Psychology Commons^™

Mental Rotation In Human Infants: A Sex Difference, David S. Moore, Scott P. Johnson

Pitzer Faculty Publications and Research

A sex difference on mental-rotation tasks has been demonstrated repeatedly, but not in children less than 4 years of age. To demonstrate mental rotation in human infants, we habituated 5-month-old infants to an object revolving through a 240° angle. In successive test trials, infants saw the habituation object or its mirror image revolving through a previously unseen 120° angle. Only the male infants appeared to recognize the familiar object from the new perspective, a feat requiring mental rotation. These data provide evidence for a sex difference in mental rotation of an object through three-dimensional space, consistently seen in adult populations.

Church Doctrine: Effects On The Self-Worth Of Married Women, Mary Claire Kondro

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

This study examines if married women who attend churches that teach patriarchal marriage roles have lower self-esteem than married women who attend churches that teach egalitarianism in marriage. Forty participants from two churches were administered the Contingencies of Self-Worth Survey (Crocker, 2003). Although the difference in self-esteem between the two groups was not found to be statistically significant, this study brought to light several issues that could be better controlled in a large-scale study in the future.

How Lindenwood Students Get To Class: A Study Of Driving Versus Walking, Sara Ohlms

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a lack of parking at Lindenwood University (LU), and if that problem could be solved if more students who currently drive to class would walk instead. Research shows that college students in America are not getting enough exercise, and that walking has many health benefits. Data were collected using a survey with 40 LU students. Data were also collected through observations of the parking lots on campus. The results show that there are always empty parking spots on campus, 67.5% of participants believe that there is not enough parking …

To Play Or Not To Play: Comparing Athlete’S Gpa To Non-Athlete’S Gpa, Lisa Clark, David Kanning

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

This study examines whether participating in athletics at Lindenwood University is related to the athlete’s GPA. It was hypothesized that due to the higher demands of coaches and maintaining a minimum GPA, athletes will have a higher GPA than non-athletes. The researchers contacted professors and coaches to ask permission to survey their students and athletes. After giving a survey to participants, the Lindenwood University Registrar’s Office looked up official GPAs of participants who gave their permission. The findings showed no significance supporting our hypothesis. There are several possible reasons for this weak correlation such as the number of participants and …

Fall 2008, Full Issue

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

No abstract provided.

Prologue, Michiko Nohara-Leclair

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

No abstract provided.

Therapeutic Challenges Of Multi-Being, Kenneth J. Gergen

Psychology Faculty Works

This paper emerges from an attempt to shift the locus of understanding human action from the individual to relationship. In doing so we come to see persons as multi-beings, that is, as constituted within multiple relationships from which they emerge with multiple, incoherent, and often conflicting potentials. Therapy, in this context, becomes a collaborative relationship with the aim of transforming the client's broader relational network. In this view, schooling in a singular practice of therapy artificially limits the therapist's potential, and thus the possible outcomes of the client–therapist relationship. Invited, then, is a reflective eclecticism, in which the myriad potentials …

Acute Nicotine Reduces And Repeated Nicotine Increases Spontaneous Activity In Male And Female Lewis Rats, Adam J. Prus, Robert E. Vann, John A. Rosecrans, John R. James, Alan Pehrson, Mary M. O'Connell, Scott D. Philibin, Susan E. Robinson

Department of Psychology Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

The Lewis (LEW) strain of rat appears more sensitive to nicotine than other strains in self-administration, conditioned place preference, and drug discrimination behavioral studies. The present study sought to further evaluate the behavioral effects of chronic nicotine treatment in the LEW strain by assessing spontaneous activity, which has consistently revealed sensitization to chronic nicotine administration in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. High active and low active male and female LEW rats (N = 8 per group) were treated twice daily with either nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle for 14 consecutive days. Regardless of baseline activity level or sex, spontaneous activity …

The Persistence Of Sleep Disturbance In Children Evaluated For Autism Spectrum Disorders: Predictive Factors And The Impact Of Co-Occurring Diagnoses, Celeste Elana Flachsbart

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Mounting research suggests that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and other clinical diagnoses demonstrate a higher prevalence of sleep problems than typically-developing children. Additionally, sleep problems are related to a number of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral concerns in pediatric populations. Limited research exists comparing sleep problems in children with ASDs with sleep problems in other clinical populations, or exploring the length of these sleep problems.

