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2016

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Articles 1111 - 1140 of 3702

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Perspective Taking, Empathic Concern, And Personal Distress: A Preliminary Meta-Analytic Study Of Correlates With Self-Esteem And Self-Compassion, Reed M. Mueller Jun 2016

Perspective Taking, Empathic Concern, And Personal Distress: A Preliminary Meta-Analytic Study Of Correlates With Self-Esteem And Self-Compassion, Reed M. Mueller

CUP Faculty Research

Given the importance of perspective taking and the associated constructs of empathic concern and personal distress, together with the interest in the varying associations of these constructs with different forms of self-evaluation, a systematic exploration of the correlations of self-esteem and self-compassion with elements of interpersonal reactivity is valuable. In this meta-analysis, I investigate the correlation of these constructs to both self-evaluation frameworks.

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Views Of Meaning In Life: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Francophone And American Cultures, Erin A. Mueller Jun 2016

Views Of Meaning In Life: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Francophone And American Cultures, Erin A. Mueller

CUP Faculty Research

The concept of meaning in life is existential in nature; essential to being human yet elusive at times. As Frankl (1959) wrote, “Man’s search for meaning is the primary motivation in his life…This meaning is unique and specific in that it must and can be fulfilled by him alone” (p. 121). Grasping what, exactly, it is composed of can be challenging. Moreover, the question of the universality of what goes into each individual’s meaning in life likely connects with culture. Culture is an inherent part of being human, and it has considerable impact on development. Thus, could there be differences …

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Impact Of Comorbid Depressive Disorders On Subjective And Physiological Responses To Emotion In Generalized Anxiety Disorder., Saren H. Seeley, Douglas S. Mennin, Amelia Aldao, Katie A. Mclaughlin, Jonathan Rottenberg, David M Fresco Jun 2016

Impact Of Comorbid Depressive Disorders On Subjective And Physiological Responses To Emotion In Generalized Anxiety Disorder., Saren H. Seeley, Douglas S. Mennin, Amelia Aldao, Katie A. Mclaughlin, Jonathan Rottenberg, David M Fresco

Psychology Faculty Publications

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and unipolar depressive disorders (UDD) have been shown to differ from each other in dimensions of affective functioning despite their high rates of comorbidity. We showed emotional film clips to a community sample (n = 170) with GAD, GAD with secondary UDD, or no diagnosis. Groups had comparable subjective responses to the clips, but the GAD group had significantly lower heart rate variability (HRV) during fear and after sadness, compared to controls. While HRV in the GAD and control groups rose in response to the sadness and happiness clips, it returned to baseline levels afterwards …

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On Multiethnic Schools In Consociational Democracies: A Comparative Analysis Of Brčko District And Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jusuf Šarančić Jun 2016

On Multiethnic Schools In Consociational Democracies: A Comparative Analysis Of Brčko District And Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jusuf Šarančić

Lawrence University Honors Projects

The 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement both ended the Bosnian War and created the consociational democracy that exists in Bosnia and Herzegovina to this day. The ethnic autonomy created by the Dayton Agreement has resulted in a frozen conflict between ethnic groups that has manifested itself in the country’s monoethnic education system. This study explores the short-term stability under consociationalism and the long-term stability under a multiethnic education system. Additionally, this study explains the importance of the country’s only multiethnic education system in Brčko District and how it came into existence.

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Music And Language Development: Traits Of Nursery Rhymes And Their Impact On Children's Language Development, Ashley Lauren Gonzalez Jun 2016

Music And Language Development: Traits Of Nursery Rhymes And Their Impact On Children's Language Development, Ashley Lauren Gonzalez

Music

From birth--possibly even before birth--the amount and array of external stimuli profoundly affect a child’s cognitive and linguistic development. In addition to verbal communication from parent to child, singing proves to be an integral aid to a child’s development of speech and language, allegedly due to repetitions of words and rhythms. Nursery rhymes are, from infancy, among the most commonly presented forms of musical stimulus for children. The repetitive nature of the nursery rhymes undoubtedly supports language and speech development, but various characteristics of nursery rhymes, specifically pitch interval, meter, phrase length, contour, and harmony, also contribute substantially to the …

