The goal of this study was to test whether COVID-19 related video content differentially primed smoking motivation (cravings, cessation self-efficacy, and motivation to quit) among Black and White smokers. I used an online research platform to host an experiment with a 2x3 between-subjects factorial design …
Gender Differences In College Drinkers: The Role Of Masculine Norms, Jared A. Davis
Gender Differences In College Drinkers: The Role Of Masculine Norms, Jared A. Davis
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Drinking among college students has remained a prominent problem within the United States, with more than 50% of college students drinking alcohol, 30% considered binge drinkers, and 9% considered heavy drinkers (SAMHSA, 2018). Evidence also shows that males are more likely to partake in risky drinking behaviors (e.g., binge drinking or drinking to intoxication) and are at higher risk to be diagnosed with a alcohol use disorder when compared to women (Iwamoto et al. 2014; Grant et al., 2004). Recent findings suggest that adherence to particular masculine norms as a risk factor for problematic alcohol use among men (Mahalik, 2000; …
Approach And Avoidance Food Craving: A Dual Cue Reactivity Investigation, Christina Lee Verzijl
Approach And Avoidance Food Craving: A Dual Cue Reactivity Investigation, Christina Lee Verzijl
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Recent research suggests that food craving is a motivational process underlying the full spectrum of disordered eating behaviors. The ambivalence model of craving, originally applied to substance use craving, provides a framework through which the push-pull motivational process of food craving and its relation to the range of disordered eating behaviors can be understood. In this perspective, food craving is a multi-dimensional motivational process that involves an individual’s competing desires to both consume (i.e., approach) and not consume (i.e., avoid) certain food. Building on previous literature, the current study tested whether behavioral measures of approach and avoidance food craving (i.e., …
Testing The Effects Of Social Exclusion On Emotional Arousal: An Examination Of The Effects Of Psychological Pain And Rumination, Amanda L. Peterson
Testing The Effects Of Social Exclusion On Emotional Arousal: An Examination Of The Effects Of Psychological Pain And Rumination, Amanda L. Peterson
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The examination of social exclusion and its impact on future emotional responding may prove to be a fruitful area of research in the prevention of suicide. Additionally, there may be other factors (such as the experience of psychological pain and rumination) that may influence how one responds to social exclusion. However, little research has explored individual differences in reactions to social exclusion. As such, the present study explored how social exclusion influences emotional responding to other environmental stimuli, as well as examining how a history of psychological pain and rumination affected how one responds to social exclusion. 503 undergraduate students …
Boredom, Interoceptive Ability, And Emotional Eating, Erica Ahlich
Boredom, Interoceptive Ability, And Emotional Eating, Erica Ahlich
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Emotional eating is a commonly described phenomenon reported by individuals across the weight spectrum. Not only does existing evidence suggest it is not an effective emotion regulation strategy, but emotional eating is also associated with difficulty losing weight during weight loss interventions and other negative health outcomes. The majority of existing work in the area of emotional eating has focused on the broad dimensions of negative and positive affect. Yet, there are data suggesting that different emotions appear to produce different changes in eating behaviors, suggesting the importance of investigating the influence of discrete emotions on eating. The lack of …
Predicting Future Well-Being Among United States Youth Who Attempted Suicide And Survived, Bingjie Tong
Predicting Future Well-Being Among United States Youth Who Attempted Suicide And Survived, Bingjie Tong
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
After a non-fatal suicide attempt, survivors commonly endorse the goal of building a life worth living; however, there have been few investigations of good outcomes after non-fatal suicide attempts. Our prior study of a national sample of United States youth found that 7 years after a non-fatal suicide attempt, approximately 13% of adolescents (75 out of 574) achieved a well-being profile at or above the top quartile of non-suicidal peers, a status which we term as good future well-being (FWB). The present investigation focused on potential predictors of FWB, including self-esteem, positive mood, family connectedness, and school belongingness, drawn from …
Do Suicide Attempt Survivors Have Reduced Long-Term Well-Being? A Study Of Veterans Across Three Nationally Representative Cohorts, Bradley A. Brown
Do Suicide Attempt Survivors Have Reduced Long-Term Well-Being? A Study Of Veterans Across Three Nationally Representative Cohorts, Bradley A. Brown
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Prior suicide attempts are known to elevate the risk for re-attempting suicide and death by suicide. However, most people who attempt suicide will neither die by suicide nor re-attempt suicide. Establishing comprehensive knowledge about the prognosis of suicide attempts would be valuable for multiple stakeholders, including suicide attempt survivors, their loved ones, and mental health professionals treating suicidal patients. Nearly all work on functioning after a non-fatal suicide attempt centers on elevated risk, and the effects of a suicide attempt on long-term psychological well-being are unknown. The present study addressed this gap in the literature by comparing psychological well-being among …
Cool Under Fire: Psychopathic Traits And Decision-Making In Law Enforcement-Oriented Populations, Sean J. Mckinley
