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Articles 2911 - 2940 of 3660
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Significant And Impactful Experiences In Clinical Supervision: Relational Connection And Disconnection In The Current Cultural Clearing, Cailin Qualliotine
Significant And Impactful Experiences In Clinical Supervision: Relational Connection And Disconnection In The Current Cultural Clearing, Cailin Qualliotine
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
There is little consensus within research and literature on how best to approach the supervisory relationship and experience. This lack of consensus is concerning due to the central role that supervision has in shaping each generation of clinicians and psychotherapists. Relational theory offers a philosophical grounding for inquiring as to what individuals find most significant in their experiences of supervisory relationships. In order to emphasize mutuality within a clearly asymmetrical arrangement, both supervisors and supervisees were interviewed in a qualitative study. Twenty individuals; 10 supervisors and 10 supervisees participated. The study was designed to shed light on significant and impactful …
Exploring The Experience Of Grandchildren In Custodial Grandparent Care, Maura Kathleen Cole
Exploring The Experience Of Grandchildren In Custodial Grandparent Care, Maura Kathleen Cole
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Grandparent-headed families are a growing trend as social policy has moved increasingly toward kinship care for children in out-of-home placements. While much of the current research focuses on the characteristics and potential causal factors in the formation of such families, there has been little qualitative research focusing on the lived experiences of the involved children. This study explores the subjective, meaning-making experiences of six latency-aged grandchildren between the ages of 6 and 11 being raised by their grandparents. This study utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodology, and semi-structured interviews, to attain the personal accounts and experiences of these children. The findings …
Reducing Adolescent Anger And Aggression With Biofeedback: A Mixed-Methods Multiple Case Study, Jedidiah S. Savard
Reducing Adolescent Anger And Aggression With Biofeedback: A Mixed-Methods Multiple Case Study, Jedidiah S. Savard
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Adolescent anger, aggression, and violent outbursts are social problems significantly affecting each of us. Individual therapeutic management of pathological anger is treated in various ways depending on practitioners’ theoretical orientations and competency levels. Popular psychological individual and group therapies addressing anger and aggression in adolescents focus primarily on cognitive-behavioral techniques that manage anger’s symptoms. Evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapies often require clients to self-identify emerging antecedents of anger without assistance; such therapies employ predetermined strategies to assist the client to emotionally de-escalate prior to an angry or aggressive episode. However, cognitive responses to an emotional upheaval stemming from an emergence of anger …
Journey To Success: Lessons From Successful Same-Sex Couples, Jeni L. Wahlig
Journey To Success: Lessons From Successful Same-Sex Couples, Jeni L. Wahlig
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Therapists are often called upon to support same-sex couples along their journey to success. Yet, only limited information is available for understanding what success means for same-sex couples, what the journey to success might look like, and how we might support them in navigating that journey. In this dissertation, I seek to begin to fill this gap in knowledge by conducting an extensive literature review of factors that affect same-sex couple relationship success and a qualitative research study. In the study, I use narrative inquiry to explore the challenges and life-events important to couples’ journeys toward success; the resources and …
Psychologists' Hope For Recovery At First Diagnosis Schizophrenia: A Training Model, Marissa Sicley-Rogers
Psychologists' Hope For Recovery At First Diagnosis Schizophrenia: A Training Model, Marissa Sicley-Rogers
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Recovery from schizophrenia is a widely disputed topic among mental health professionals. In spite of scholarly research supporting improved prognosis in schizophrenia, some mental health professionals maintain the belief that recovery from schizophrenia is impossible. A constructionist paradigm frames an understanding of recovery, and describes how different recovery models of schizophrenia may be integrated. From a qualitative approach, this study explores diagnosed individuals’ personal accounts of recovery from schizophrenia. Narrative research provides a framework for analyzing first person, written accounts of recovery from schizophrenia from a criterion-based sample of 18 participants. The results of the study provide insight into dynamic …