The current study sought to explore the development and improvement of sleep problems over one year, as well as predictors to help identify children at high risk for persistent sleep problem. Impact of age, …

The Evolution Of Individual Needs On Job Satisfaction Of The Fist Year Soldier., Lee Beng Khuan

Student Works (2010-2019)

The Malaysian Army needs to have a balance and credible force to protect the country sovereignty from external threat and to protect its country natural resources and interest from others intervention. The Army through its modernization program purchased the hardware, conducting training and exercises internally or externally, the human resource played a crucial part. The disciplinary cases committed by the soldiers are on the rise such cases are absentees, criminal cases, loan defaulter etc and all those problems has caused time wastage and the resources that been used to train the soldier had stretched its capabilities and economy of effort. …

An Expanded Conceptualization And A New Measure Of Compulsive Buying, Nancy Ridgway, Monika Kukar-Kinney, Kent B. Monroe

Marketing Faculty Publications

Drawing on the theoretical foundation of obsessive‐compulsive spectrum disorder, this article develops an expanded conceptualization and new measure of consumers’ proclivity to buy compulsively. Compulsive buying is defined as a consumer’s tendency to be preoccupied with buying that is revealed through repetitive buying and a lack of impulse control over buying. This measure includes dimensions of both obsessive‐compulsive and impulse‐control disorders. By measuring income‐dependent items or consequences of compulsive buying separately from the compulsive‐buying scale, we develop a measure that has a strong theoretical foundation, well‐documented psychometric properties, and an ability to be applied to general consumer populations.

Does The Type Of Crime Determine If An Image Of A Certain Criminal Is Pictured?, Amanda Vance

Undergraduate Psychology Research Methods Journal

People have culturally been inclined to visualize a perpetrator simply based on the description of the crime. This experiment seeks to determine if a generalized criminal is expressed by the survey group for each crime. Simply put, it will identify if there exists a similar stereotype for each crime described. Each participant completed a questionnaire to identify their demographics. Next was given five crimes which were about robbery, shooting, rape, stolen identity, and murder to read over with the victim and location information omitted. Participants were asked to visualize and describe the perpetrator in each crime scene. The results concluded …

Relationships Among Temperament Characteristics Of Adolescents Born Prematurely And Maternal Temperament Characteristics, Andrea D. Clements, Kellye Lingerfelt, Wallace E. Dixon Jr.

ETSU Faculty Works

Abstract available through the Developmental Psychobiology.

Sensation Seeking And Visual Selective Attention In Adults With Hiv/Aids, David J. Hardy, Steven A. Castellon, Charles H. Hinkin, Andrew J. Levine, Mona N. Lam

Psychological Science Faculty Works

The association between sensation seeking and visual selective attention was examined in 31 adults with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Sensation seeking was measured with Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V). Selective attention was assessed with a perceptual span task, where a target letter-character must be identified in a quickly presented array of nontarget letter-characters. As predicted, sensation seeking was strongly associated (R² = .229) with perceptual span performance in the array size 12 condition, where selective attention demands were greatest, but not in the easier conditions. The Disinhibition, Boredom Susceptibility, and Experience Seeking subscales of the …

Contact With Nature, Sense Of Humor, And Psychological Well-Being, Thomas R. Herzog, Sarah J. Strevey

Peer Reviewed Articles

We administered a questionnaire measuring contact with nature, sense of humor, and psychological well-being. Factor analysis of the humor items yielded four factors: humor production, humor appreciation, coping humor, and humor tolerance. Factor analysis of 14 well-being measures yielded three factors: emotional well-being, personal development, and effective functioning. The best sense-of-humor predictor of the well-being measures and factors was humor appreciation. Regression models for each of the well-being factors as dependent variables with humor appreciation and contact with nature as independent variables showed that additive models with both predictors were appropriate for personal development and effective functioning and that a …

A Unification Fable, Donelson R. Forsyth

Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications

Not-so-long-ago in a not-so-far-away land lived three little pigs. These three little pigs grew up in the same neighborhood, attended the same schools, and shared the same passion: houses. The three were fascinated by the various types of structures inhabited by pigs the world over, and they while away many a happy hour puzzling over the nature and design of such dwellings. They could think of nothing more meaningful than dedicating their lives to the scientific study of houses and the ways they can be improved and repaired.

