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Articles 1 - 30 of 2811
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Sustaining A School-Based Concussion Management Program Using An Implementation Science Framework, Melissa Mccart, Deanne Unruh, Patricia K. Reyna, Jody Slocumb, Doug Gomez, Ann E. Glang
Sustaining A School-Based Concussion Management Program Using An Implementation Science Framework, Melissa Mccart, Deanne Unruh, Patricia K. Reyna, Jody Slocumb, Doug Gomez, Ann E. Glang
Journal of Educational Research and Practice
Each year, 1.1–1.9 million children and adolescents in the United States experience a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and many return to school (RTS) with symptoms disrupting learning and well-being. Although effective RTS care requires coordinated support, implementation remains inconsistent across the United States. This study explored how one RTS program, the Central Oregon TBI (COR-TBI) model, was established and sustained over time. Using a deductive qualitative design guided by the National Implementation Research Network framework, we interviewed nine key organizers and coded data using leadership, competency, and organization drivers. Five themes emerged: (a) leadership-driven awareness and communication; …
Assessing Deliberate Practice Behaviors In The Professional Development Activities Of Psychotherapists, Tiaira Green
Assessing Deliberate Practice Behaviors In The Professional Development Activities Of Psychotherapists, Tiaira Green
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Deliberate practice (DP), a structured approach to skill development involving targeted practice, feedback, and refinement, has been identified as a framework for developing expertise in psychotherapy. However, limited research has examined naturally occurring DP-consistent behaviors among independently licensed clinicians in routine clinical practice. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was to describe engagement in DP-consistent behaviors among licensed outpatient psychotherapists in the United States and Canada and examine whether years of independent clinical experience predicted engagement. Guided by DP theory, engagement was examined across four domains: individualized learning objectives, coaching, feedback, and successive refinement. Of 103 eligible …
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Military Veterans With Ptsd Symptoms Transitioning To Civilian Life, Esther Köksal
Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Military Veterans With Ptsd Symptoms Transitioning To Civilian Life, Esther Köksal
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms often encounter significant psychological, relational, and social challenges when transitioning from active-duty service to civilian life. Although previous research has documented many of the psychological and social challenges associated with military transition, continued exploration is needed to understand how psychosocial support contributes to identity reconstruction, relational understanding, and meaning-making throughout the transition process. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of military veterans with PTSD symptoms transitioning to civilian life, with particular attention to their psychosocial needs, experiences accessing support, and perceptions of effective care. Guided …
Exploring Resilience Development Among Mid-Life African American Women Following Maternal Loss In Early Adulthood, Rachel R. Jackson-Poole
Exploring Resilience Development Among Mid-Life African American Women Following Maternal Loss In Early Adulthood, Rachel R. Jackson-Poole
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Maternal loss during emerging adulthood may disrupt emotional development, relationships, and educational and professional trajectories, yet little is known about how African American Women (AAW) construct resilience over subsequent decades. The purpose of this qualitative constructivist grounded theory study was to explain how AAW ages 40 to 50 who experienced the natural-cause death of their biological mothers between ages 19 to 24 developed resilience over time. Resilience theory and grief and bereavement theory served as sensitizing frameworks. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with eight participants and analyzed using initial and focused coding, constant comparison, memo writing, reflexive observation, and …
Maternal Adhd Symptomatology And Its Influence On Medication Adherence For Their Adhd Children, Latonia Harrison
Maternal Adhd Symptomatology And Its Influence On Medication Adherence For Their Adhd Children, Latonia Harrison
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects children and adults in the United States, but medication adherence remains a significant challenge despite the availability of effective treatments. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to examine the interaction effect between maternal race and maternal ADHD symptomatology on medication adherence and to determine whether medication adherence differed between children of White and Black mothers while controlling for maternal ADHD symptomatology. Bowen’s Family Systems Theory served as a theoretical foundation for the study. Participants included 100 mothers residing in the United States who self- identified as Black …
Well-Being Of Brazilians Who Migrated To The United States Between 2014 And 2024, Cristiane Fernandes Martins
Well-Being Of Brazilians Who Migrated To The United States Between 2014 And 2024, Cristiane Fernandes Martins
