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2001

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Articles 61 - 90 of 594

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Influence Of Question-Phrasing And Response-Scale In Speed Estimation Of Witnessed Accidents, Melissa M. Winter, Gloria Marmolejo Sep 2001

Influence Of Question-Phrasing And Response-Scale In Speed Estimation Of Witnessed Accidents, Melissa M. Winter, Gloria Marmolejo

Modern Psychological Studies

The effect of question phrasing on speed estimation is assessed by means of two rating systems, a verbal rating scale (VRS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Subjects were asked to watch a short video depicting the scene of a car accident and then answer a short memory test concerning the video. The test contained the question, "About how fast was the car going when the crash occurred?" Other subjects received the word "fender-bender" or "impact" in place of the word "crash". Subjects were asked to estimate speed using either a verbal rating or a visual analogue scale. Results indicated …

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Effects Of Campus Climate And Attitudes On The Identity Development Of Gay, Lesbian And Bisexual College Students, Katherine M. Yamakawa, Elizabeth Nutt Williams Sep 2001

Effects Of Campus Climate And Attitudes On The Identity Development Of Gay, Lesbian And Bisexual College Students, Katherine M. Yamakawa, Elizabeth Nutt Williams

Modern Psychological Studies

To investigate campus climate and its effect on the identity development and college experiences of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students, undergraduate college students were asked to complete measures of homophobia and campus climate. Results indicated that males and firstyear students report higher levels of homophobia than females and seniors. However, students reported knowing of or engaging in only few instances of homophobic behaviors and felt that the college community was relatively openminded. Four qualitative interview examples are also provided, documenting the experience of gay students' identity development and the effects that campus climate has had on their undergraduate experiences. The …

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Familiarity Facilitates Social Learning Of Foraging Behaviour In The Guppy, Will Swaney, Jeremy Kendal, Hannah Capon, Culum Brown, Kevin N. Laland Sep 2001

Familiarity Facilitates Social Learning Of Foraging Behaviour In The Guppy, Will Swaney, Jeremy Kendal, Hannah Capon, Culum Brown, Kevin N. Laland

Sentience Collection

Previous studies have shown that guppies, Poecilia reticulata, can learn the route to a food source by shoaling with knowledgeable conspecifics, and prefer to shoal with experienced foragers and familiar fish. We tested the hypothesis that guppies would learn more effectively from (1) familiar than unfamiliar demonstrators and (2) well-trained than poorly trained demonstrators. Demonstrator fish were given experience in swimming a route to a food source and then introduced into shoals of untrained observer guppies; the spread of this foraging skill was recorded over 15 trials. The demonstrators were either familiar or unfamiliar to the observers and either well …

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The Effect Of Response Contingencies On Scale Model Task Performance By Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), Valerie A. Kuhlmeier, Sarah T. Boysen Sep 2001

The Effect Of Response Contingencies On Scale Model Task Performance By Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), Valerie A. Kuhlmeier, Sarah T. Boysen

Sentience Collection

The effects of modified procedures on chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) performance in a scale model comprehension task were examined. Seven chimpanzees that previously participated in a task in which they searched an enclosure for a hidden item after watching an experimenter hide a miniature item in the analogous location in a scale model were retested under procedures incorporating response costs. In Experiment 1, chimpanzees were trained under procedures that rewarded only item retrievals occurring on the 1st search attempt. During test trials, 6 chimpanzees performed above chance, including 4 that were previously unsuccessful under the original procedures (V. A. Kuhlmeier, S. …

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Front Matter Sep 2001

Front Matter

Modern Psychological Studies

No abstract provided.

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Does Postformal Thinking Facilitate Recovery From Grief And Promote Well-Being During Bereavement In Widows?, Sharon Lee Sanders Sep 2001

Does Postformal Thinking Facilitate Recovery From Grief And Promote Well-Being During Bereavement In Widows?, Sharon Lee Sanders

Theses Digitization Project

Widows were assessed on four measures relating to recovery from bereavement: postformal thinking (measured as dialectical thinking), recovery from grief (measured as past feelings and present feelings), well-being (measured by three subscales: autonomy, environmental mastery, and positive relations with others), and age at time of participation. Eighty participants completed and returned questionnaires. It was hypothesized that age of the participant and the development of postformal thinking would predict higher scores on recovery from grief and well-being. Analysis was performed using a Structural Equation Model with a comparative fit index (CFI) of .98. Results showed that age and postformal thinking did …

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How Gender Differences And The Visual/Verbal Aspect Of Instructions Affect Problem Solving, Tracy Forman Sep 2001

How Gender Differences And The Visual/Verbal Aspect Of Instructions Affect Problem Solving, Tracy Forman

