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2014

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Articles 1981 - 2010 of 2661

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Relationships Between Breastfeeding, Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy, And The Cognitive Functioning Of Akwesasne Mohawk Adolescents Exposed To Environmental Pollution, Georgia Brooke Jan 2014

Relationships Between Breastfeeding, Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy, And The Cognitive Functioning Of Akwesasne Mohawk Adolescents Exposed To Environmental Pollution, Georgia Brooke

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Previous research has suggested that breastfeeding is beneficial for children's health and that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is harmful for children's health. However, there is not a consensus in the existing literature about whether or not these two maternal behaviors impact the cognitive development of children. Furthermore, understanding the role of breastfeeding in children's development is complicated by the fact that breastfeeding transmits toxicants that are stored in the mother's body, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), to the infant. Existing research suggests that PCBs negatively impact children's cognitive functioning. The current study examined relationships between breastfeeding, maternal cigarette smoking during …

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Impact Of The Peers Intervention On Performance-Based Measures Of Social Skills Among Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Laura S. Hiruma Jan 2014

Impact Of The Peers Intervention On Performance-Based Measures Of Social Skills Among Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Laura S. Hiruma

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The present study examines the efficacy of a trial of the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS; Laugeson & Frankel, 2010), which is a manualized group social skills intervention designed to improve the social functioning of teens with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, the study examined the use of performance-based outcome measures (in addition to traditional report measures) to assess the social skills of teens participating in the PEERS intervention. These performance-based measures of social skills included the Social Performance Rating Scale (SPRS; Fydrich, Chambless, Perry, Buergener, & Beazley, 1998), in which observers rated participants' social …

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The Impact Of A Cognitive Defusion Intervention On Behavioral And Psychological Flexibility, Timothy Ritzert Jan 2014

The Impact Of A Cognitive Defusion Intervention On Behavioral And Psychological Flexibility, Timothy Ritzert

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) emphasizes the relationship people have with unwanted thoughts, emotions, and other private events. ACT utilizes cognitive defusion strategies to reduce the believability of unwanted, distressing thoughts so as to foster greater psychological flexibility. Though defusion is linked to several positive behavioral outcomes (e.g., improved pain tolerance), it remains unclear whether such effects are associated with the behavioral process of defusion itself, namely, behavior that is more sensitive to direct contingencies compared with behavior influenced by unhelpful verbal functions. To address this issue, the present study assessed the impact of a defusion intervention on behavior, as …

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Coping With Negative Emotion In Middle Childhood : Relationship To Temperament And Psychopathology, Kristen Uhl Jan 2014

Coping With Negative Emotion In Middle Childhood : Relationship To Temperament And Psychopathology, Kristen Uhl

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Children are exposed to various stressors throughout development. Research has demonstrated that childhood stressors can negatively affect adjustment, and that children's temperament and coping impact the effects of stress on adjustment. The current study examines children's coping responses to situations eliciting anger, sadness, fear, and worry in a sample of 191 children (102 boys, 89 girls; mean age = 9.57 years, SD=0.57) recruited from a suburban school district. Additionally, the predictive relationship of temperament variables on coping strategy use is explored. Finally, coping and temperament's effect on the development of psychopathology is investigated. Results show that children reported using more …

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Effects Of Acute Stress And Gender On Decision-Making, Stephanie Elaine Wemm Jan 2014

Effects Of Acute Stress And Gender On Decision-Making, Stephanie Elaine Wemm

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The current study examined the effects of a social stressor on subsequent performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and the role of sex on this relationship. Fifty-six participants (24 men and 32 women) were assigned randomly to a social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) or a control condition while their subjective emotional reactions and their physiological arousal (skin conductance and heart rate) were measured. Findings showed that participants in the stress condition responded with higher skin-conductance levels and heart rate during the social stressor, in addition to reporting greater negative affect directly following the social stressor. They also made …

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Exploring Hiv Knowledge, Risk And Protective Factors Among West African Forced Migrants In New York City, Adeyinka M. Akinsulure-Smith Jan 2014