Cool Under Fire: Psychopathic Traits And Decision-Making In Law Enforcement-Oriented Populations, Sean J. Mckinley
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Law enforcement is an occupation that is typically characterized by high stress, physical danger, and potential for use of excessive force to subdue suspects of criminal activity. Compared to other jobs, the law enforcement profession is considered a high-stakes occupation that has the potential to greatly impact public safety, and officers must face daily dangers not experienced in other professions. While much research has focused on traditional models of personality and police performance (i.e., Big Five traits; Schneider, 2002; Twersky-Glasner, 2005), there may be utility in examining police officer performance through the lens of the triarchic psychopathy domains (Patrick, Fowles, …
Unintended Consequences? Testing The Effects Of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-Vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers, Leslie E. Sawyer
Unintended Consequences? Testing The Effects Of Adolescent-Targeted Anti-Vaping Media Upon Adult Smokers, Leslie E. Sawyer
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A great deal of controversy surrounds e-cigarettes, with some arguing that protection of youth and non-users is paramount and others maintaining that these products are beneficial from a harm reduction perspective for use by adult smokers for switching from combustible cigarettes and for smoking cessation. Opponents of e-cigarettes have allocated tremendous funds toward advertising campaigns aimed at youth deterrence; however, to date, the effects of these ads upon adult smokers have yet to be examined. The current study used a between-subjects experimental design to investigate the effects of an FDA-distributed youth-targeted anti-vaping PSA, “Vaping is an Epidemic,” upon adult smokers …
The Relationship Of Hope To Goals And Psychological Outcomes In Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: A Test Of Hope Theory, Kelly A. Hyland
The Relationship Of Hope To Goals And Psychological Outcomes In Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: A Test Of Hope Theory, Kelly A. Hyland
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Background. Hope is an important positive psychological construct that may help to explain how individuals cope in the context of life-threatening illness. Snyder’s hope theory states that humans are goal-oriented, and that goals link hope to psychological outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship of hope to emotional well-being, meaning and purpose in life, and positive and negative affect in a sample of patients with advanced stage lung cancer. The study also sought to identify how hope relates to patients’ goals and to explore whether goal characteristics and progress in achieving goals mediated the relationship …
Cognitive Ability And Ambivalence Toward Alcohol: An Examination Of Working Memory Capacity’S Influence On Drinking Behavior, Emily T. Noyes
Cognitive Ability And Ambivalence Toward Alcohol: An Examination Of Working Memory Capacity’S Influence On Drinking Behavior, Emily T. Noyes
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Research stemming from dual-processing theories suggest that working memory capacity may have an important role in the ability to inhibit automatic tendencies when there is the motivation to do so (Barrett, Tugade, & Engle, 2004). Ambivalence, the simultaneous desire to engage in (approach motivation) and inhibit (avoidance motivation), often occurs with problematic behaviors like alcohol abuse. The current study sought to determine whether individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the relationship between approach, avoidance and subsequent drinking behavior in a clinical sample. A total of 66 individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) participated in a baseline assessment of working …
Mental Health Problems, Traumatic Brain Injury, And Offending Behavior Among Persons Incarcerated In A County Jail, Lauren F. Fournier
Mental Health Problems, Traumatic Brain Injury, And Offending Behavior Among Persons Incarcerated In A County Jail, Lauren F. Fournier
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Previous work has found that although mental illness is positively related to offending behavior, it is a fairly poor predictor of aggression, violence, offending, and recidivism after controlling for sociodemographic and historical risk factors (i.e., criminal history, age, race, gender). This refutes the model that mental illness is a direct cause of crime. Instead, risk for recidivism or crime related to mental health problems may be higher when combined with other risk factors. The current study evaluated traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated symptoms of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) as potential moderators of the relationship between mental health problems and concurrently …
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Of Disordered Eating Behaviors Within Alcohol Use Episodes: Determining Temporal Sequencing In Food And Alcohol Disturbance, Emily M. Choquette
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Of Disordered Eating Behaviors Within Alcohol Use Episodes: Determining Temporal Sequencing In Food And Alcohol Disturbance, Emily M. Choquette
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The co-occurrence of disordered eating and alcohol use has been well documented in the literature. Food and Alcohol Disturbance (FAD), previously referred to as “drunkorexia,” refers to the use of disordered eating behaviors within an alcohol use episode for the purpose of increasing alcohol effects and/or offsetting caloric intake from alcohol. There is a relatively limited literature base which examines FAD; however, there is evidence that FAD is associated with alcohol-related consequences and health risk behaviors. As such, further study into this phenomenon is necessary. The current study aimed to address significant limitations in the literature. While the aims of …
