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Articles 691 - 720 of 795
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
The Home-School Interface Parental And Teacher Beliefs About Homework From A Multicultural Perspective, Tania Sebastian
The Home-School Interface Parental And Teacher Beliefs About Homework From A Multicultural Perspective, Tania Sebastian
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The present exploratory study investigated the beliefs and practices of parents of various cultural groups, as well as teachers, regarding educational issues. The central focus was upon homework, the day to day link between school and home. A main objective of the research was to determine how individual and subcultural variations in parenting style (Baumrind, 1973) are linked with attitudes and practices towards the school. Interviews were conducted with 36 parents of 7th and 8th graders in three different ethnic groups, drawn from an urban junior high school in Toronto. There were equal numbers of sons and daughters in each …
Development And Construct Validation Of Lane's (1989) Attitudes Toward The Elderly Scale Extending Fazio's Process Model Of Attitude-Behaviour Correspondence, Donna-Marie Martin
Development And Construct Validation Of Lane's (1989) Attitudes Toward The Elderly Scale Extending Fazio's Process Model Of Attitude-Behaviour Correspondence, Donna-Marie Martin
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The purpose of this study was twofold: to extend Fazio’s (1986) model of attitude-behaviour correspondence within the context of attitudes toward the elderly, and to further develop Lane’s (1989) Attitudes Toward the Elderly Scale (ATES) and assess its construct validity. In the first phase, 452 introductory students completed a modified version of Lane’s (1989) ATES, a measure of experience with the elderly, and Snyder’s (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale. During phase 2, six weeks later, participants evaluated a job candidate to investigate how the moderating variables of self-monitoring, salience, direct experience, and situational cues maximized or minimized attitude-behaviour correspondence. A total of …
The Refugee Filtering Process And Host Country Resettlement Issues In Canada: A Critical Theoretical Analysis, R. Gary Edwards
The Refugee Filtering Process And Host Country Resettlement Issues In Canada: A Critical Theoretical Analysis, R. Gary Edwards
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
In the present study, an attempt is made to integrate the diverse literature pertaining to host country resettlement and refugee mental health in Canada. A historical perspective is provided, reviewing the checkered Canadian responses to international refugee movements and the various influences on the humanitarian aims of refugee policy. A model is then developed, drawing on the literature of multiple academic disciplines. The models constitutes a critical generative theory whereby the resettlement issues of assimilationism, racial prejudice, employment difficulties, and domestic political pressures are respectively linked to the filtering processes of ideology, race, economics, and international diplomacy. A test of …
Developing A Sense Of Community: An Assessment Of The Needs And Resources Of A Church Congregation, Heather Hair
Developing A Sense Of Community: An Assessment Of The Needs And Resources Of A Church Congregation, Heather Hair
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The development of a psychological sense of community within various settings has been the focus of recent interest for many community psychologists. One setting, however, tint has received minimal attention is religious organizations. In Canada, churches and synagogues are prominent institutions standing between the individual and the larger structures of society. Consequently, religious organizations can be art important cost-effective resource for prevention and health promotion programs. Through collaborative and consultative work with congregations, the community psychologist can reach important, underserved segments of the population who are reluctant to use traditional mental health services. Using the community development process congregational members …
Satisfaction With Social And Residential Environments Of Adults With Mental Retardation In Supported Independent Living And Group Homes, Shelley L. Potter
Satisfaction With Social And Residential Environments Of Adults With Mental Retardation In Supported Independent Living And Group Homes, Shelley L. Potter
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The philosophy that has permeated Ontario’s policies and planning in the realm of adults with mental retardation has been that of integration into the community. Community based residences vary greatly in terms of size, type, and care given; however they generally fall in the category of the “least restrictive alternative”. The present study is focused on the similarities and distinctions between two of these alternatives, and in the satisfaction experienced by the consumers in these two programs themselves: community group homes and supported independent living programs. In the present study interviews with 40 adults with mental retardation were conducted. Twenty …
Stress And Social Support The Burden Experienced By The Families Of Autistic Children, Andrea A. Kamin
Stress And Social Support The Burden Experienced By The Families Of Autistic Children, Andrea A. Kamin