Cognitive Biases In Alcohol And Marijuana Users, Wyatt G. Frahm
Cognitive Biases In Alcohol And Marijuana Users, Wyatt G. Frahm
All Master's Theses
The current study investigated the influence of marijuana and alcohol consumption and craving on a primed word stem completion (WSC) task. One hundred participants were randomly assigned to one of three prime conditions: Substance-prime, neutral-prime, and no-prime. In the substance- and neutral-prime conditions, participants were presented with a series of prime words. After a distracter task those participants who were presented with a series of prime words, all participants were given a multi-solution WSC task, which consisted of the initial two to four letters of a word for which the participants were instructed to complete with the first word that …
The Effects Of A Lag 5 Schedule Of Reinforcement On Toy Play Response Variability, Holly Lynn Sutton
The Effects Of A Lag 5 Schedule Of Reinforcement On Toy Play Response Variability, Holly Lynn Sutton
All Master's Theses
Variability in behaviors is a necessary part of living and thriving. Variability allows a person to adapt to new settings, problem solve, and survive. Individuals with an autism spectrum diagnosis lack response variability in their behavioral repertoire, which leads to a lack of problem solving and adaptive skills. Rigid toy play is a common symptom of autism spectrum disorder and shows a larger lack of overall response variability. A lag schedule of reinforcement requires the organism to vary their current response from previous responses in order to receive reinforcement. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect …
Behavioral Differences Between Urban And Rural American Crows (Corvus Brachyrhynchos), Carolina Montenegro
Behavioral Differences Between Urban And Rural American Crows (Corvus Brachyrhynchos), Carolina Montenegro
All Master's Theses
The consequences of transforming a natural environment into a human-modified environment (i.e., urbanization) on wildlife has long been a topic of concern, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical evidence focused on animal behavior. The current study was designed to explore behavioral differences between urban and rural American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) by installing baited perches in urban and rural settings in Kittitas County, Washington. In order to observe differences in urban and rural crow behavior to approach or avoidance-oriented stimuli, perches included custom cameras and audio equipment that alternated between periods of playing crow calls or …
Musical Mnemonic Devices Or Method Of Loci: Which Promotes Higher Recall Of Concrete And Abstract Words?, Sky M. Corby
Musical Mnemonic Devices Or Method Of Loci: Which Promotes Higher Recall Of Concrete And Abstract Words?, Sky M. Corby
All Master's Theses
Mnemonic devices are excellent learning tools to aid in the recall of information. Literature has shown that musical mnemonic devices and the method of loci are two particularly useful mnemonic devices. The literature has also shown that there seems to be some discrepancy as to which one aids in the higher recall of information. This study investigated which learning device— musical mnemonic devices, the method of loci, or rote memorization— promotes a higher recollection of concrete or abstract words after immediate and 5 min recall tasks. The study consisted of 86 participants who were Central Washington University students, ages 18 …
Effects Of Screen Light Filtering Software On Sleep And Morning Alertness, Hengyu Chi
Effects Of Screen Light Filtering Software On Sleep And Morning Alertness, Hengyu Chi
All Master's Theses
Research has shown that blue light can impact the circadian rhythm. Research has also suggested that use of electronic devices, such as computers and televisions that emit blue light before sleep, can negatively impact sleep quality. This research has led to the creation of computer software which lowers the levels of blue light in the evening to help with sleep. This study looked at the impact of wavelength filtering software on sleep onset, sleep duration and subjective alertness after morning waking of four college students. The college students were randomized into two groups and had the wavelength filtering software f.lux …
The Relationship Between College Students’ Purpose In Life And Risk-Taking Behavior, Anna Church
The Relationship Between College Students’ Purpose In Life And Risk-Taking Behavior, Anna Church
All Master's Theses