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Descriptive Analysis Of Activity Transition Data In An Intensive Autism Treatment Center, Ashley Marie Kotsiris Jun 2016

Descriptive Analysis Of Activity Transition Data In An Intensive Autism Treatment Center, Ashley Marie Kotsiris

Masters Theses

Children with autism often display challenging behaviors (e.g., tantrums, aggression, etc.) when transitioning between activities. Most of the current literature focuses on antecedent interventions for increasing compliance during transitions (e.g., visual schedules, two minute transition warnings, etc.). There is a minimal number of studies examining how environmental variables may affect transitions. This study was a descriptive analysis that examined different environmental variables and their effects on transitions. Observations were conducted with four children diagnosed with autism. A transition-tracking sheet was used to gather specific descriptive data during transitions. Results suggest that two-minute warnings were not correlated with more successful transitions, …

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The Effects Of Electronic Data Collection, Immediate Graphic Feedback, And Automated Scheduled Prompts On Data Collection Adherence, Cody Morris Jun 2016

The Effects Of Electronic Data Collection, Immediate Graphic Feedback, And Automated Scheduled Prompts On Data Collection Adherence, Cody Morris

Masters Theses

While data are essential to behavior analysis, collecting the type of data that behavior analysts often require can be a labor-intensive and time-consuming task. There have been many attempts to reduce the amount of time and effort required to collect behavioral data; most research in this area has been focused on computerized or electronic ways to do this (Dixon, 2003). While electronic data collection seems to be gaining popularity within applied behavior analysis, many obstacles still exist. The purpose of this project was to design a data collection system that is cost-efficient, adaptable, easy to use, and effective at increasing …

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Enhancing Parenting Practices With Latino/A Immigrants: Integrating Evidence-Based Knowledge And Culture According To The Voices Of Latino/A Parents, José Rubén Parra-Cardona, Gabriela López-Zerón, Monica Villa, Efraín Zamudio, Melanie M. Domenech-Rodriguez Jun 2016

Enhancing Parenting Practices With Latino/A Immigrants: Integrating Evidence-Based Knowledge And Culture According To The Voices Of Latino/A Parents, José Rubén Parra-Cardona, Gabriela López-Zerón, Monica Villa, Efraín Zamudio, Melanie M. Domenech-Rodriguez

Psychology Faculty Publications

Effective and emotionally nurturing parenting practices constitute salient protective factors in the lives of children and youth. Although social workers have influenced in important ways the scholarship associated with the development and dissemination of culturally relevant evidence-based parenting interventions for underserved populations, low-income ethnic minorities continue to lack access to culturally relevant and efficacious parenting interventions in the United States due to widespread mental health disparities. Addressing this gap in service delivery is necessary, particularly because populations exposed to historical oppression and intense contextual adversity are at an increased risk for engaging in harsh parenting practices. The purpose of this …

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Engaging Individuals And Families Around Employment, John Kramer, Nancy Nickolaus, Thinkwork! At The Institute For Community Inclusion At Umass Boston Jun 2016

Engaging Individuals And Families Around Employment, John Kramer, Nancy Nickolaus, Thinkwork! At The Institute For Community Inclusion At Umass Boston

All Institute for Community Inclusion Publications

No abstract provided.

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Socialization And Selection Effects In The Association Between Weight Conscious Peer Groups And Thin-Ideal Internalization: A Co-Twin Control Study, Jessica L. Vanhuysse, S. Alexandra Burt, Shannon M. O'Connor, Joel K. Thompson, Kelly L. Klump Jun 2016

Socialization And Selection Effects In The Association Between Weight Conscious Peer Groups And Thin-Ideal Internalization: A Co-Twin Control Study, Jessica L. Vanhuysse, S. Alexandra Burt, Shannon M. O'Connor, Joel K. Thompson, Kelly L. Klump