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The purpose of the present research was to examine the stress experienced by families of autistic children and the relationship between this stress and the factors of social support. The participants were 23 parents of autistic children drawn from chapters of the Ontario Society for Autistic Citizens (OSAC) in the Waterloo-Wellington, Windsor, Hamilton, London and Toronto areas. Significant correlations were found between scores on the Objective and Subjective burden scales; between Subjective burden and the Network Density Score; and between Objective burden and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Significant correlations were not found between the social network list and …
An Outcome Of The Undergraduate Program Of The School Of Human Services, New Hampshire College, Margaret Mary Foy
An Outcome Of The Undergraduate Program Of The School Of Human Services, New Hampshire College, Margaret Mary Foy
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This thesis is an outcome evaluation of the Undergraduate component of the School of Human Services (SHS), New Hampshire College (NHC). The SHS is unique in the alternative college movement of the 1960’s and the early 1970’s in the U.S., both for its focus upon social change and for its ability to survive the conservative restoration of the late 1970’s and the 1980’s, that has forced the closure of most of the alternative colleges. This project involved collaboration with the faculty and staff of the SHS to mutually define all stages of the research process, including development, implementation, evaluation, and …
A Qualitative Evaluation Of A Community Development Process Within A Housing Co-Operative, Gwenith Page-Clemmer
A Qualitative Evaluation Of A Community Development Process Within A Housing Co-Operative, Gwenith Page-Clemmer
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
Community development has been credited for numerous achievements since the turn of the century. Its premise and theory have been applied to a multitude of settings and cultures. Although the contexts are forever changing, the fundamental philosophy is still the same, to create in each individual a desire to work together for the overall good of the community. This thesis examines one community development project, its context, and process, and evaluates its effects using a qualitative approach. Russet Homes, a rehabilitative cooperative opened its doors to community development in 1985. Transformed from a typical townhouse project into a cooperative, Russet …
Youth Needs Assessment: Scadding Court Community Centre, Jacqueline M. Bradshaw
Youth Needs Assessment: Scadding Court Community Centre, Jacqueline M. Bradshaw
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This paper looks at the present state of youth, their education, employment status, family life, psychological well-being and their hopes and aspirations. It also discusses the negative labeling and oppression experienced by youth, and methods of reducing them. The research focuses on youth a Scadding Court Community Centre in downtown Toronto. Thirty-four youth at the Centre participated in a needs assessment, utilizing a four part questionnaire, during the months of March and April, 1988. Confidentiality was of the utmost importance due to the personal nature of some of the questions. The questionnaire ascertained how the youth feel about the Centre; …
Religiosity And The Belief In A Just World, James Albert William Lea
Religiosity And The Belief In A Just World, James Albert William Lea
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The present study attempted to account for previous contradictory findings with regard to the relationship between religiosity and the belief that the world is a just place. There were 252 participants who each completed a questionnaire containing the manipulations of a 2 X 2 X 3 factorial experiment and a number of measures used for a correlational analysis. Part 1 found that varying the salience of religion influenced victim derogation (a common index of the belief in a just world) in high and low religious participants differently. Low religious participants only derogated an ill person relative to a healthy person …
A New Approach To The Assessment Of Social Functioning Of People Who Have Been Hospitalized For Psychiatric Treatment, Heather Smith Fowler
A New Approach To The Assessment Of Social Functioning Of People Who Have Been Hospitalized For Psychiatric Treatment, Heather Smith Fowler
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
Typical approaches to social functioning assessment--the social adjustment approach in particular--are seen to have a number of conceptual and methodological limitations which develop from a problematic value system. A new approach to the assessment of social functioning is advocated, based on the values of community psychology and giving priority to the individual's subjective experience, social environment, and personal growth, and to a qualitative methodology. As part of the development of this approach, this research sought to describe and interpret what a group of 40 people--previously hospitalized for psychiatric treatment and currently residing in co-operative supportive housing--think and feel about their …
Sex Differences In Empathic Processing As Related To Moral Reasoning Patterns In Hypothetical And Real-Life Moral Dilemmas, Sheree Anne Bradford
Sex Differences In Empathic Processing As Related To Moral Reasoning Patterns In Hypothetical And Real-Life Moral Dilemmas, Sheree Anne Bradford
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
Some sex and empathy differences have been found in moral reasoning patterns in adults (e.g., Pratt, Golding, and Kerig, in press; Walker and DeVries, 1985). However, until recently the area of moral judgment was severely restricted by an exclusive focus on the measures of a few researchers such as Kohlberg (1969, 1976, 1981, 1984). Gilligan (1977, 1982) has been primarily responsible for the upsurge of interest and resultant diversification of measures in this area of individual differences. The present paper examined in detail how sex differences and level of empathy affect moral reasoning patterns in individuals between 18 and 25 …