The relationship between college students’ sense of purpose in life and their self-reported risky substance use and sexual behavior was investigated. Participants from a northwestern university (N = 174) answered questions online from questionnaires measuring meaning in life, alcohol use, substance use, sexual risk behavior, and social desirability. A MANCOVA analysis was conducted. The results demonstrated no statistically significant effects. Strengths and limitations of the study as well as directions for future research and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Identification Of Preference Categories, Katrina Brooks
Identification Of Preference Categories, Katrina Brooks
All Master's Theses
A 16-item paired stimulus (PS) preference assessments was utilized to identify preference categories. A single item from both the highly-preferred (HP) and less preferred (LP) categories as well as two categorically similar but untested items were then utilized during a reinforcer assessment. An alternating treatments design with an initial baseline and final best treatment phase was implemented to assess the comparative effectiveness of the tested versus untested stimuli to act as reinforcers. The reinforcer assessment involved implementation of discrete trial teaching methods to instruct four separate but similar tasks. Each task was paired with an edible item. During treatment, correct …
Uncertainty's Impact On Perceptions Toward Randomness, Ross Cook
Uncertainty's Impact On Perceptions Toward Randomness, Ross Cook
All Master's Theses
The current study examined the effects that perceived uncertainty and success in a financial decision task had on participant’s attitudes toward uncertainty. One hundred and fifty-three participants were randomly assigned to read one of three possible vignettes in which varying levels of uncertainty were depicted (i.e., high uncertainty, low uncertainty, and a control condition in which the degree of uncertainty was not mentioned). Participants were asked to make semi-informed decisions based on these vignettes and were, then, randomly assigned to a success or failure feedback condition in which they were told that they had either performed well or poorly. Afterward, …
The Relationship Of Social Constructs To Intimate Partner Violence, Andi Hefton
The Relationship Of Social Constructs To Intimate Partner Violence, Andi Hefton
All Master's Theses
Correlations between intimate partner violence and specific social influences such as religiosity, propensity towards forgiveness, and gender role identity were examined. A sample of 105 students enrolled at Central Washington University submitted responses based on their perceptions of gender roles, religiosity, forgiveness, and experience with partner violence. Although previous studies examined exposure to intimate partner violence, substance use in relation to perpetrating partner violence, and attitudes about perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV), research to date has failed to examine IPV as it relates to gender roles, religion, and forgiveness. In an attempt to fill this gap, the current study examined …
The Experience Of Foster Parents: What Keeps Foster Parents Motivated To Foster Long Term?, Rodrigo Diaz
The Experience Of Foster Parents: What Keeps Foster Parents Motivated To Foster Long Term?, Rodrigo Diaz
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
The number of children entering foster care has increased significantly in recent years, leading some to categorize the foster system as being in a state of crisis. More foster parents are needed, as are better retention methods. It is pertinent to understand the experiences that foster parents have that affect their decision to continue or cease fostering. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to understand the needs of foster parents based on their experiences and perceptions. The overarching research question sought to determine the lived experiences of foster parents who were navigating through, or taking part in, the …
Lived Experiences And Coping Styles Of Alaskan Women With Opioid Use Disorders, Faith May Golden
Lived Experiences And Coping Styles Of Alaskan Women With Opioid Use Disorders, Faith May Golden
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Death caused by opioid abuse has increased in recent years, and women in the state of Alaska have been significantly impacted by this opioid crisis. Previous researchers have indicated a possible connection between opioid use and sub-clinical PTSD criteria. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to develop a theory regarding the presence of PTSD diagnostic criteria in this population, to identify patterns in past traumas and other life stressors, and to investigate coping strategies in 43 Alaskan women who sought treatment for opioid use. Archived data in the form of therapy notes were analyzed using grounded theory techniques …