Psychology Faculty Publications

Affiliation with weight conscious peer groups is theorized to increase thin-ideal internalization through socialization processes. However, selection effects could contribute if genetic and/or environmental predispositions lead to affiliation with weight conscious peers. Co-twin control methodology was used to examine socialization and selection effects in 614 female twins (ages 8-15) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). Thin-ideal internalization and peer group characteristics were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Results suggested the presence of both socialization and selection effects. In terms of socialization, twins who reported increased exposure to weight conscious peers relative to their co-twins had elevated thin-ideal internalization scores, …

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Septal Oxytocin Administration Impairs Peer Affiliation Via V1a Receptors In Female Meadow Voles, Allison M.J. Anacker, Jennifer D. Christensen, Elyssa M. Laflamme, Diana M. Grunberg, Annaliese K. Beery Jun 2016

Septal Oxytocin Administration Impairs Peer Affiliation Via V1a Receptors In Female Meadow Voles, Allison M.J. Anacker, Jennifer D. Christensen, Elyssa M. Laflamme, Diana M. Grunberg, Annaliese K. Beery

Neuroscience: Faculty Publications

The peptide hormone oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in social behaviors, including social bond formation. In different contexts, however, OT is also associated with aggression, social selectivity, and reduced affiliation. Female meadow voles form social preferences for familiar same-sex peers under short, winter-like day lengths in the laboratory, and provide a means of studying affiliation outside the context of reproductive pair bonds. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the actions of OT in the lateral septum (LS) may decrease affiliative behavior, including greater density of OT receptors in the LS of meadow voles that huddle less. We infused OT …

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An Investigation Of Associations Between Heart Rate Measures Of Aerobic Fitness And Executive Functioning In Pre-Adolescent Children, Kimberly Anne Barnett Jun 2016

An Investigation Of Associations Between Heart Rate Measures Of Aerobic Fitness And Executive Functioning In Pre-Adolescent Children, Kimberly Anne Barnett

Student Works

The present study evaluated the associations between direct measures of aerobic fitness and executive functioning in pre-adolescent children aged 8 to 12 years. To evaluate these associations, the study employed a cross-sectional design and a series of three step hierarchical regressions were conducted. Results suggest that after controlling for age, sex, and BMI percentile, heart rate measures of aerobic fitness did not independently predict executive function. These findings provide preliminary evidence that contradicts a growing body of research within the adult literature demonstrating an association between aerobic fitness and executive function.

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The Effects Of A Wisdom Intervention In A Christian Congregation, Paul T. Mclaughlin Jun 2016

The Effects Of A Wisdom Intervention In A Christian Congregation, Paul T. Mclaughlin

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Psychological research on the topic of wisdom is limited in its incorporation of religion and spirituality. This gap in psychological literature may serve to limit a thorough understanding of wisdom, which has strong historical and contemporary links to religion and faith communities. Positive psychology, with its interest in both spirituality and wisdom, may allow for some rapprochement in wisdom and spirituality. In collaboration with leaders of a local Friends (Quaker) congregation, this study investigated the effects of a spiritually informed wisdom intervention delivered in the context of a faith community. Participants for the study consisted of 27 young adults (24 …

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Child And Parent Report Of Parenting As Predictors Of Substance Use And Suspensions From School, Charles B. Fleming, W. Alex Mason, Ronald W. Thompson, Kevin P. Haggerty, Thomas Jai. Gross Jun 2016

Child And Parent Report Of Parenting As Predictors Of Substance Use And Suspensions From School, Charles B. Fleming, W. Alex Mason, Ronald W. Thompson, Kevin P. Haggerty, Thomas Jai. Gross

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

This study examined how child and parent reports of parenting were related to early adolescent substance use and school suspensions. Data were from two time points six months apart on 321 families with an eighth grade student attending one of five schools in the Pacific Northwest. Child- and parent-report measures of family management practices were moderately correlated (r = .29). Child report, but not parent report, of more positive family management practices uniquely predicted a lower likelihood of adolescent substance use. Also, discrepancies between child and parent report of parenting predicted substance use, with child positive report of family …

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The Relationship Between Scores From The Student Risk Screening Scale: Internalizing And Externalizing (Srss-Ie) And Scores From Student Engagement Instrument (Sei) In A Sixth-Grade Sample, Adrienne Ann Atkin Jun 2016