Stress And Social Support A Comparison Of Single And Partnered Adolescent Mothers, Lillian J. Burke
Stress And Social Support A Comparison Of Single And Partnered Adolescent Mothers, Lillian J. Burke
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
Knowledge of stress and support experienced by adolescent parents may allow for the development of more appropriate or useful interventions. As some adolescent parents are single, and others are in a partnered relationship, it would seem that the examination and comparison of these two groups would yield information that could assist in making inventions more specific to the needs of each group. The current study was designed to examine the stresses being experienced by the adolescent mother and the supports which she perceives as being available to her. Thirty-two adolescent mothers participated in the research: Each had one child between …
Cultural Enhancement Programs And Attitude Change Toward Minority South Asian Children, Fred Gloade
Cultural Enhancement Programs And Attitude Change Toward Minority South Asian Children, Fred Gloade
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
Individual attitudes and beliefs have a deep influence on perceptions of others in the environment. This study was concerned with the attitudes of 10 year old Euro-Canadian children toward their South Asian (East Indian) peers and with the alteration of these attitudes in a more positive direction. A within subjects design was utilized to measure participants pre/post test attitude scores toward the South Asian minority children as a function of experimental exposure to selected cultural material. Specifically, three conditions were manipulated in two contrasting settings: active, passive and control, in either high or low ethnic density schools. The three treatment …
The Effect Of Priming, Christian Orthodox Beliefs, And Training On Critical Thinking, Cheryl Norry
The Effect Of Priming, Christian Orthodox Beliefs, And Training On Critical Thinking, Cheryl Norry
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This study investigated the extent to which pro and antireligious individuals responded objectively and critically to religious and nonreligious material. Proreligious (n=72) and antireligious (n=72) individuals, as determined by Fullerton and Hunsberger’s (1982) Christian Orthodoxy Scale, were selected from 507 introductory psychology students. They judged the logical soundness of 30 syllogisms (10 proreligious, 10 antireligious, and 10 neutral) following a priming task (critical, religious, or neutral). Prior to the analysis of the syllogisms, half of the subjects were given logic training, while the other half did not receive any instruction in logic. Dependent variables included critical ability (i.e., the number …
The Extent To Which The Geographic Proximity, Quantity And Quality Of Contact Predicts Dimensions Of Social Support Given To Elderly Women By Their Adult Children, Lori Ann Johnson
The Extent To Which The Geographic Proximity, Quantity And Quality Of Contact Predicts Dimensions Of Social Support Given To Elderly Women By Their Adult Children, Lori Ann Johnson
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which the frequency of contact, geographic proximity, and the quality of the relationship between elderly women and their most supportive adult child accounted for the degree of social support obtained by these women, and to evaluate the applicability of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) as a measure of the affectional and controlling aspects of the relationship between the two populations. One hundred noninstitutional elderly women from the City of Waterloo were interviewed in their homes and were asked to designate their most supportive adult …
The Creation Of A Multi-Ethnic Housing Cooperative A Social Intervention, Mary Sehl
The Creation Of A Multi-Ethnic Housing Cooperative A Social Intervention, Mary Sehl
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The present study documents the development of the Housing Working Group—a group which investigated strategies to improve the housing situation of new Canadians in Kitchener-Waterloo—and the subsequent formation of the founding board of directors of a multi-ethnic housing cooperative. It emphasizes the importance of new Canadian involvement in the intervention and the need to view their empowerment as a long-term goal, attainable only after a series of small, measurable successes. The research revealed two dilemmas in the practice of community development. First, though the empowerment of powerless people requires their active participation in self-help projects, the interventionist cannot force them …
An Evaluation Of A Program To Aid Generalization Of Social Skills Training With Grade 3 And 4 Children, Patricia M. Caron
An Evaluation Of A Program To Aid Generalization Of Social Skills Training With Grade 3 And 4 Children, Patricia M. Caron
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This research evaluated two interventions for aiding children in the generalization of social problem-solving skills training: (1) social problem-solving training with teacher-student “dialoguing”, peer pairing, and self-monitoring, and (2) social problem-solving training with teacher-student “dialoguing” only. These two experimental interventions were compared with a non-equivalent control group. It was found that both experimental and control groups improved in the performance of social skills. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental groups and the control groups on measures of social skills performance, behavioral adjustment, self-efficacy and peer acceptance. These results were consistent with previous research in the area …