As they grew older, however, the pigs gradually grew apart in values, …

Changes In Women's Choice Of Dress Across The Ovulatory Cycle: Naturalistic And Laboratory Task-Based Evidence, Kristina M. Durante, Norman P. Li, Martie G. Haselton

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The authors tested the prediction that women prefer clothing that is more revealing and sexy when fertility is highest within the ovulatory cycle. Eighty-eight women reported to the lab twice: once on a low-fertility day of the cycle and once on a high-fertility day (confirmed using hormone tests). In each session, participants posed for full-body photographs in the clothing they wore to the lab, and they drew illustrations to indicate an outfit they would wear to a social event that evening. Although each data source supported the prediction, the authors found the most dramatic changes in clothing choice in the …

Interactive Effects Of Multicultural Experiences And Openness To Experience On Creativity, Angela K.-Y. Leung, Chi-Yue Chiu

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Extensiveness of multicultural experiences and Openness to Experience were used to predict European American undergraduates' performance on two measures of creative potential: (a) generation of unusual uses of garbage bags and (b) retrieval of nonprototypical or normatively inaccessible exemplars in the conceptual domain of occupation. The results showed that having extensive multicultural experiences predicted better performance on both measures of creative potential only among participants who were open to experience. Among those who were not open, having more extensive multicultural experiences was associated with a lower level of creative potential. Implications of these findings for promoting creativity in schools are …

Connecting The Dots Within: Creative Performance And Identity Integration, Chi-Ying Cheng, Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Fion Lee

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

In two studies drawing from social identity theory and the creative-cognition approach, we found that higher levels of identity integration - perceived compatibility between two social identities - predict higher levels of creative performance in tasks that draw on both identity-relevant knowledge domains. Study 1 showed that Asian Americans with higher identity integration were more creative in developing new dishes using a given set of ingredients, but only when both Asian and American ingredients were available. Study 2 showed that female engineers with higher identity integration were more creative in designing a product, but only when the product was targeted …

Religiosity As A Protective Factor Against Sexual Aggression, Dana Hastings

Theses and Dissertations

The potential protective nature of religiosity against sexual aggression was investigated. This was accomplished by using a laboratory analogue of sexual harassment that uses sexually oriented joke telling to mimic sexual harassment among peers in the real world. It was hypothesized that religiosity would predict the number of jokes told by participants such that individuals with higher rates of religiosity would tell fewer jokes than those with lower rates of religiosity. There was a total of 76 participants that answered questionnaires about their religiosity and took part in the joke telling laboratory analogue. Linear regressions indicated no such predictive relationship …

Relationship Of Gender, Grade Level, And School Demographics To Middle School Students’ Knowledge Of Appropriate Behavior And Their Behaviors In Using Social Networking Sites, Stacey L. Kite, Robert K. Gable, Lawrence P. Filippelli

Cyberbullying

The purpose of this study was to investigate middle school students’ knowledge of appropriate use and risks associated with the use of online forums such as social networking sites, e-mail, and IM. As noted by McKenna (2007), this line of research is important since social networking sites, such as myspace and facebook, the increase in cyberbullying, and instant messaging programs are creating numerous problems for school administrators.

Investigation Of Motivations And Supports For Continued Foster Parenting, Rebekah Cline

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

Recent research notes that foster parents, particularly in Oregon, are difficult to retain past a period of eight months. Further, the average stay in the foster care system for a child in Oregon is fourteen months, necessitating an average of two moves during that time for the majority of foster children. Despite this concern, there remains a limited body of literature addressing the problem of increasing foster parents' tenure. The literature that is available notes that the more frequently a child has to move foster homes the greater the likelihood that they will develop mental illnesses such as PTSD. In …

Ciis Today, Fall 2008 Issue, Ciis

CIIS Today

This volume is the Fall 2008 issue of CIIS Today, the Magazine of the California Institute of Integral Studies.