Exploring Hiv Knowledge, Risk And Protective Factors Among West African Forced Migrants In New York City, Adeyinka M. Akinsulure-Smith

Publications and Research

Because of ongoing political and social instability throughout the continent, many Africans have become forced migrants. Unlike immigrants who choose to migrate, forced migrants flee their countries in search of safety and often endure multiple traumatic events during their migration. They are often unprepared for new risks in their adopted country. There is a high incidence of newly diagnosed HIV cases among West African immigrants in the New York City metropolitan area, but little research to date to understand why this might occur. In order to gain insight, the current pilot study explored HIV knowledge, risk and protective behaviors among …

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Predictable And Predictive Emotions: Explaining Cheap Signals And Trust Re-Extension, Eric Schniter, Roman M. Sheremeta Jan 2014

Predictable And Predictive Emotions: Explaining Cheap Signals And Trust Re-Extension, Eric Schniter, Roman M. Sheremeta

ESI Publications

Despite normative predictions from economics and biology, unrelated strangers will often develop the trust necessary to reap gains from one-shot economic exchange opportunities. This appears to be especially true when declared intentions and emotions can be cheaply communicated. Perhaps even more puzzling to economists and biologists is the observation that anonymous and unrelated individuals, known to have breached trust, often make effective use of cheap signals, such as promises and apologies, to encourage trust re-extension. We used a pair of trust games with one-way communication and an emotion survey to investigate the role of emotions in regulating the propensity to …

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An Investigation Into The Effect Of Power On Entrepreneurial Motivations, Jack Reed Durand Jan 2014

An Investigation Into The Effect Of Power On Entrepreneurial Motivations, Jack Reed Durand

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

The effects of power have been shown to exhibit a wide variety of effects on an individual's psychology. The present study explored power, as a form of resources control, and its effects on an individual's tendency to seek out entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial environments. According to various definitions of entrepreneurship, it can be argued that the process of entrepreneurship would represent a form of gathering power around oneself in the form of various resources. Attempts were made to determine whether a relationship existed between the experience power, and an individual's subsequent response to seeking entrepreneurial environments. The present study was able …

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Life As An Only Child: Modern Psychology’S Take On The Stereotypical Only And My Firsthand Perspectives, Samuel Johnson 14 Jan 2014

Life As An Only Child: Modern Psychology’S Take On The Stereotypical Only And My Firsthand Perspectives, Samuel Johnson 14

Honor Scholar Theses

None

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Perception And Communication Of Nonverbal Emotion: In Close Relationships, Christine F. Norris 14 Jan 2014

Perception And Communication Of Nonverbal Emotion: In Close Relationships, Christine F. Norris 14

Honor Scholar Theses

This paper addresses the perception and communication of nonverbal emotion in close relationships. It reviews research in the area as well as includes case studies that demonstrate different aspects of the research. Specifically it examines emotional recognition and perception, empathic accuracy, accuracy and bias in the perception of emotion, the influence of personality and emotional intelligence, as well as communication of emotion in close relationships. Depending on the situation all of these aspects affect communication differently and the paper explores the ways and situations in which these differences occur. Subsequently it addresses the influence of blindness, deafness, and modern day …

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Neural And Behavioral Effects Of Being Excluded By The Targets Of A Witnessed Social Exclusion, Kaitlin R. Dunn Jan 2014

Neural And Behavioral Effects Of Being Excluded By The Targets Of A Witnessed Social Exclusion, Kaitlin R. Dunn

Honors Projects

The consequences of social exclusion can be extremely detrimental to physical and emotional well being, ranging from mild distress to extreme violence and aggression. Research findings indicate that witnessing exclusion is just as common as experiencing exclusion and can invoke similar levels of distress. As such, it is also important to examine responses and reactions to the targets after witnessing it. Accordingly, this study examined the association between witnessing and experiencing social exclusion and event-related brain potential (ERP) activity. ERPs were collected while participants played a game of Cyberball with the previous targets of a witnessed inclusion or exclusion and …