Modern Psychological Studies

The childrens board game Mouse Trap served as a task in this experiment that was designed to study an interactive effect of gender and type of instructions used. Gender dyads operated in male-female, male-male, or female-female pairs and all dyads used either visual or verbal instructions. Male dyads were expected to have the game assembled in the least amount of time based on research that indicates that males are better problem solvers. The visual instructions were expected to produce faster completion of assembly for both genders, which is reminiscent of a picture being worth a thousand words. It was observed …

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Peer Perception Of Physically Attractive Children And Prejudicial Biases Against Physically Unattractive Children, Darla J. Lawson Sep 2001

Peer Perception Of Physically Attractive Children And Prejudicial Biases Against Physically Unattractive Children, Darla J. Lawson

Modern Psychological Studies

This paper discusses peer perceptions of children based, upon the physical appearance of other children. The suggestion that physical attractiveness is related to intellect, social status, and personal achievement may seem absurd or unrealistic, however, current research establishes it as fact. Physically attractive children are assumed to have better characteristics than unattractive children. These perceptions are shaped, in part, by the physical appearance of children. This study evaluated the perceptions of a group of children who viewed photographs of other children in which the group members considered to be physically attractive, of average appearance, and physically unattractive. Results of the …

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The Influence Of Postevent Credibility In The Report Of Eyewitnessed Events, Shelly Wolesky, Gloria Marmolejo Sep 2001

The Influence Of Postevent Credibility In The Report Of Eyewitnessed Events, Shelly Wolesky, Gloria Marmolejo

Modern Psychological Studies

Previous research dealing with the effects of source credibility on eyewitness' memories has found that sources that are seen as credible by the eyewitness' are more likely to be believed and more often change the witness' original memory than do sources seen as not credible. The present experiment is an extension of the previous research testing if adults that witness an event are affected differently by the misinformation presented by a child (non credible source) or an adult (credible source). Fifty-two people were shown a video depicting a scene of a husband and a wife arguing in their home. They …

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The Relationship Between Single-Sex And Co-Educational Environments On Socioemotional Development, Jennifer M. Bonds-Raacke, Sandra D. Nicks Sep 2001

The Relationship Between Single-Sex And Co-Educational Environments On Socioemotional Development, Jennifer M. Bonds-Raacke, Sandra D. Nicks

Modern Psychological Studies

There have been many debates over the advantages and disadvantages of single-sex education with regards to socioemotional development. Although some research shows that girls are often neglected in the classroom when boys are present, other research states that single-sex education may not be as beneficial as thought. The purpose of this study was to examine the discrepancies between previous research on single-sex and co-educational environments in relation to socioemotional development. Specifically, we investigated the differences in perceived competence, self-esteem, locus of control, and perceived social support. Within these areas of socioemotional development, we expect differences to exist based on educational …

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The Influence Of Gender On The Relationship Between Problem-Solving And Agression, Maria Evola Sep 2001

The Influence Of Gender On The Relationship Between Problem-Solving And Agression, Maria Evola

Modern Psychological Studies

The continuous rise of violence among young people has caused aggression to become a variable of interest for society. Many people believe that controlling external factors will prevent the aggressive nature of children from developing. However, the key to reducing aggression may lie in the development of proper internal coping skills. The present study focused on problem-soling ability, a component that can be taught. The relationship between problem-solving and aggression was examined, as well as how gender moderates this connection. It was hypothesized that a negative relationship existed between the two variables and that the correlation would be stronger for …

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Influence Of Social Facilitation And Gender Differences On Purchasing Behavior Of Consumers In A Mall, Laura J. Lee, Allison L. Martin Sep 2001

Influence Of Social Facilitation And Gender Differences On Purchasing Behavior Of Consumers In A Mall, Laura J. Lee, Allison L. Martin

Modern Psychological Studies

Consumers were observed in order to investigate whether it is more likely that lone or group shoppers will make a purchase and to what extent gender differences in purchasing behavior exist. As shoppers exited a Georgia mall, variables such as gender, group orientation, and the presence or absence of a package were recorded. Observations revealed that of 1269 shoppers, nearly 54% of lone shoppers made purchases, compared to 41% of group shoppers, and women carried packages more often than did men. Both the comparison of lone versus group shoppers and the difference in men's and women's buying showed p<.05 from a test for significance between two proportions. Contrary to the social facilitation theory, group shoppers did not consume more than lone individuals. This study suggests that social facilitation effects may be unique to particular environments.

