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Articles 3001 - 3030 of 4141
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Exploring The Significance Of The Traditional Chef’S Uniform In Making Sense Of Professionalism In Culinary Arts Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Orla Mc Connell
European Journal of Food Drink and Society
Previous studies have found that professionalism is an important success factor for chefs. Yet, research on what professionalism “means” to chefs, and how they “make sense” of it, is currently underexplored. While there is some evidence of the significance of the traditional chef’s uniform in professional identity formation, it also needs further consideration. Culinary arts lecturers and chefs have already contributed to these discussions, but the student voice remains largely unknown. Alongside this, there is no prior research specifically on professionalism in culinary arts in Ireland. Therefore, a research gap emerged, which this paper intends to address. Using interpretative phenomenological …
The Effects Of Attachment Insecurity And Cognitive Flexibility On Mentalization In Psychotherapists, Michael Scharf
The Effects Of Attachment Insecurity And Cognitive Flexibility On Mentalization In Psychotherapists, Michael Scharf
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
The wounded healer concept suggests that one's therapeutic ability is rooted in one's own experiences of pain and suffering. The present study used this concept as a theoretical framework from which to explore issues related to therapist insecure attachment and therapist skill. It examined the role of therapist cognitive flexibility in the relationship between therapist attachment insecurity and therapist mentalization capacity. Participants were 158 therapists from different clinical fields of study and varying levels of clinical experience who completed an online protocol. Results indicated that avoidant attachment negatively predicted mentalization capacity, validating in a therapist sample what previous studies have …
Maladaptive Perfectionism And Regulation Of Negative Affect After Failure: The Influences Of Self-Esteem And Mindfulness, Gregory Neil Friedman
Maladaptive Perfectionism And Regulation Of Negative Affect After Failure: The Influences Of Self-Esteem And Mindfulness, Gregory Neil Friedman
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of emotion regulation strategies among adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists and determine if there are differences. It proposed a model that maladaptive perfectionists experience heightened negative affect in response to their perceived deficiencies, and that both self-esteem and mindfulness contribute to emotion regulation strategy choice. A sample of 336 participants, ages 18 and older, completed online self-report measures related to perfectionism, self-esteem, mindfulness, current affect, and emotion regulation strategy choice, along with a manipulated failure task. Results showed that after a perceived failure, maladaptive perfectionists had lower odds of choosing …
Development Of Bibliotherapy For Emetophobia In Children, Katerina Levy M.S.
Development Of Bibliotherapy For Emetophobia In Children, Katerina Levy M.S.
Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-
Emetophobia has been cited in the literature as one of the least understood and largely understudied anxiety disorders and is estimated to impact 2-7% of the population (Boschen, 2007; Graziano et al., 2010; Hunter & Anthony, 2009; Marks, 1987; Veale & Lambrou, 2006). Even less is known about emetophobia in children, and research has primarily focused on case studies to highlight the phenomenology of emetophobia as well as the trajectory of treatment (Graziano et al., 2010). Given the limited knowledge on emetophobia, few resources exist to aid and facilitate treatment (i.e., children’s storybooks or treatment manuals). Including children’s books in …
Examining The Effects Of Manualized Suicide Intervention Training On Clinical Psychology Doctoral Trainees: A Quasi-Experimental Trial, Alexander Dorfman M.S.
Examining The Effects Of Manualized Suicide Intervention Training On Clinical Psychology Doctoral Trainees: A Quasi-Experimental Trial, Alexander Dorfman M.S.
Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-
Although most clinical psychology doctoral trainees encounter at least one suicidal client over the course of their training (Dexter-Mazza & Freeman, 2003), there is notable variability in the degree of formal suicide risk assessment and intervention training offered across clinical psychology doctoral programs (Monahan & Karver, 2021). Most suicide-related training involves passive (e.g., lectures) rather than active (e.g., role-plays, experiential exercises) training techniques, despite evidence for the effectiveness of the latter in improving clinicians’ skills (Gryglewicz et al., 2020). The Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST) is a manualized, evidence-based training incorporating didactics and role-plays (LivingWorks, 2013; Rodgers, 2010). The …
The Role Of Narcissistic Personality Traits In The Afffective Experience Of Using Instagram, Kathleen Lorraine Tully
The Role Of Narcissistic Personality Traits In The Afffective Experience Of Using Instagram, Kathleen Lorraine Tully
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
As Instagram’s popularity has grown in recent years, so too has public and research interest grown in understanding the effects of Instagram use on young women. The present study joins a growing number of daily diary studies that explored momentary changes in negative affect, self-esteem, distress, vulnerable narcissism, and grandiose narcissism in response to browsing Instagram and exposure to distressing images. The role of narcissistic personality traits on such relationships was of particular interest. The present study implemented a naturalistic design with an in vivo procedure to also analyze post characteristics that contribute to negative emotional responses. Participants were 153 …
Momentary Suicidal Ideation In The Context Of Romantic Conflict, Hyungji Kim
Momentary Suicidal Ideation In The Context Of Romantic Conflict, Hyungji Kim
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
This micro-longitudinal study examined the psychological mechanisms involved in the momentary unfolding of suicidal ideation (SI) subsequent to conflicts with a romantic partner (PRC), with a specific aim to examine the mediating and moderating roles of state anger (SA), rejection expectancy (RE), lack of emotional awareness (LEA), and perceived social support from friends (PSS). Adult participants (N = 114) who confirmed residing in the U.S., being in a romantic relationship for at least three months, and having experienced at least one episode of suicidal ideation within the past month were asked to complete self-report measures on baseline rejection expectancy (A-RSQ), …
Trauma, Hostile Attribution Bias, Substance Use, And Aggression Among Justice Involved Individuals With Severe Mental Illness, Emily Sarah Miller
Trauma, Hostile Attribution Bias, Substance Use, And Aggression Among Justice Involved Individuals With Severe Mental Illness, Emily Sarah Miller
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
Previous literature has supported the significant impacts of trauma on aggression as well as the exploration of various other complex, multidimensional factors that maintain the mechanisms of this relationship. This study aimed to further understand the relationship between trauma experiences and aggression, while also examining the possible strengthening impact of hostile attribution bias (HAB), substance use, and severe mental illness (SMI) on this cycle of violence among justice-involved individuals (JII). This study seeks to add to the limited literature of HAB within adult, forensic populations. A total of 82 participants were recruited from an alternative-to-incarceration program and completed a survey …
Father-Son Play Interactions And The Influence Of Traditional Masculinity Ideology, Amber Nicole Cope
Father-Son Play Interactions And The Influence Of Traditional Masculinity Ideology, Amber Nicole Cope
Selected Full-Text Dissertations 2020-
There are limited studies exploring the benefits of father-son play and child development, and none to date have included traditional masculinity ideologies (Vallotton et al., 2020). To better inform clinical interventions for sons and their families, this study explored the relationship between paternal traditional masculinity ideology and father-son joint play interactions, and their impact on child playfulness and adjustment. Grounded in traditional masculinity ideology theory, attachment theory, and social learning theory, the study involved 86 father-son dyads with sons aged 4-8 years from the United States. Fathers completed self-report measures and father-son play interactions were observed and coded. Results showed …
The Image Of Schizophrenia In Spain's Healthcare System, Meghan Webb
The Image Of Schizophrenia In Spain's Healthcare System, Meghan Webb
CISLA Senior Integrative Projects