The Relationship Between Scores From The Student Risk Screening Scale: Internalizing And Externalizing (Srss-Ie) And Scores From Student Engagement Instrument (Sei) In A Sixth-Grade Sample, Adrienne Ann Atkin

Student Works

This study analyzes the relationship between scores from a measure of student engagement and scores from a measure that screens students for being at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in sixth grade students. Screening instruments are used in schools to improve identification of students at risk for behavioral difficulties. Measures of engagement assess students' levels of psychological and cognitive engagement in school. Students in this study completed the Student Engagement Instrument (SEI), an instrument used for measuring student engagement. Teachers completed the Student Risk Screening Scale-Internalizing and Externalizing (SRSS-IE) for their students, which screens for risk of EBD. …

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Arming Airline Pilots, Tyler Monroe Jun 2016

Arming Airline Pilots, Tyler Monroe

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

The issue whether to arm pilots has been a great debate for the last decade. With terrorism on the rise, the idea of arming pilots has also became an interesting subject. The purpose of this study was to examine the opinions of individuals about arming airline pilots. The article was about the past issues of gun control in America. Once the participants read the letter, then they will answer questions based off of what they read. Then the target question was asked, which was whether the participants believe the pilot shown should be armed. The variable that was manipulated was …

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The Impact Of Appearance On Students’ Opinions Of Others, Kelsey Smith Jun 2016

The Impact Of Appearance On Students’ Opinions Of Others, Kelsey Smith

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

This study was conducted in order to test if people are able to correctly identify a person’s sexual orientation based on seeing a photo alone. This study used 12 stimulus photos, 6 of men and 6 of women, to see if participants would be able to correctly assume the depicted individuals sexual orientation. I hypothesized that participants would not be able to properly identify an individual’s sexual orientation based off of a photo alone. I also hypothesized that conservativeness would be positively correlated with an increased confidence score. My final hypothesis was that stimuli photos that featured individuals with unconventional …

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Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (Asmr) In Relation To Flow, Relaxation, And Tingles, Alfa Ramirez Jun 2016

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (Asmr) In Relation To Flow, Relaxation, And Tingles, Alfa Ramirez

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a community mainly on Reddit where people have reported feeling tingle sensations like goosebumps after watching YouTube videos that contain triggers such as whispering, close personal attention, and crisp sounds. This study explored ASMR in relation to flow, tingles, and relaxation. The hypothesis is that flow, tingles, and relaxation will be positively correlated when listening to ASMR. Since ASMR is new and gaining more attention every day, this will add to the body of knowledge to the field. If it is found that there are positive correlations, there maybe a use for ASMR in …

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The Effects Of Intrusive Proctoring, Mariah Palmer Jun 2016

The Effects Of Intrusive Proctoring, Mariah Palmer

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

The purpose of this study is to look for any way that proctoring styles may affect test results. This is essential as test taking contributes greatly in the academic careers of students. If test results are not reflecting the true knowledge of students, there is a discrepancy that must be addressed. This study will use timed problems under two proctoring conditions. The two levels being measured are intrusive proctor behaviors and non-intrusive proctor behaviors. The results of this study show that there were no significant differences between test scores of intrusive proctoring (M = 42.1111, SD = 4.05) versus non-intrusive …

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The Effects Of Mild Concussions And Pomegranates On Behavior, Nikita M. Bajwa Jun 2016

The Effects Of Mild Concussions And Pomegranates On Behavior, Nikita M. Bajwa

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The neuropathological effects of mild concussions can accumulate, leading to the development of motor and cognitive deficits. Although there are currently no treatments that can restore lost function after repetitive concussion, our laboratory has shown that dietary supplementation with pomegranate polyphenols can improve Alzheimer’s-like pathology, protect mice from the effects of proton irradiation, and protect humans from post-operative cognitive deficits. This study investigated the behavioral and neuropathological effects of repetitive concussions in mice and the use of dietary supplementation with pomegranate to ameliorate these effects. Adult mice were given dilute pomegranate juice or control water for 1 week, followed by …