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The Pursuit Of Happiness, Jeanne Marecek Sep 2001

The Pursuit Of Happiness, Jeanne Marecek

Psychology Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

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Implementation Of Downsizing: Issues And Consequences, Leena Chatterjee, Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya Sep 2001

Implementation Of Downsizing: Issues And Consequences, Leena Chatterjee, Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya

IIMB Management Review

world over, as companies struggle to survive in an increasingly volatile and competitive marketplace. The US and Europe were the forerunners in this activity but from the early 90s onwards, a large number of Indian organizations including banks, MNCs, public sector units, and private undertakings, have taken recourse to similar actions.

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The Impact Of Communication Medium And Outcome Severity On The Effectiveness Of Social Accounts, Peter D. Timmerman Sep 2001

The Impact Of Communication Medium And Outcome Severity On The Effectiveness Of Social Accounts, Peter D. Timmerman

Student Work

The present study was designed as a partial test of the model of social accounts by Folger and Cropanzano (1998). Organizational justice researchers have shown that social accounts are effective in reducing negative reactions and displacing blame from the decision-maker following a harmful decision. Using a 2 x 3 completely randomized design, the study examined the effects of outcome severity and media choice on four types of fairness perceptions, medium appropriateness, anger, and turnover intentions. A temporary pay cut scenario was used to manipulate two levels of outcome severity, and the company president provided an explanation of the pay cut …

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Does Strength Of Phonological Representations Predict Phonological Awareness In Preschool Children?, Judith G. Foy, Virginia A. Mann Sep 2001

Does Strength Of Phonological Representations Predict Phonological Awareness In Preschool Children?, Judith G. Foy, Virginia A. Mann

Psychological Science Faculty Works

Previous research has shown a clear relationship between phonological awareness and early reading ability. This article concerns some aspects of spoken language skill that may contribute to the development of phonological awareness, as manifested in rhyme awareness and phoneme awareness. It addresses the hypothesis that phonological awareness abilities are associated with measures that purportedly tap into the strength of phonological representations. We examined rhyme awareness, phoneme awareness, articulatory skill, speech perception, vocabulary, and letter and word knowledge in 40 children, aged 4 to 6, who were just beginning to be exposed to for-mat reading experiences in private preschools. The children …

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Spontaneous Countermeasures During Polygraph Examinations: An Apparent Exercise In Futility, Kimberly D. Otter-Henderson, Charles R. Honts Sep 2001

Spontaneous Countermeasures During Polygraph Examinations: An Apparent Exercise In Futility, Kimberly D. Otter-Henderson, Charles R. Honts

Modern Psychological Studies

The frequency and effects of spontaneous countermeasures against a polygraph examination were examined in a mock employment screening study. Eighty subjects were debriefed concerning their use of spontaneous countermeasure following the completion of their Relevant-irrelevant employment screening polygraph examination. Overall, 53.8% of the participants reported the use of at least one spontaneous countermeasure. In a departure from other studies in this area, 30% of the truthful subjects reported trying some intervention in an effort to make themselves look more truthful. An ANOVA revealed neither main effects nor interactions involving the use of a spontaneous countermeasure.

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The Correlation Of Social Approachability, Social Interaction, And Tolerance Levels Depending On The Presence Of A Dog, Darla J. Lawson Sep 2001

The Correlation Of Social Approachability, Social Interaction, And Tolerance Levels Depending On The Presence Of A Dog, Darla J. Lawson

Modern Psychological Studies

This study attempted to measure social approachability, social interactions, and tolerance levels of other people towards another person depending upon the presence of a dog was conducted. The study itself was divided into two parts. Part one measured the amount of approaches and social interactions made by other people towards a confederate when she was accompanied by a dog versus if a dog did not accompany her. The results indicate that there was a significant increase in social approachability and social interactions when being accompanied by a dog versus not being accompanied by a dog. Part two of the study …

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"Woman Is Man's Best Friend And Her Own Worst Enemy": Jury Bias, Ashley C. Nielson, Laura K. Jones, Timothy M. Woodrum Sep 2001

"Woman Is Man's Best Friend And Her Own Worst Enemy": Jury Bias, Ashley C. Nielson, Laura K. Jones, Timothy M. Woodrum

Modern Psychological Studies

The Supreme Court recently ruled that no jury could be chosen on the basis of sex. This study was conducted to determine whether jury biases exist in the sentencing of murder cases. It was therefore hypothesized that women would judge female murderers more severely than their male counterpart. The severity of sentences were determined by the participants' marks on a severity of sentence scale. These participants evaluated both domestic and mutilation murder cases, each of which varied in the gender of the accused. Using a 2X2 ANOVA in the evaluation of the results, no significant differences were found between the …

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Child As Father To The Man [Sic]: The Political Psychology Of Spanking, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Child As Father To The Man [Sic]: The Political Psychology Of Spanking, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article describes political psychological aspects of the ongoing controversy about the consequences of spanking as a child-rearing technique.