Recidivism: An Analysis Of Race, Locus Of Control, And Resilience, Danisha Latrell Thomas
Recidivism: An Analysis Of Race, Locus Of Control, And Resilience, Danisha Latrell Thomas
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Recidivism is a growing problem in the United States that has contributed to prison overcrowding. In the United States, this is especially true for minorities, who have the highest incarceration, conviction, and recidivism rates. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore the relationship between race, recidivism, locus of control, and resilience. For the quantitative component, the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) and the multidimensional locus of control scales were used to measure resiliency and locus of control differences among racial groups (N = 126) on parole at a Fort Worth, Texas parole office. For the qualitative component, in-depth …
Workplace Antidiscrimination Policy Effect On Transgender Employee Job Satisfaction, Stacie Christian
Workplace Antidiscrimination Policy Effect On Transgender Employee Job Satisfaction, Stacie Christian
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Not all organizations in Wisconsin have transgender inclusive antidiscrimination policies. Leadership can use the results of this study to understand the effect of antidiscrimination policies on transgender employee job satisfaction. Quantitative data were collected from transgender employees aged 18 years or older who were employed but not self-employed in the state of Wisconsin. The relationship between the presence and absence of transgender inclusive antidiscrimination policy and job satisfaction was addressed by creating an anonymous online survey that contained demographic questions, the 1997 Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and the Job in General (JIG). Participants were notified of the study using fliers …
Urine Cotinine In Children And Parental Behavior Modification: A Pilot Study, Teresa Lachance
Urine Cotinine In Children And Parental Behavior Modification: A Pilot Study, Teresa Lachance
Muskie School Capstones and Dissertations
“Urine Cotinine in Children and Parental Behavior Modification” was designed by Dr. Deirdre Burns, a pediatrician at the Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital (BBCH). It was implemented as a pilot study to determine whether urine cotinine testing in children who are admitted to the hospital for respiratory illness and tracking parental smoking behaviors over time was feasible. Parents were given a brief survey to assess their current smoking behaviors and to understand their readiness to quit smoking. They received smoking cessation materials provided by the Breathe Easy Coalition of Maine. These materials outline information about second-hand and third-hand smoke, and encourage …
Effects Of Coloring Mandalas On State-Anxiety Reduction With A Focus On Big-Five Personality Traits, Kiersten Anderson
Effects Of Coloring Mandalas On State-Anxiety Reduction With A Focus On Big-Five Personality Traits, Kiersten Anderson
Psychology Honors Papers
The present two-part study examined the effects of coloring mandalas on state anxiety reduction with considerations of duration spent coloring and Big-5 personality traits. It was hypothesized that coloring mandalas for 30 minutes would significantly reduce levels of state anxiety. There were three coloring conditions that were randomly assigned to 105 participants. Measures included a Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) pre- and post-test which assessed levels of state and trait anxiety, and a Big-Five Personality Scale that examined five main personality traits (Goldberg, 1992). Participants had up to 30 minutes to color their mandala before completing a post-intervention STAI. There …
Correctional Mental Health Providers’ Experiences Of Forced Termination On The Working Alliance, Karin Gepp
Correctional Mental Health Providers’ Experiences Of Forced Termination On The Working Alliance, Karin Gepp
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This is a study of the experiences of forced terminations in correctional facilities, particularly their impact on the working alliance between mental health service providers and incarcerated patients. The study includes an introduction to the research problem and its context, followed by a discussion of the literature on the working alliance in psychotherapy, conditions of forced terminations in the treatment of the incarcerated, the problem of forced termination and the working alliance in the correctional settings, and the study’s research methodology. The research methodology is qualitative and includes semi-structured interviews of providers in correctional settings and an analysis of these …
Attune With Baby: An Innovative Attunement Program For Parents And Families With Integrated Evaluation, Sara Beth Lohre