Schizophrenia affects thousands of people in Spain and is one of the most serious mental health disorders in existence. Despite its this characteristic, schizophrenia did not always get the proper attention it deserved within the country’s healthcare system. This was largely due to the influence that the Spanish government had, and continues to have, over the healthcare system, giving it the power to choose how the disorder was represented. Therefore, what does that mean for schizophrenia in Spain’s healthcare system today? This essay will explore the ways in which schizophrenia was represented in Spain’s healthcare system through an examination of …
The Efficacy Of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Compared To Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Drug Counseling For Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Morris D. Franco, Ma, Ms
The Efficacy Of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Compared To Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Drug Counseling For Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Morris D. Franco, Ma, Ms
Selected Full Text Dissertations, 2011-
In 2021, drug overdoses were the leading cause of death in the US for those under age 50, with a toll of 100,306 lives, an increase of 28.5% from 2020 (Center for Disease Control, 2021). This increasing toll makes it imperative to identify effective research-based treatments. Psychodynamic psychotherapy (PDT) is an option for treating substance-use disorder (SUD); however, few studies have examined its effectiveness. This meta-analysis builds on Warshaw’s 2022 meta-analysis of studies on the efficacy of PDT in treating SUDs. We conducted a between-groups analysis of randomized controlled trials, analyzing post-treatment and follow-up differences between PDT and cognitive behavioral …
Evaluating A Combined Affirmative Consent And Bystander Intervention Training For New Students, Gabrielle Gottschall
Evaluating A Combined Affirmative Consent And Bystander Intervention Training For New Students, Gabrielle Gottschall
Theses and Dissertations
The current study examined the impact of a live, virtual training on the combined topics of affirmative consent and bystander intervention among 1,395 students new to the university in 2022. Student responses on pre-survey and post-training surveys were analyzed to determine if attending the intervention promoted students’ ability to understand, practice and recognize prosocial consent and bystander related attitudes and behaviors. New students registered to attend one 60-minute virtual training facilitated by the Department of Student Health and Wellness. Pre-survey data was collected in the form of a virtual survey prior to the intervention and again 30 days after students …
Say “Ah,” Not “Ahhh!” - Parent Intervention For The Reduction Of Dental Anxiety In A Child With Autism, Alexandra Luisa Vernice
Say “Ah,” Not “Ahhh!” - Parent Intervention For The Reduction Of Dental Anxiety In A Child With Autism, Alexandra Luisa Vernice
Theses and Dissertations
The overall oral health status of children with autism is significantly poorer as compared to children without autism primarily due to dental anxiety. High levels of anxiety often contribute to behavioral distress. These difficulties, coupled with deficits in communication and coping skills, result in challenging behaviors for children with autism during routine dental cleanings. Currently, there is limited research on effective treatment packages and procedures for managing dental anxiety in children with autism, and no studies have trained parents as intervention agents to treat dental anxiety in this population. In this single-case study, a parent training intervention was delivered to …
Relationship Between Tiktok Usage, Psychological Well-Being, Executive Functioning, Sleep Quality, And Sleep Hygiene Among University Students, Dana Lee Defilippo
Relationship Between Tiktok Usage, Psychological Well-Being, Executive Functioning, Sleep Quality, And Sleep Hygiene Among University Students, Dana Lee Defilippo
Theses and Dissertations
Social media has been a well-researched topic over the past 15 years, with findings supporting its usefulness as well as its harmfulness. Some of these studies have focused on well-being, both psychological and physical, and how social media may impact these aspects. Social media applications such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter have been comprehensively studied in various areas, with many focusing on their impact on mental health. Although these studies have often found that social media usage negatively impacts mental health, there have been some conflicting findings. TikTok, a much newer application, has been far less researched and has …
An Evaluation Of ‘Knowing Yes!’, A Virtual Consent Training And Its Effects On Students’ Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Affirmative Consent, Julie L. Koenigsberg
An Evaluation Of ‘Knowing Yes!’, A Virtual Consent Training And Its Effects On Students’ Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Affirmative Consent, Julie L. Koenigsberg
Theses and Dissertations