An Attributional Perspective In The Study Of Crime Seriousness And Criminal Sentencing, Bikram Dasgupta
An Attributional Perspective In The Study Of Crime Seriousness And Criminal Sentencing, Bikram Dasgupta
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
There is a need at present to understand the basis of seriousness judgments and the following sentence recommendation with respect to judicial decision-making. The defensive attribution model (cf. Jones & Davis, 1965) suggests that assessments of responsibility are strongly influenced by perceived intent freedom and duration factors, along with the material consequences of act. One’s attitude toward punishment has also been implicated as strongly related to the resulting sentencing decision imposed upon the offender. The role of these factors in seriousness and sentencing respectively was explored in the present research. The study also observed the role of three situational factors …
The Effects Of Training On The Quantification Of Uncertainty, Stephen P. Claxton-Oldfield
The Effects Of Training On The Quantification Of Uncertainty, Stephen P. Claxton-Oldfield
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The use of intuitive heuristics has been put forward as an explanation for people’s assessment of probabilities (Kahneman & Tversky, 1972, 1973; Tversky & Kahneman, 1971, 1974). This phenomenon is seen as robust since “experts” (professional psychologists) make use of the same heuristics as “novices” (laypeople), despite having “had extensive training in statistics” (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974, p. 1130). However, replacing probability calculus with heuristics can lead to systematic errors and biases in probabilistic judgments. This study was designed to investigate the effects of statistical training on how people think about probabilistic judgments. Subjects’ knowledge base of probabilistic concepts, as …
Process Evaluation As A Research Model In A School Attendance Program, Charlotte A. Gibson
Process Evaluation As A Research Model In A School Attendance Program, Charlotte A. Gibson
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
A preventative one-on-one support program for students identified as “at risk” for school attendance problems utilized university volunteers as support persons, and existing attendance counsellors as supervisors of the program. A process evluation of the program yielded descriptive information on the numerous methods of dealing with attendance in the various Waterloo County Board of Education Schools (e.g. Safe Arrival Program). Results indicated a controversial perception of the Attendance Department and a positive response to the university volunteer program. An unexpected result was that participating area children chose non-school personnel for assistance with problem-solving. There was a positive response to the …
On The Nature Of Phonological Recoding In Early Readers, Thomas Yoannidis
On The Nature Of Phonological Recoding In Early Readers, Thomas Yoannidis
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
A major assumption in research on basic processes in word recognition has been that the phonological code which may be utilized to access meaning from printed text is unitary in nature and is always disrupted by articulatory suppression. Recent evidence however, suggests that at least two separate phonological codes are operative in adults. Besner, Davies and Daniels (1981), and Besner and Davelaar (1982) found that while the phonological code which supports the maintenance of information in short-term memory was affected by suppression, the code which supports lexical access was not. A developmental study by Barron and Baron (1977) relied heavily …
The Relationship Between Long-Term Psychiatric Clients’ Psychological Well-Being And Their Perceptions Of Housing And Social Support, Mary E. Earls
The Relationship Between Long-Term Psychiatric Clients’ Psychological Well-Being And Their Perceptions Of Housing And Social Support, Mary E. Earls
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The present research examined whether quality of housing and quality/quantity of social support were related to long-term psychiatric clients’ perceptions of psychological well-being. The participants were 89 persons between the ages of 18 to 65, who had been hospitalized for psychiatric problems at least twice and who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic, chronic depressive, or manic-depressive. A structured interview schedule was used which incorporated measures of each of the variables. Results indicated that quality of housing was inversely correlated with Negative Affect, but unrelated to Positive Affect. Support satisfaction was negatively correlated with Negative Affect, and frequency of support was …
The Effects Of Expectancy, Task Importance And Self-Attention On Task Persistence, Jim Jewett
The Effects Of Expectancy, Task Importance And Self-Attention On Task Persistence, Jim Jewett
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This study was designed to examine the relative power of control theory (Carver, 1979) and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977) in predicting behavioral persistence. This study employed a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design. One hundred and twelve undergraduate females were exposed to high and low levels of self-attention and task importance as well as positive and negative self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. Following failure on an anagram task subjects’ persistence in solving in insoluble design puzzle was assessed. Contrary to the hypotheses, the results suggested that self-efficacy expectancies, outcome expectancies, task importance and self-attention do not influence persistence …