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Trust-Based Relational Intervention (Tbri) For Adopted Children Receiving Therapy In An Outpatient Setting, Lauren E. Nielsen Jan 2014

Trust-Based Relational Intervention (Tbri) For Adopted Children Receiving Therapy In An Outpatient Setting, Lauren E. Nielsen

Honors Projects

We explored the relationship between Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) and treatment outcomes for adopted children participating in treatment services through the Adoption Preservation Program at a Midwest child welfare organization. Adopted children who have trauma histories may have their adoptions disrupted if they do not receive the proper therapy to improve their overall functioning (Purvis, Cross, & Pennings, 2009; Davis, 1 999). We investigated a new intervention, TBRI, and its potential impact on children with trauma histories who are receiving outpatient therapy at a local child welfare center. Specifically, we examined whether family functioning and child functioning are improved after …

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Frontal Lobe Theta Activity In Socially Ostracized Individuals: Understanding Social Ostracism Through Eeg, Victoria Whitaker Jan 2014

Frontal Lobe Theta Activity In Socially Ostracized Individuals: Understanding Social Ostracism Through Eeg, Victoria Whitaker

Honors Projects

The present study used a chat room paradigm to examine the effects of social ostracism on theta EEG activity in the frontal lobe. Participants were placed in an online chat room with two other individuals whose chat room profiles indicated they were both the opposite gender of the participant and attending other universities in central Illinois. Unknown to participants, these individuals were actually confederates in the study, and the pictures used on these profiles had previously been rated as either attractive or unattractive by college students. This experiment consisted of three primary phases. In the first phase, confederates actively included …

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A Functional Role Of The Amygdala In Rats Living In A Semi-Naturalistic Risky Environment, Earnest S. Kim Jan 2014

A Functional Role Of The Amygdala In Rats Living In A Semi-Naturalistic Risky Environment, Earnest S. Kim

Faculty Publications - Psychology Department

There is considerable evidence that the amygdala is involved in the processing and expression of emotions, particularly fear. It would therefore be plausible to expect that amygdala-coded fear would also influence voluntary decisions on feeding and foraging in animals living in dangerous environments. The studies presented in this dissertation explore a functional role of the amygdala in rats living in a semi-naturalistic “closed economy” setting where all nutritional resources are procured at the risk of receiving random shocks in a foraging area. The first study revealed that amygdala-coded fear influences the animal’s voluntary feeding behavior, but the amygdala is not …

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The Role Of Early Intervention Programs On Reducing The Negative Effects Of Poverty, Jenna Kanegawa Jan 2014

The Role Of Early Intervention Programs On Reducing The Negative Effects Of Poverty, Jenna Kanegawa

CMC Senior Theses

Children under the age of 18 are the largest age group of people who live in poverty in America. This paper focuses on early intervention programs and how they can help ameliorate the negative effects of poverty. Previous research has demonstrated the negative effects of poverty, such as lower academic performance and achievement and more behavioral problems. Various risk factors for poverty, such as single parents, low maternal education, and lack of resources, and their role in the design of early intervention programs will be explained. The Perry Preschool Project (PPP), Head Start, the Chicago Child-Parent Center (CPC) Program, and …

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Work-Family Conflict, Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (Fssb), And Sleep Outcomes, Tori Laurelle Crain, Leslie B. Hammer, Todd Bodner, Ellen Ernst Kossek, Phyllis Moen, Richard Lilienthal, Orfeu Buxton Jan 2014

Work-Family Conflict, Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (Fssb), And Sleep Outcomes, Tori Laurelle Crain, Leslie B. Hammer, Todd Bodner, Ellen Ernst Kossek, Phyllis Moen, Richard Lilienthal, Orfeu Buxton

Psychology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Although critical to health and well-being, relatively little research has been conducted in the organizational literature on linkages between the work-family interface and sleep. Drawing on Conservation of Resources theory, we use a sample of 623 information technology workers to examine the relationships between work-family conflict, family-supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB), and sleep quality and quantity. Validated wrist actigraphy methods were used to collect objective sleep quality and quantity data over a one week period of time, and survey methods were used to collect information on self-reported work-family conflict, FSSB, and sleep quality and quantity. Results demonstrated that the combination of …