Attune With Baby: An Innovative Attunement Program For Parents And Families With Integrated Evaluation, Sara Beth Lohre
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
Infants speak in their own language; sounds, screeches, cries, and howls that help them to communicate their caregiving needs. Unaware, parents may develop a checklist of caregiving approaches to the baby. The infant tells the adult directly what they need, and waits for the parent to respond. Infant talk may change from soft and quiet to loud and aggressive; coos and cries become crying and screams as the infant’s caregiver—communicating the intensity of emotion, urgency of their request, or their frustration with varied and sometimes inadequate, failed, or missing caregiving patterns the infant has no choice but to accept. When …
An Exploration Into The Lived Experience Of The Jazz Funeral, Caryn R. Whitacre
An Exploration Into The Lived Experience Of The Jazz Funeral, Caryn R. Whitacre
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
This qualitative phenomenological study set out to explore and understand the subjective lived experience of the Jazz Funeral ritual of New Orleans, Louisiana. This dissertation was guided by two principal research questions: 1) What is the lived experience of participation in the Jazz Funeral ritual? and 2) What elements of the Jazz Funeral are beneficial to bereavement as reported by the subjects? Research data were collected and arranged through the utilization of phenomenological research protocol. By recognizing that people are the experts of their own lived experience and listening to participants describe their lived experiences of this ritual, this researcher …
The Application Of Western Models Of Psychotherapy By Indian Psychotherapists In India: A Grounded Theory, Gurjeet Sidhu
The Application Of Western Models Of Psychotherapy By Indian Psychotherapists In India: A Grounded Theory, Gurjeet Sidhu
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
The following study explored the experience of Indian psychotherapists applying Western psychotherapy to Indians. Charmaz’ (2006) Grounded theory methodology was utilized. Seven Indian psychotherapists were interviewed. Interview data yielded the theory of Modification as Resistance. Modification as Resistance captured Indian psychotherapists' attempts to modify Western psychotherapy to resist the erosion of local ways of healing due to the dominance of Western science. Results add to existing critiques of Western psychotherapy applied to Eastern populations. Recommendations based on results are offered to facilitate evidence-based practice (American Psychological Association [APA], 2006) with diverse populations. This dissertation is available in open access at …
อิทธิพลของรูปแบบการจัดกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่ต่อความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่มนักศึกษาและความผูกพันกับคณะ : การวิเคราะห์อิทธิพลส่งผ่านการระบุตัวตนทางสังคม, พัชรวุฒิ สุภาคง
อิทธิพลของรูปแบบการจัดกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่ต่อความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่มนักศึกษาและความผูกพันกับคณะ : การวิเคราะห์อิทธิพลส่งผ่านการระบุตัวตนทางสังคม, พัชรวุฒิ สุภาคง
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่ (แบบสร้างสรรค์ และไม่สร้างสรรค์) กับความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่มและความผูกพันด้านจิตใจต่อคณะภายในมหาวิทยาลัย โดยมีการระบุตัวตนทางสังคมเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่าน กลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้คือ นิสิต/นักศึกษา ระดับปริญญาตรี จากมหาวิทยาลัยในประเทศไทย จำนวน 331 คน ผลจากการวิเคราะห์โมเดลสมการโครงสร้าง (Structural Equation Modeling: SEM) ด้วยโปรแกรม LISREL Version 9.30 (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 2017) พบว่า กิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบสร้างสรรค์มีอิทธิพลทางตรงทางบวกต่อความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่มอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 ในขณะที่ไม่พบอิทธิพลทางตรงของกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบไม่สร้างสรรค์ต่อความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่ม ผลจากการวิเคราะห์อิทธิพลส่งผ่านพบว่า การระบุตัวตนทางสังคมเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่านแบบบางส่วนของความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบสร้างสรรค์และความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่ม และเป็นตัวแปรส่งผ่านแบบสมบูรณ์ของความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบสร้างสรรค์และความผูกพันด้านจิตใจต่อคณะ นอกจากนี้ยังพบประเด็นที่น่าสนใจคือ กิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบไม่สร้างสรรค์มีอิทธิพลทางบวกต่อการระบุตัวตนทางสังคมอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .01 ในขณะที่ไม่พบอิทธิพลทางตรงของกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่ทั้งแบบสร้างสรรค์และไม่สร้างสรรค์ต่อความผูกพันด้านจิตใจต่อคณะ แต่พบอิทธิพลส่งผ่านแบบสมบูรณ์ของการระบุตัวตนทางสังคมต่อความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกิจกรรมรับน้องใหม่แบบไม่สร้างสรรค์กับความกลมเกลียวในกลุ่มและความผูกพันด้านจิตใจต่อคณะ