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Multi-Level Model Of Parent-Child Attachment, Depression & Self-Concept In Pediatric Chronic Illness, Natacha Donoghue Emerson Jun 2016

Multi-Level Model Of Parent-Child Attachment, Depression & Self-Concept In Pediatric Chronic Illness, Natacha Donoghue Emerson

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Pediatric patients may be at higher risk for depression and a lower self-concept when difficulties within the family arise. The Mastering Each New Direction (MEND) program is a psychosocial intervention aimed at addressing adherence and family issues in adolescent CI. Methods: Drawing data from 50 MEND participants, we used multilevel modeling techniques to test changes in self-concept over time as predicted by number of weeks in MEND, depression, family cohesion and flexibility, and baseline levels of maternal and paternal attachment. Results: At Level 1, depression negatively predicted self-concept over time. At Level 2, higher baseline maternal and paternal avoidant …

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Emotional Memory: Examining Differences In Retrieval Methods, Audrey Martinez Jun 2016

Emotional Memory: Examining Differences In Retrieval Methods, Audrey Martinez

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Emotional information is generally remembered better than non-emotional information, especially when the emotional information is highly arousing. Priority Binding Theory has grown out of several years worth of research on memory and emotion. The theory proposes that in mixed lists comprised of negative and arousing words and neutral words, negative and arousing words will take priority during mental processing resulting in stronger encoding for the emotional words relative to neutral words with no such effect predicted for pure lists. Our lab made several attempts to extend the theory to picture stimuli, but were unsuccessful. However, the predictions of Priority Binding …

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Developmental Pedagogy In Marriage And Family Therapy Education, Christopher Russell Hoff Jun 2016

Developmental Pedagogy In Marriage And Family Therapy Education, Christopher Russell Hoff

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

New practice domains are opening up for practitioners of family therapy in the medical, organizational, and human relations fields. In this new environment, family therapy educators and supervisors are required to cross the epistemological spaces of scientist-practitioner, postmodernism, and critical theory. These new possibilities require that family therapist educators become comfortable moving between multiple epistemologies. This poses increasing challenges that will require a hybridization of knowledge and practice approaches in MFT education. Through focus groups consisting of 34 participants, all of who were in their first quarter of a Master’s degree program in Marriage and Family Therapy. We found a …

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The Frontal-Temporal Signature Of Tbi-Induced Acute Cerebral Metabolic Crisis, Christina Mannino Jun 2016

The Frontal-Temporal Signature Of Tbi-Induced Acute Cerebral Metabolic Crisis, Christina Mannino

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to acute cerebral metabolic crisis (ACMC), which appears to have the greatest impact on the frontal-temporal regions. A recent study demonstrated that atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes related to acute metabolic crisis due to moderate or severe TBI was associated with poorer attention, executive functioning, and psychomotor abilities at 12 months post-injury. In addition, participants with greater frontal-temporal atrophy had T-scores on all of the standard tests that were in the deficit range indicating deficits in cognition. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the ability of direct measures of …

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General Fatalism And Diabetes Fatalism As Predictors Of Diabetes Treatment Adherence, Esmeralda Ibette Nuñez Jun 2016

General Fatalism And Diabetes Fatalism As Predictors Of Diabetes Treatment Adherence, Esmeralda Ibette Nuñez

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Greater conceptual distinction between fatalism as a cultural value orientation (general fatalism) and disease-specific fatalism is necessary to evaluate fatalism as a predictor of health behaviors such as diabetes treatment adherence. We tested an integrated, theory-driven structural model of relationships among income, education, age, gender, general fatalism, diabetes fatalism, and type 2 diabetes treatment adherence, as measured by hemoglobin a1c levels (hba1c), in a sample of mainstream-Chileans (n=229) and indigenous people of Chile known as the Mapuche (n=134). Hypotheses were that higher income and education would predict more general fatalism and diabetes fatalism across ethnic groups and higher general fatalism …

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Literature Review Of Drug Education Programs, Brianna E. Johnson Jun 2016