Need Fulfillment In A Christian Setting As A Function Of Life Change Events, Social Support, And Christian Beliefs And Activities, Kathleen Fogarty
Need Fulfillment In A Christian Setting As A Function Of Life Change Events, Social Support, And Christian Beliefs And Activities, Kathleen Fogarty
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This study was designed to examine the fulfillment of specific needs of the volunteers and clients of a particular Christian organization, Operation Blessing, as these needs related to Maslow’s (1954) hierarchical theory of motivation, Alderfer’s (1972) theory of existence, relatedness and growth, and Bradburn’s (1969) affect balance theory. Sixty-five participants, 44 volunteers and 21 clients, completed a questionnaire including the following scales: Life Change Events, Social Support, and Christian activities and beliefs, and Positive Affect, Negative Affect and Purpose in Life. As predicted, the experience of Life Change Events was directly related to Negative Affect and the receipt of Social …
The Role Of The Computer In Society Some Aspects Of Person-Machine Interaction, Robert Clarence Hallman
The Role Of The Computer In Society Some Aspects Of Person-Machine Interaction, Robert Clarence Hallman
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
In Community Psychology, we assume that people at the grassroots can learn to help themselves if they are offered the means of understanding a problem and helped to discover the strategies needed to resolve it. Micro-computer technology is currently at a cultural crossroads: a technology in search of new applications. To date, research and concerns around the role of the computer in society have taken the macro view, being predominantly sociologically, politically, and economically oriented. The purpose of the present study was to bring these issues to the individual level and to examine some variables at the person-computer interface. In …
The Evolution In Canada Of The Citizen's Movement Against Nestle, 1978-1984: A Descriptive Study, Deacute Bryant
The Evolution In Canada Of The Citizen's Movement Against Nestle, 1978-1984: A Descriptive Study, Deacute Bryant
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This is an historical study of a social action. The purpose of the study was two-fold: 1) to document the evolution in Canada of the infant formula controversy, and 2) to use the intervention as a case example with which to propose a theoretical model of social action. In Canada the history of the controversy went from 1978 to 1984. During that time action groups for activists and industry reported similar changes in focus. Their targeted audiences changed from being the general public to being the “power elite”: professionals with political clout and money. The primary topics and groups advocated …
Increasing Participation In Continuing Education The Relationship Of Specific Obstacles And Supports To Likelihood Of Participation, Victor Wayne Oake
Increasing Participation In Continuing Education The Relationship Of Specific Obstacles And Supports To Likelihood Of Participation, Victor Wayne Oake
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The study investigated the relationship between reported likelihood of participation in a continuing education course and the importance of obstacles and supports to participation as perceived by 238 adults. The research instrument, a questionnaire developed by the author, was mailed to 1,000 residences in the county of Waterloo, Ontario. Previous research and theoretical positions on obstacles to participation in continuing education were examined. It was hypothesized that obstacles and supports related to concern with academic ability would be significantly correlated with Likelihood of participation. The Pearson Product-Moment statistic was utilized to test the hypothesis. No significant correlations between the dependent …
An Evaluation Of The Quality Of Service At A Volunteer-Run Telephone Distress Centre, Peter John Crocker
An Evaluation Of The Quality Of Service At A Volunteer-Run Telephone Distress Centre, Peter John Crocker
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
A quality of service evaluation was designed collaboratively with listeners at a volunteer-run hotline, to promote the utilization of evaluation results. Listener use of empathy, talk time, and silence, and different types of verbal helping responses (e.g. advice, reflection of feeling) was examined through the use of 30 simulated calls placed to consenting listeners. While the second major focus of the evaluation, assessing the validity of listener self-rated performance as an evaluative technique, was not successful, a large number of performance gaps were identified. Contrary to expectations, listeners were directive in their helping orientation, often providing inappropriate or unhelpful advice …
Changing Attitudes Toward Computers An Intervention Strategy, Margo Stevenson George
Changing Attitudes Toward Computers An Intervention Strategy, Margo Stevenson George
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) was used to predict and understand University students’ attitudes toward using a computer for word processing, and such attitudes were changed through an intervention strategy, consisting of a persuasive communication and a word processing task. Results from study one indicated that the theory of reasoned action was a useful model of predicting and understanding attitudes toward word processing and also intention and behavior. Results from a computer attitude questionnaire administered to 238 University students (100 males and 138 females), who volunteered to participate, suggested that intention to do word processing predicted …