Examining The Potential Interactions Of Expectancies And Disordered Eating Behavior, Cody B. Staples
Examining The Potential Interactions Of Expectancies And Disordered Eating Behavior, Cody B. Staples
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Expectancy models (i.e., cognitions regarding perceived consequences of behavior) have been applied to eating behaviors to understand the development and maintenance of disordered eating. The two primary categories of expectancies, thinness/restriction expectancies (i.e., perceived rewards from being thin or restricting one’s diet) and negative affect reduction expectancies (i.e., the belief that eating will reduce negative emotions) have largely been studied in isolation, despite evidence that individuals can endorse both sets of expectancies simultaneously. To address this, the current study proposed an interactive model of thinness/restriction and eating to manage negative affect expectancies and disordered eating behavior. Specifically, it was hypothesized …
Influencing Motivation For Alcohol Through Social Bonding, Bryan Benitez
Influencing Motivation For Alcohol Through Social Bonding, Bryan Benitez
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Human survival depends upon the ability to cooperate by forming affiliative social bonds. Social bonding should therefore be a powerful motivating force in practically all human decision making. Past research demonstrates that social bonding and motivation for alcohol consumption share similar psychological and neurobiological pathways. In this study, we attempted to reduce alcohol motivation by enhancing perceptions of social bonding prior to and during the hours and days when alcohol consumption was most likely. In a predominantly female college student sample, we found mixed support for our hypotheses that a novel social bonding manipulation delivered through mobile technology would satiate …
The General Psychopathology Factor (P) From Adolescence To Adulthood: Disentangling The Developmental Trajectories Of P Using A Multi-Method Approach, Alexandria M. Choate
The General Psychopathology Factor (P) From Adolescence To Adulthood: Disentangling The Developmental Trajectories Of P Using A Multi-Method Approach, Alexandria M. Choate
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Considerable attention is directed towards studying co-occurring psychopathology through the lens of a general factor (p-factor). However, the developmental trajectories and stability of the p-factor have yet to be fully understood. Study 1 first examined the explanatory power of dynamic mutualism theory — an alternative framework positing the p-factor to be a product of lower-level symptom interactions rather than the inherent cause of them. Predictions of dynamic mutualism were tested using three distinct statistical approaches including: longitudinal bifactor models, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs), and network models. Next, given prior suggestions that borderline personality disorder (BPD) could be a marker …
Parent Coping And Sibling Relationship Quality In Pediatric Cancer: The Moderating Effects Of Parental Emotion Socialization Beliefs, Esther Davila
Parent Coping And Sibling Relationship Quality In Pediatric Cancer: The Moderating Effects Of Parental Emotion Socialization Beliefs, Esther Davila
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study examined relations between parent coping and parent-, patient-, and sibling-reported perceptions of sibling relationship quality (SRQ), as well as potential moderating effects of parent emotion socialization (ES) beliefs in the context of pediatric oncology. Questionnaires were completed by 155 parents of pediatric oncology patients, 103 pediatric oncology patients, and 104 healthy siblings of pediatric oncology patients. Parent coping and ES beliefs predicted parent-perceived sibling warmth and dominance disparity. For parents low in emotion-dismissive ES beliefs, parent adaptive coping negatively predicted parent-perceived sibling dominance disparity. For parents low in emotion-coaching ES beliefs, parent adaptive coping positively predicted patient-perceived sibling …
Higher Sense Of Control Predicts Long-Term Well-Being After Depression, Andrew R. Devendorf
Higher Sense Of Control Predicts Long-Term Well-Being After Depression, Andrew R. Devendorf
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Excellent outcomes after major depression, including the possibility of optimal well-being (OWB), are understudied. In a previous investigation, nearly 10% of initially depressed adults met OWB criteria 10-years later, yet little is known about factors that explain OWB after depression. This study examined whether sense of control (SOC) beliefs and coping behaviors, specifically, reappraisal and seeking social support, predict OWB after depression. Secondary data analyses were conducted on Waves 1 and 2 of the Midlife Development in the United States (1995–1996; 2004–2006; MIDUS) study, which includes a nationally representative sample of middle-aged adults. Participants in the present analyses met DSM-III …
Alcohol Expectancy Associates As A Probe Of The Motivational Processes That Lead To Drinking, Daniel C. Faraci
Alcohol Expectancy Associates As A Probe Of The Motivational Processes That Lead To Drinking, Daniel C. Faraci
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Consistent with theory, within-person alcohol expectancies monitored across a day predicted alcohol consumption levels later that day. These correlational findings could have been a function of any number of "third variables" including social influences or temporal cycles in affective state. To strengthen the inference that changes in expectancies validly reflect changes in the motivation to drink, we experimentally manipulated expectancy activation and measured subsequent changes in expectancy reports. The evening before expectancy monitoring, participants were informed that later the next day—a Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday—they would be participating in a solitary taste-test of either alcohol or soft drinks. Alcohol expectancies …