Much of the sexual assault prevention literature on the university level focuses on individual institutions’ varied efforts to address incidences of sexual assault on their campuses and their outcomes (Donais et al., 2018). While consent education programming has emerged as one such effort, there is a dearth of evaluative literature in this area and the understanding of the role of consent education alone in sexual violence prevention (Beres, 2020). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate one university’s consent-centered educational program and explore its successes and limitations as the field moves towards standardizing sexual violence prevention efforts on college campuses. Results …
The Impact Of Acculturative Stress On Psychological Wellbeing Among South Asian Adolescents And The Moderating Effect Of Gender, Rafia Zahid Chaudhry
The Impact Of Acculturative Stress On Psychological Wellbeing Among South Asian Adolescents And The Moderating Effect Of Gender, Rafia Zahid Chaudhry
Theses and Dissertations
The South Asian community is one of the fastest-growing immigrant populations in the United States (SAALT, 2019), and yet, there is a paucity of research that examines their experiences with acculturation, particularly in relation to stress. Likewise, acculturative stress or the strain associated with cross-cultural exposure is especially salient during adolescence when ethnic identity formation tends to materialize (Goforth et al., 2014) Researchers have indicated that acculturative stress is associated with negative mental health trajectories (Miller De Rutté & Rubenstein, 2021); nevertheless, virtually few studies have examined the variables associated with acculturative stress, especially among South Asian youth. The aim …
Does Focused Commitment Consultation (Facc) Increase Teachers’ Self-Efficacy For Working With Children With Emotional And Behavioral Challenges?, Darla Jean Dilorenzo
Does Focused Commitment Consultation (Facc) Increase Teachers’ Self-Efficacy For Working With Children With Emotional And Behavioral Challenges?, Darla Jean Dilorenzo
Theses and Dissertations
The current study investigated if a pilot consultation method, Focused Acceptance Commitment Consultation (FACC), increased self-efficacy for teachers working with children with emotional and behavioral challenges. Four teachers from an alternative school in New Jersey participated in the study. The teachers' ages ranged from 46 to 60 years old, with a gender distribution of three female teachers and one male. Weekly measures included the Classroom Management Observation Tool (CMOT), which was used to observe the teachers' classroom management behaviors; the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), which measured teacher self-efficacy; and the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) to measure teacher …
Examining The Relationship Between Anger At The Self And Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) Symptoms, Dina M. Cottone
Examining The Relationship Between Anger At The Self And Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) Symptoms, Dina M. Cottone
Theses and Dissertations
The emotion concept of "self-anger" is ill-defined and under-researched. While self-anger bears similarities to traditional anger ("other-anger"), it also retains features of shame and guilt. In addition, self-anger shares ruminative qualities and self-condemning thoughts with depression. As a result, self-anger can become maladaptive at persistent and unhealthy levels. Furthermore, individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be at an increased risk for dysfunctional self-anger, considering their proneness to increased anger and depressive tendencies compared to non-ADHD counterparts. However, the relationship between ADHD and self-anger has not yet been explored in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the …
Teacher Social Emotional Competencies Impact Classroom Management And Well-Being, Anna Lagos Kalargiros
Teacher Social Emotional Competencies Impact Classroom Management And Well-Being, Anna Lagos Kalargiros
Theses and Dissertations
This study sought to investigate, from an empirical standpoint, whether teacher SECs impact classroom management and their well-being. Teachers completed a questionnaire including the Self-Assessing Social and Emotional Instruction and Competencies: A Tool for Teachers (SSEIC) and Professional Quality of Life (PROQOL), as well as were observed once in the classroom measured by the Classroom Management Observation Tool (CMOT). Findings demonstrate that teachers’ SECs are positively correlated with classroom management practices, including teachers’ active supervision, encouraging participation, praise, and student feedback on social and academic behavior. Although all SEC categories individually impact classroom management, self-awareness (SA) was the most predictive …
School-Based Suicide Prevention And Postvention: School Psychologists’ Knowledge Of Ethics, Laws, And Best Practices, Veronica Lynn Milito
School-Based Suicide Prevention And Postvention: School Psychologists’ Knowledge Of Ethics, Laws, And Best Practices, Veronica Lynn Milito
Theses and Dissertations