Group Equine Assisted Therapy: A Novel Approach For Treating Adolescents Diagnosed With Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Nicole C. Wozniak
Group Equine Assisted Therapy: A Novel Approach For Treating Adolescents Diagnosed With Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Nicole C. Wozniak
Psychology Doctoral Specialization Projects
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a pervasive form of mental illness which affects millions of youth ages 12-18. It is characterized by a frequent and persistent pattern of angry mood, defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness. Teenagers afflicted with ODD are often unwilling to participate in treatment and have difficulty responding to traditional therapy models. The current "Best Practices" model for treating ODD is extensive family therapy. As of today, there is no Best Practice method for providing direct treatment to the young people themselves. Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) has been found to be qualitatively effective in reducing ODD symptoms in the …
Beyond Affordances: Closing The Generalization Gap Between Design And Cognitive Science, John M. Flach, Pieter Jan Stappers, Fred Voorhorst
Beyond Affordances: Closing The Generalization Gap Between Design And Cognitive Science, John M. Flach, Pieter Jan Stappers, Fred Voorhorst
Psychology Faculty Publications
As designers and cognitive scientists begin to explore human experience as a relation between people and products, there is a need for constructs that index relational properties (i.e., properties of a product that are dependent on properties of an actor). One such construct that has recently become popular with designers is affordance. Affordances, such as pass-through-able, depend on properties of both an object (e.g., width of an opening) and properties of an actor (e.g., girth or shoulder width). In this article, three relational constructs are suggested to reflect important properties of the coupling between humans and products: affording, specifying, and …
The Familiarity Factor: How Semantic Similarity Affects Associative Memory In Older And Younger Adults, Paige Warner
The Familiarity Factor: How Semantic Similarity Affects Associative Memory In Older And Younger Adults, Paige Warner
Honors Theses
The role of semantic knowledge and familiarity on retrieval processes were investigated in a test of the associative deficit hypothesis (ADH), and the data were interpreted from the perspectives of fuzzy trace theory and source monitoring errors (Naveh-Benjamin, 2000). Younger and older adults (N=60) studied pairs of words for two recognition tests – an item test, for recognition of individual words, and an associative test, for recognition of word pairs. In the associative test, four word pairs were presented with a forced-choice response requirement (4AFC; Patterson & Hertzog, 2010). In addition to the studied, intact cue-target pair, three cue-target pairs …
Eating Your Feelings: The Relationship Between Core Affect And Food Choices, Kana V. Rolett
Eating Your Feelings: The Relationship Between Core Affect And Food Choices, Kana V. Rolett
Honors Theses
The psychology of eating behavior is increasingly important given that more than one- third of Americans are obese, with 74% of men considered overweight or obese (Overweight and Obesity Statistics, 2012). This study examines the relationship between core affect and healthy food choices. Though previous research has examined relationships between specific emotions and eating behavior, little is known about core affect or about these relationships in more naturalistic settings (outside the lab). To evaluate the role of core affect in healthy food choices, a field study was conducted in the University of Richmond (UR) dining hall to measure UR students’ …
Facebook And Value Congruence, Andrew James Eyberg
Facebook And Value Congruence, Andrew James Eyberg
Masters Theses
"The current discussion on the use of social networking sites (SNS) in personnel selection is mixed at best. The present research utilized participant's Facebook profiles to determine if raters can correctly - and accurately evaluate work value dimensions as a measure of person-organization fit. Similar research was successful in capturing personality dimensions via SNS (Buffardi & Campbell, 2009). Additionally, the value dimensions of the current measure used -- the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP) (O'Reilly et al., 1991) has been correlated with aspects of personality. Rater participants (N=105). Every five raters were randomly assigned five profiles to rate, for a total …