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The Uncertainty Paradox: Perceived Threat Moderates The Impact Of Uncertainty On Political Tolerance, Ingrid J. Haas, William A. Cunningham Jan 2014

The Uncertainty Paradox: Perceived Threat Moderates The Impact Of Uncertainty On Political Tolerance, Ingrid J. Haas, William A. Cunningham

Department of Political Science: Faculty Publications

People respond to dissimilar political beliefs in a variety of ways, ranging from openness and acceptance to closed-mindedness and intolerance. While there is reason to believe that uncertainty may influence political tolerance, the direction of this influence remains unclear. We propose that threat moderates the effect of uncertainty on tolerance; when safe, uncertainty leads to greater tolerance, yet when threatened, uncertainty leads to reduced tolerance. Using independent manipulations of threat and uncertainty, we provide support for this hypothesis. This research demonstrates that, although feelings of threat and uncertainty can be independent, it is also important to understand their interaction.

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The Achievement Of Conflict-Related Goals Leads To Satisfaction With Conflict Outcomes, David R. Dunaetz Jan 2014

The Achievement Of Conflict-Related Goals Leads To Satisfaction With Conflict Outcomes, David R. Dunaetz

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Interpersonal conflict, a process involving perceptions of differences and opposition, is often an undesired but inevitable consequence of interaction between individuals. Multiple goals (internal representations of desired states) can be present in interpersonal conflict. Past studies identify four major categories of conflict-related goals: content goals, relationship goals, identity goals, and process goals; the last three may be classified together as social goals. Several hypotheses were tested in an online experiment in which adult members of evangelical churches (N = 276) imagined themselves in various church-related conflict situations. Participants were assigned to one of two conditions; in one condition, participants …

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Spirituality As A Predictor Of Reduced Suicide Risk In A Religiously And Ethnically Diverse Youth Sample, Jennifer Kyle Jan 2014

Spirituality As A Predictor Of Reduced Suicide Risk In A Religiously And Ethnically Diverse Youth Sample, Jennifer Kyle

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Cross-cultural suicide research on spiritual faith as a protective factor in youth is limited. The aim of this study is to examine spiritual faith as a predictor of passive suicidal ideation in a racially and religiously diverse sample of college-aged youth. Participants (N = 243) completed self-report instruments to assess suicidality, social support, reasons for living as well as existential and religious well-being. Over 50% of the sample reported identifying with a racial group including Asian, Hispanic and Black. Approximately 81% of participants reported they had spiritual beliefs (N = 196) representing a variety of religions, including Catholicism, Judaism and …

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A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Integrity Profile 200 (Ip 200) And The Adaptation Thereof For Use In The South African Police Service, Anton Grobler, Renier Steyn Jan 2014

A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Integrity Profile 200 (Ip 200) And The Adaptation Thereof For Use In The South African Police Service, Anton Grobler, Renier Steyn

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Integrity is an essential element of orderly co-existance and an important facet of professional policing. The objective of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Integrity Profile 200 (IP 200), an instrument widely used in South Africa, to assess its utility as an integrity measure for use in the South African Police Service. Although the literature indicates that the constructs measured with the IP 200 are sound, an exploratory investigation in the South African Police Service reveals poor reliability and unacceptable inter-item correlations. This suggests poor factorial validity (model fit). Subsequently an exploratory factor analysis (N = 1457) was done …

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Cultural Diversity In Meta-Cognitive Beliefs About Learning: Within-European Similarities And Differences?, Marieke Christina Van Egmond, Ulrich Kühnen Jan 2014

Cultural Diversity In Meta-Cognitive Beliefs About Learning: Within-European Similarities And Differences?, Marieke Christina Van Egmond, Ulrich Kühnen

Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences

Previous work on cross-cultural differences in the domain of education, has primarily studied Western (European) and Asian cultures or comparisons thereof. Current internationalization trends in higher education however call for a greater understanding of possible within-European cultural differences in the domain of learning. The current paper therefore addresses the question how culture influences the beliefs of Western and Eastern European students. The studies are based on the theory that the beliefs of students and faculty in the Western cultural context can be characterized as primarily ‘mind oriented’, whereas previous research has indicated that the beliefs of East-Asian academics has a …

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Moderation And Mediation Of Headache-Related Disability: The Roles Of Self-Efficacy And Headache Diagnosis, Kelly Peck Jan 2014

Moderation And Mediation Of Headache-Related Disability: The Roles Of Self-Efficacy And Headache Diagnosis, Kelly Peck

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Primary headache disorders such as migraine and tension-type headache are some of the most frequently-diagnosed health disorders in the world and can be extremely disabling. However, disability resulting from these disorders varies substantially across individuals. Although headache severity has been identified as the strongest predictor of headache-related disability, the relationship between the two variables is non-linear, suggesting that other mechanisms may be involved. Self-efficacy mediates relations between pain and impairment associated with other chronic pain conditions, but this relationship has not been evaluated in a sample of individuals with primary headache disorders. Therefore, the present study sought to examine whether …

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Meaning, Resilience, And Traumatic Stress Following The Gulf Oil Spill: A Study Of Mississippi Coastal Residents Seeking Mental Health Services, Bethany Jane Aiena Jan 2014

Meaning, Resilience, And Traumatic Stress Following The Gulf Oil Spill: A Study Of Mississippi Coastal Residents Seeking Mental Health Services, Bethany Jane Aiena

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In April of 2010, the Deepwater Horizon Oil Platform exploded, resulting in the release of millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico over a period of three months. In addition to the ecological and economic impact of the disaster, the spill also had a significant impact on the psychological well-being of coastal residents. Following a disaster, not all affected people experience the same level of distress or long-term, negative psychological effects. Coping mechanisms such as resilience and perceived meaning in life are essential variables in understanding how people respond to a wide range of disasters. The present …

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Work Stress, Meaning, And Values: A Study Of Intellectual Disability Support Staff, Jennifer Marie Ladner-Graham Jan 2014

Work Stress, Meaning, And Values: A Study Of Intellectual Disability Support Staff, Jennifer Marie Ladner-Graham

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Employees who work with individuals with intellectual disabilities report high levels of work-related stress. Staff stress is associated with a variety of negative outcomes, such as poor psychological health, job burnout, and high turnover rates. The current study investigated the relationship between staff stress and negative outcomes. Specifically, this study examined whether positive psychology concepts such as perceived meaning in life and values moderated the relationship between staff stress and poor psychological health, job search/intention to leave the job, and use of sick leave. Participants included staff members from an inpatient facility for people with intellectual disabilities located in North …

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Toward A Conceptualization Of Emetophobia: Examining Intolerance Of Uncertainty As A Unique Predictor Of Symptoms, Mimi Zhao Jan 2014

Toward A Conceptualization Of Emetophobia: Examining Intolerance Of Uncertainty As A Unique Predictor Of Symptoms, Mimi Zhao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Emetophobia, a poorly understood disorder, is a specific phobia characterized by an irrational and persistent fear of oneself vomiting or others vomiting. Though research on the disorder is sparse, previous investigations have reported interference in social, occupational, and health domains in the lives of individuals with emetophobia (Lipsitz et al., 2001; McFayden & Wyness, 1983; Veale & Lambrou, 2006). To this end, the current study examined whether individual differences in Anxiety Sensitivity (AS), Disgust Sensitivity (DS), and Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) are associated with symptoms of emetophobia, whether AS predicts symptoms of emetophobia above and beyond DS, IU, and expected …

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Stop Making Sense: Exploring Basic Properties And Clinical Applications Of Coherence, Michael James Bordieri Jan 2014