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Psychological Profiles And The Intifada: Commentary On Sarhan And Al Khatib, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Psychological Profiles And The Intifada: Commentary On Sarhan And Al Khatib, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article critiques a psychological profile that was developed to help explain the ongoing Palestinian Intifada and that was written by two physicians working at a Jordanian psychiatric hospital.

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Biological Warfare: Commentary On Chyba's Analysis, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Biological Warfare: Commentary On Chyba's Analysis, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article provides commentary on Christopher Chyba's comparative analysis of biological and nuclear warfare.

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Trends. Personnel Security And Counterintelligence: No Evidence Of Racial Bias As Racism, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Trends. Personnel Security And Counterintelligence: No Evidence Of Racial Bias As Racism, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article discusses the concepts of race and racial bias in the context of espionage investigations carried out by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

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Making Life And Taking Life: The Psychology Of Assassination In The Mideast, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Making Life And Taking Life: The Psychology Of Assassination In The Mideast, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article explores the variants of assassination through linguistic analysis of political conflict within and between Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and a global context of nation-states and non-state political actors.

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Observations Of Scent-Marking And Discriminating Self From Others By A Domestic Dog (Canis Familiaris): Tales Of Displaced Yellow Snow, Marc Bekoff Aug 2001

Observations Of Scent-Marking And Discriminating Self From Others By A Domestic Dog (Canis Familiaris): Tales Of Displaced Yellow Snow, Marc Bekoff

Ethology Collection

Little is known about what stimuli trigger urinating or scent-marking in domestic dogs, Canis familiaris, or their wild relatives. While it is often suggested that the urine of other animals influences urinating and scent-marking patterns in canids, this has not been verified experimentally. To investigate the role of urine in eliciting urinating and marking, in this pilot study I moved urine-saturated snow (‘yellow snow’) from place-to-place during five winters to compare the responses of an adult male domestic dog, Jethro, to his own and others’ urine. Jethro spent less time sniffing his own urine than that of other males or …

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Counter-Intelligence On Espionage In The People's Republic Of China, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Counter-Intelligence On Espionage In The People's Republic Of China, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article analyzes the consensual Western perception that many allegations of espionage made by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) are violations of universal human rights.

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Highs And Lows: The Quest For A "Drug-Free" Olympics, Ibpp Editor Aug 2001

Highs And Lows: The Quest For A "Drug-Free" Olympics, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article analyzes the quest to ensure that Olympic athletes perform without the benefits of performance-enhancing drugs.

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Literature Size Related To Diagnostic Inaccuracy Of Personality Disorders, Vincent Intoccia Aug 2001

Literature Size Related To Diagnostic Inaccuracy Of Personality Disorders, Vincent Intoccia

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Personality disorders offer clinicians a unique diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between literature size and diagnostic accuracy for personality disorders. The data used in this study were taken from the Blashfield & Intoccia (2000) and Blashfield & Herkov (1996) studies. The data were analyzed using a combination of correlations and single subject experimental designs. The results indicated that from 1980 to 1987 as literature size increased diagnostic accuracy increased across personality disorders. When examining literature growth three personality disorders (borderline, schizotypal, antisocial) appear to be carrying the literature growth for the group. These …

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Examining Children's Iep Knowledge And Preferences In The Special Education Process, Sharon Eagles Aug 2001

Examining Children's Iep Knowledge And Preferences In The Special Education Process, Sharon Eagles

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

According to IDEA (1997), students who receive special education must have an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). Student goals are a required portion of the IEP and can be developed, monitored, and evaluated with or without the student. The literature indicates personal involvement in goal setting increases commitment to achieve the goal, mastery of learning concepts, and intrinsic motivation (Muir, 2000). The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) students' knowledge of their IEP goals, (b) the level of participation students "liked" as depicted in 3 videotaped IEP development scenarios, and (c) the extent of students' participation in IEP goal …

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Emotional Intelligence In Adolescents: How It Relates To Giftedness, Sean Corso Aug 2001

Emotional Intelligence In Adolescents: How It Relates To Giftedness, Sean Corso

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The current study addresses the concept of emotional intelligence and how it relates to gifted adolescents. Until recently, it was not possible to test the theory of emotional intelligence. With the advent of the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory and BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version, it became possible for the first time, to measure emotional intelligence in adults and adolescents. However, up to this point, there has been very little if any empirical research conducted with gifted adolescents and emotional intelligence. In addition, there has been a long-standing debate within the scientific literature concerning the social emotional adjustment of academically …

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