Suicide is preventable, however suicide rates among children and adolescents are continuing to rise (Curtin & Heron, 2019). As such it is imperative that school psychologists who have an opportunity to impact the incidence of suicidal behaviors amongst students are properly trained in suicide prevention, postvention, laws, and ethics (Miller, 2014). However, there is little known about the efficacy of certain training approaches in suicide for school psychologists that may overcome barriers to implementation such as cost and time consumption (Dunn et al., 2013; Robinson et al., 2013). The present study sought to create a measure encompassing school psychologists’ objective …
The Intersection Of Family Environment, Personality Development, And Life Satisfaction, Ché Malik Ashé
The Intersection Of Family Environment, Personality Development, And Life Satisfaction, Ché Malik Ashé
Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the interplay between family environment, parental bonding, personality traits, personality dysfunction, and life satisfaction among college undergraduates. Participants were comprised of college undergraduates (N = 736; 79% female) and we obtained measures of big five personality dimensions, parental bonding, family environment, personality dysfunction, and life satisfaction. Findings indicate that emotional stability is the strongest predictor of life satisfaction, while negative affect is strongly correlated with personality dysfunction. Paternal bonding and family environment were particularly influential in shaping personality traits, which in turn impacted life satisfaction. Additionally, personality dysfunction traits show a stronger correlation to parental care than …
Evaluation Of Cultural-Linguistic Factors In Speech-Language Testing With English Learners, Mayra Alejandra Reyes Ruiz
Evaluation Of Cultural-Linguistic Factors In Speech-Language Testing With English Learners, Mayra Alejandra Reyes Ruiz
Theses and Dissertations
As the population of schools increases in diversity, school psychologists are challenged to provide equitable assessments for English Language Learners. However, due to lack of training in non-discriminatory assessment, inconsistent administration practices, and lack of knowledge of language development, in some districts, ELLs are overrepresented in Special Education, including Speech Language Impairment. For fair and a valid assessment, it is imperative that practitioners understand the cultural and linguistic development factors that affect ELL test performance. The Culture-Language Test Classifications, and Culture-Language Interpretive Matrix provide practitioners with information on the degree of cultural loading and linguistic demand required on a test, …
Testing The Efficacy Of Psychoeducational Booklet About The Mental Health Effects Of Discrimination, Margarita Manzano
Testing The Efficacy Of Psychoeducational Booklet About The Mental Health Effects Of Discrimination, Margarita Manzano
Theses and Dissertations
There is a significant relationship between discrimination and mental health (Assari et al., 2017; Brondolo et al., 2009; Paradies et al., 2015). Although there are a high number of individuals who experience discrimination, there are limited data reported on effective ways to lessen the effect that discrimination and racism can have on overall mental health (Brondolo et al., 2009). Although cultural competency is crucial in psychotherapy and helps create an understanding between the mental health provider and client (Sue et al., 1992), previous research has shown that there is still a need for mental health providers to learn more about …
The Relationship Between Clinician-Perceived Competency And Expert-Rated Competency In Rebt Using Anxiety-Focused Simulated-Based Practice, Morgan Klein Schall
The Relationship Between Clinician-Perceived Competency And Expert-Rated Competency In Rebt Using Anxiety-Focused Simulated-Based Practice, Morgan Klein Schall
Theses and Dissertations
Though competency is of utmost importance to clinical practice (Muse et al., 2022), there have been minimal studies that have explored the relationship between clinician-perceived competency and expert-rated competency with the REBT framework. Competency in the delivery of psychotherapy is expected, but not well-defined (Fairburn & Cooper, 2011). Differences between perceived competency and expert-rated competency (Paunov et al., 2023) create further challenges in defining competency. While clinical competency in psychotherapy provision has been linked to client outcomes, this relationship varies depending on clinical model of psychotherapy as well as clinical problem (Collyer et al., 2020). Most of the competency in …
Examining Effects Of Noise Pollution On Psychosomatic Symptoms Among Teachers In Vietnam, Ryan Gabriel Mcdonough
Examining Effects Of Noise Pollution On Psychosomatic Symptoms Among Teachers In Vietnam, Ryan Gabriel Mcdonough
Theses and Dissertations