Using Social Cognitive Theory To Predict Physical Activity In Inner-City African American School Children, Jeffrey J. Martin, Nate Mccaughtry

Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies

Researchers using social cognitive theory and employing built environment constructs to predict physical activity (PA) in inner-city African American children is quite limited. Thus, the purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the ability of important social cognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy) and built environment constructs (e.g., neighborhood hazards) to predict African American children’s PA. Children (N = 331, ages 10–14) completed questionnaires assessing social cognitive theory constructs and PA. Using multiple regression analyses we were able to account for 19% of the variance in PA. Based on standardized beta weights, the best predictors of PA were time spent outside …

High Rates Of Unprotected Sex Occurring Among Hiv-Positive Individuals In A Daily Diary Study In South Africa: The Role Of Alcohol Use, Susan M. Kiene, Leickness C. Simbayi, Amber Abrams, Allanise Cloete, Howard Tennen, Jeffrey D. Fisher

CHIP Documents

Objective: To assess the prevalence of unprotected sex and examine the association between alcohol consumption before sex and unprotected sex among HIV+ individuals in Cape Town, South Africa.

Methods: For 42-days daily phone interviews assessed daily sexual behaviour and alcohol consumption. Logistic and Poisson GEE models were used to examine associations between alcohol consumption before sex and subsequent unprotected sex.

Results: During the study which yielded 3,035 data points, the 58 HIV+ women and 24 HIV+ men drank an average of 6.13 drinks when they drank, and reported 4,927 sex events, of which 80.17% were unprotected. Over half (58%) of …

Multidimensional Self-Efficacy And Affect In Wheelchair Basketball Players, Jeffrey J. Martin

Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies

In the current study, variables grounded in social cognitive theory with athletes with disabilities were examined. Performance, training, resiliency, and thought control self-efficacy, and positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect were examined with wheelchair basketball athletes (N = 79). Consistent with social cognitive theory, weak to strong significant relationships among the four types of self-efficacy (rs = .22–.78) and among self-efficacy and affect (rs = -.40–.29) were found. Basketball players who were efficacious in their ability to overcome training barriers were also confident in their basketball skills and efficacious in their ability to overcome ruminating distressing thoughts …

Student Psychotropic Drug Use, Past Therapy Experience And Length Of Therapy, Leigh Ann Mathis

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The goal of the present study was to examine the relationships between college students with prior therapy and psychotropic drug experience and total number of therapy sessions. This study also investigated specific types of medications students were taking and total number of therapy sessions attended. The first hypothesis under investigation was that students who have received therapy prior to beginning treatment would remain in therapy significantly longer than participants who have received no prior therapy. It was also hypothesized that students who were prescribed psychotropic medications prior to beginning therapy will remain in therapy significantly longer than students who were …

When To Be A Dear Enemy: Flexible Acoustic Relationships Of Neighbouring Skylarks, Alauda Arvensis, Elodie Briefer, Fanny Rybak, Thierry Aubin

Ethology Collection

Numerous territorial species are less aggressive towards neighbours than strangers. This tolerance towards neighbouring conspecifics, termed the ‘dear enemy’ effect, seems to be a flexible feature of the relationship between neighbours, and has been shown to disappear in some species after experimental or natural modifications of the context. However, the maintenance over time of this singular relationship has been poorly studied. In this study, we followed the change of dear enemy relationships during the breeding season in a territorial songbird with a complex song, the skylark. We examined in the field the response of territory owners to playbacks of neighbour …

Visual Attention And Its Relation To Knowledge States In Chimpanzees, Pan Troglodytes, Megan J. Bulloch, Sarah T. Boysen, Ellen E. Furlong

Sentience Collection

Primates rely on visual attention to gather knowledge about their environment. The ability to recognize such knowledge-acquisition activity in another may demonstrate one aspect of Theory of Mind. Using a series of experiments in which chimpanzees were presented with a choice between an experimenter whose visual attention was available and another whose vision was occluded, we asked whether chimpanzees understood the relationship between visual attention and knowledge states. The animals showed sophisticated understanding of attention from the first presentation of each task. Under more complex experimental conditions, the subjects had more difficulty with species-typical processing of attentional cues and those …

Illusory Vowels Resulting From Perceptual Continuity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study, Antje Heinrich, Robert P Carlyon, Matthew H Davis, Ingrid Johnsrude

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the neural processing of vowels whose perception depends on the continuity illusion. Participants heard sequences of two-formant vowels under a number of listening conditions. In the "vowel conditions," both formants were always present simultaneously and the stimuli were perceived as speech-like. Contrasted with a range of nonspeech sounds, these vowels elicited activity in the posterior middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS). When the two formants alternated in time, the "speech-likeness" of the sounds was reduced. It could be partially restored by filling the silent gaps in each formant with …