Literature Review Of Drug Education Programs, Brianna E. Johnson

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The onset of drug use usually begins during adolescence. Adolescents and teenagers have the highest rates of drug use (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2011a). Among 9th through 12th graders, drug use increases with each year in school, with rates being the highest for 12th graders (Stigler, Neusel, & Perry, 2011). While overall rates of drug use have been declining, the current rates of drug use among teens are still of concern. The current rates of drug use emphasize how important it is for drug education programs as well as prevention efforts to be began early on. The current drug …

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Portable Sensory Room For The West Orange County Consortium For Special Education, Lindsey Chase, Emma Eskildsen, Alex Fox, Claire Francis, Nate Hoffman, Kaylee Keck, Sarah Sullivan Jun 2016

Portable Sensory Room For The West Orange County Consortium For Special Education, Lindsey Chase, Emma Eskildsen, Alex Fox, Claire Francis, Nate Hoffman, Kaylee Keck, Sarah Sullivan

Biomedical Engineering

This report discusses the development of a Portable Sensory Room to be used at Newland Elementary School in Huntington Beach. Newland Elementary has an exceptional Special Needs program that teaches the children with the most severe cases of autism in its school district. People with autism typically also have sensory processing disorders, which can be extremely disruptive for a child’s development and can make it difficult for a child to be able to concentrate long enough to gain necessary life skills. The idea behind a Sensory Rooms is to create a place to calm the students and to expose them …

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Learning From Texts: Activation Of Information From Previous Texts During Reading, Katinka Beker, Dietsje Jolles, Robert F. Lorch Jr., Paul Van Den Broek Jun 2016

Learning From Texts: Activation Of Information From Previous Texts During Reading, Katinka Beker, Dietsje Jolles, Robert F. Lorch Jr., Paul Van Den Broek

Psychology Faculty Publications

Learning often involves integration of information from multiple texts. The aim of the current study was to determine whether relevant information from previously read texts is spontaneously activated during reading, allowing for integration between texts (experiment 1 and 2), and whether this process is related to the representation of the texts (experiment 2). In both experiments, texts with inconsistent target sentences were preceded by texts that either did or did not contain explanations that resolved the inconsistencies. In experiment 1, the reading times of the target sentences introducing inconsistencies were faster if the preceding text contained an explanation for the …

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Predicting Sexual Revictimization In Childhood And Adolescence: A Prospective Examination Using Ecological Systems Theory, Samantha L. Pittenger Jun 2016

Predicting Sexual Revictimization In Childhood And Adolescence: A Prospective Examination Using Ecological Systems Theory, Samantha L. Pittenger

Department of Psychology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Child sexual abuse is a prevalent problem in the United States and is associated with revictimization: a victimization episode perpetrated by a different individual and occurring subsequent to initial abuse experiences (Barnes, Noll, Putnam, & Trickett, 2009). While evidence shows that 20-39% of sexual abuse victims report revictimization within childhood or adolescence, much of the research to date has focused on its occurrence in adulthood. Thus, there is a limited understanding of the pathways to revictimization and its associated outcomes for youth. The present study examined predictors of sexual revictimization within childhood and adolescence using ecological theory, which includes individual, …

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Examination Of Methamphetamine Reinstatement In Female And Male Rats: A Pre-Clinical Model Of Relapse, Steven T. Pittenger Jun 2016

Examination Of Methamphetamine Reinstatement In Female And Male Rats: A Pre-Clinical Model Of Relapse, Steven T. Pittenger

Department of Psychology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Methamphetamine (meth) dependence is often characterized by persistent and chronic relapse (i.e., return to drug use). There is growing pre-clinical and human evidence suggesting females are at greater risk to relapse. The set of studies presented in this dissertation extended this limited evidence by identifying sex-dependent neural substrates correlated with meth-triggered reinstatement (Experiment 1) and by examining sex-differences in reinstatement triggered by drugs of abuse that are commonly co-abused with meth (Experiment 2). Female and male rats were trained to self-administer meth, received subsequent extinction sessions, and then tested for reinstatement. In Experiment 1, rats were perfused following reinstatement testing …

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