Noise pollution is an environmental stressor with broad costs to society, both through its health impacts and its influence on the social environment. The health effects of noise pollution include changes in regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and overall vascular health, in addition to effects on hearing. However, it is unclear whether these adverse effects result from noise exposure directly or from stress secondary to noise. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of both exposure to noise and noise-related stress on psychosomatic symptoms in a sample of 1961 teachers in Vietnam. We measured noise-related stress with a …
How Do Mindfulness And Self-Compassion Elicit Unfavorable Outcomes? No Moderating Effect Detected, Jason T. Katz
How Do Mindfulness And Self-Compassion Elicit Unfavorable Outcomes? No Moderating Effect Detected, Jason T. Katz
Theses and Dissertations
This work investigated the interaction of mindfulness and self-compassion when predicting flourishing. Mindfulness and self-compassion have become increasingly popular for their benefits, but there is much to uncover about how these variables elicit favorable and unfavorable outcomes. We hypothesized that having high levels of mindfulness and self-compassion would elicit the strongest relationships with flourishing. We also hypothesized that having high levels of both mindfulness and self-compassion would prevent either variable from having negative relationships with flourishing. Our survey gauged the mindfulness, self-compassion, and flourishing levels of 180 participants from a large, urban, parochial university undergraduate pool. We used hierarchical linear …
Anger In Response To Racial And Social Injustice: A Pilot Study Identifying Anger Subtypes Within The Asian Population, Ira Miguelle Ocampo Bangawan
Anger In Response To Racial And Social Injustice: A Pilot Study Identifying Anger Subtypes Within The Asian Population, Ira Miguelle Ocampo Bangawan
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigates the types of anger profiles an Asian population experiences in response to racial and social injustice. Dr. Myisha Cherry theorized five types of racial anger. Four types reflected maladaptive anger (rogue, wipe, resentment, and narcissistic rage), and one reflected adaptive anger (Lordean rage). I hypothesized a five- or six-factor solution to address racial anger based on Cherry's theory. To test this, self-identified Asian participants (n = 69) completed the Anger Racism Scale, which consisted of the Racial Anger Subtypes Questionnaire, Social Engagement Questionnaire, Anger Over Racism Dysfunctional Consequences Questionnaire, STAXI-2 Trait Anger Scale, and Constructive Anger Behavior …
The Impact Of Person-Situation Congruence On People’S Preference For Interpersonal Interactions, Zachary Ian Harkinish-Murray
The Impact Of Person-Situation Congruence On People’S Preference For Interpersonal Interactions, Zachary Ian Harkinish-Murray
Theses and Dissertations
The present study aims to test the hypothesis that participants will prefer to interact with individuals in situations whose demands are congruent with the participant’s personality traits. The study used both poles of the Big Five personality traits systematically and comprehensively paired with five of the eight situational characteristics from the DIAMONDS model. The study comprised 94 participants with a gender split of 70:20, favoring females. Of the participant population, 59% (59.14%) were between the ages of 18-21. 44% (44.09%) of participants were White and non-Hispanic. Results indicated the predicted congruence effects only for the Extraversion/Sociality pair, whereas Neuroticism/Adversity also …
Hwa-Byung (화병): The Associations Between The Big Five Personality Traits And Psychopathology In Koreans And Americans, Sun Moon
Theses and Dissertations
Hwa-byung is an emotional and behavioral condition as well as cultural concept of distress primarily observed in Korean populations. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) classified hwa-byung as a Korean cultural-bound syndrome in 1994 (Min & Suh, 2010; as cited in APA, 2000). According to the DSM-IV, it often arises among middle-aged or older Korean women, but it can be occur in any gender across the lifespan. This study applied a combined emic-etic methodology to measure hwa-byung and examine the relationship between hwa-byung, Big Five personality traits, and psychological symptoms of distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, …
Measuring Consumer Satisfaction And Efficacy Of A Psychoeducational Material, Kyara Archie
Measuring Consumer Satisfaction And Efficacy Of A Psychoeducational Material, Kyara Archie
Theses and Dissertations
Discrimination has been shown to have negative effects on mental health (Vargas et al., 2020). Studies have shown that experiencing and perceiving racism can lead to symptoms of depression in Black individuals (Gayman & Barragan, 2013). Though this problem exists, there are limited methods and solutions presented that address the effects of racism on depression (Brondolo et al., 2009). Empirical research has not yielded clear findings on the best strategies for addressing discrimination. This limits the guidance that can be provided to people as they attempt to alleviate the concern associated with discrimination. Further, individuals may experience distress and discomfort …