Stop Making Sense: Exploring Basic Properties And Clinical Applications Of Coherence, Michael James Bordieri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study explored the ways in which people make sense of ambiguous tasks and the degree to which people prefer contexts where coherent responding is possible. Relational frame theory contains a foundational assumption that coherence (i.e., making sense) is reinforcing for verbally competent humans. That is, it is assumed that humans relate ambiguous stimuli in ways that go together because they have an extensive learning history where others have given praise, positive attention, and other reinforcement for this behavior. This study was designed to empirically investigate this core assumption of relational frame theory by analyzing response patterns to ambiguous stimuli …

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Teacher, Parent, And Peer Reports Of Early Aggression As Screening Measures For Long-Term Maladaptive Outcomes: Who Provides The Most Useful Information?, Katherine H. Clemans, Rashelle J. Musci, Jeannie Marie S. Leoutsakos, Nicholas S. Ialongo Jan 2014

Teacher, Parent, And Peer Reports Of Early Aggression As Screening Measures For Long-Term Maladaptive Outcomes: Who Provides The Most Useful Information?, Katherine H. Clemans, Rashelle J. Musci, Jeannie Marie S. Leoutsakos, Nicholas S. Ialongo

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Objective: This study compared the ability of teacher, parent, and peer reports of aggressive behavior in early childhood to accurately classify cases of maladaptive outcomes in late adolescence and early adulthood. Method: Weighted kappa analyses determined optimal cut points and relative classification accuracy among teacher, parent, and peer reports of aggression assessed for 691 students (54% male; 84% African American and 13% White) in the fall of first grade. Outcomes included antisocial personality, substance use, incarceration history, risky sexual behavior, and failure to graduate from high school on time. Results: Peer reports were the most accurate classifier of all outcomes …

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Resilience As A Predictor Of Postpartum Quality Of Life In A Sample Of Women With A History Of Trauma, Jessica Lee Irwin Jan 2014

Resilience As A Predictor Of Postpartum Quality Of Life In A Sample Of Women With A History Of Trauma, Jessica Lee Irwin

Wayne State University Theses

Changes in economic, social, and living situations make the postpartum period especially challenging. Despite the growing need to study postpartum mothers' quality of life to determine how to buffer against risk, a vast majority of studies in this area have focused on what negatively impacts quality of life. The current study sought to determine whether factors such as positive parenting, family functioning and resilience positively predict quality of life when controlling for annual household income, depressive symptomatology and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Using hierarchical regression, it was confirmed that positive parenting and family functioning significantly contribute to quality of life, but …

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Working Through School And Living With Conflict: The Role Of Selective Optimization With Compensation, Lydia Elizabeth Hamblin Jan 2014

Working Through School And Living With Conflict: The Role Of Selective Optimization With Compensation, Lydia Elizabeth Hamblin

Wayne State University Theses

Work-School Conflict (WSC) is defined as the extent to which work interferes with the ability to meet school demands (Markel & Frone, 1998). The aim of the present study was to examine perceptions of WSC among employed college students, as well as a positive antecedent, Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC; Baltes & Baltes, 1990), a group of behavior-based coping strategies. WSC was predicted to be a partial mediator between context-specific SOC strategies and the four outcomes: intent to persist with college, GPA, as well as two components of burnout, disengagement and exhaustion (Demerouti & Bakker, 2008). Structural equation modeling was …

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Contextualized Extraversion And Its Change In Cross-Cultural Adjustment, Mengqiao Liu Jan 2014

Contextualized Extraversion And Its Change In Cross-Cultural Adjustment, Mengqiao Liu

Wayne State University Theses

Bridging recent developments in personality changes and contextualized personality, the current research focuses on changes in contextualized personality and their impact on cross-cultural adjustment. Findings revealed that contextualized Extraversion provided incremental validity in predicting context-related outcomes (i.e., cross-cultural adjustment) above and beyond global Extraversion. Although no significant changes were revealed regarding contextualized Extraversion, individual characteristics (i.e., cultural flexibility and cross-cultural motivation) negatively predicted individual differences in the rate of contextualized Extraversion changes. Implications and limitations were discussed.

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