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Brazilians have left Brazil for other countries in search of a better quality of life due to various factors. However, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding happiness and well-being among Brazilian immigrants living in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to analyze the lived experiences of Brazilian immigrants and examine whether these experiences aligned with their expectations of happiness. Data were collected through semistructured interviews consisting of 10-12 questions conducted via Zoom with 10 participants living in Florida. Four themes emerged from their answers: motivation for migration, challenges after migration, homesickness and …
Effectiveness Of Interventions On Chronic Absenteeism In Low-Income Elementary Schools, Jamie Marie Elkhoury
Effectiveness Of Interventions On Chronic Absenteeism In Low-Income Elementary Schools, Jamie Marie Elkhoury
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Chronic absenteeism among elementary students, particularly those from low-income and diverse backgrounds, poses a barrier to academic success and long-term well-being. More research is needed to identify effective interventions. This study examined the differences in school attendance rates over 3 school trimesters between two elementary schools in a low-income Midwest district, one utilizing a form of attendance intervention and one that did not. The social determinants of health model and faucet theory were used to guide the choice of variables and analysis plan. A quantitative, ex post facto design, archival attendance data, and repeated-measures MANOVA were used to assess main …
Urban Teacher Perceptions Of Student Aggression Towards Teachers And Teacher Stress And Well Being, Natasha D. Bonner
Urban Teacher Perceptions Of Student Aggression Towards Teachers And Teacher Stress And Well Being, Natasha D. Bonner
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teacher directed violence has a significant influence on K-12 urban teachers and students’ academic development. Teachers have the highest reported stress levels compared to other stress-inducing professions. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore K-12 urban teachers' perceptions of how teacher-directed violence impacts stress levels, students' academic performance, and classroom management. Lazarus and Folkman's transactional theory of stress and coping functioned as the conceptual framework for this study. For this study, the central research question explored K-12 urban teachers’ perception of how teacher-directed violence and student aggression impact their struggle with stress, student academic performance, and classroom …
Probation And Parole Officers’ Perceptions Of Childhood Adverse Experiences And Reintegration Outcomes Among Previously Incarcerated African American Males, Raisa Samone' Dixon
Probation And Parole Officers’ Perceptions Of Childhood Adverse Experiences And Reintegration Outcomes Among Previously Incarcerated African American Males, Raisa Samone' Dixon
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
According to recent studies, African American males are incarcerated at a rate that is five times higher than White American males. Despite considerable research on the relationship between childhood trauma and criminal behavior, there remains a gap in understanding how specific types of adverse experiences during childhood may contribute to criminal offenses that lead to incarceration and shaped reintegration outcomes. existing literature focused broadly on the general impact of childhood adversity, with limited attention information regarding how distinct traumatic experiences influence the likelihood of committing specific crimes or severity of offending behaviors. The purpose of this qualitative study was to …
Effectiveness Of Community-Based Treatment Programs Postprison, Crystal Artist
Effectiveness Of Community-Based Treatment Programs Postprison, Crystal Artist
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The experiences of individuals who have engaged in a therapeutic community (TC) program while incarcerated and their subsequent transition after release were examined in this qualitative study. The goal was to explore the aspects and perceived effectiveness of community-based reentry programming from the perspectives of individuals who led and worked for various reentry programs. Social learning theory was used to analyze how individuals assimilate pro-social behaviors and coping skills obtained from TC programs and the impact of these on their reintegration into society. The research question was “what are the lived experiences of those involved in therapeutic community postincarceration?” Data …
Examining The Association Between Pcos Symptoms And Depression Severity, Jessica Lee
Examining The Association Between Pcos Symptoms And Depression Severity, Jessica Lee
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with elevated depression rates among women of reproductive age. Although research has linked PCOS to psychological distress, limited research has examined how physical symptoms relate to depression severity. This quantitative, cross-sectional correlational study examined the relationships among acne severity, menstrual irregularity, body mass index (BMI), and depression severity in women with self-reported PCOS. The study was guided by the biopsychosocial model, stress-vulnerability model, feminist theory, and client-centered care model. An anonymous online survey measured depression severity using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, assessed acne severity and menstrual irregularity through self-report items, …
College Students’ And Teachers’ Biases Regarding School Children Based On Appearance, Sex, And Clothing, Lauren K. Decoste, Terry F. Pettijohn Ii
College Students’ And Teachers’ Biases Regarding School Children Based On Appearance, Sex, And Clothing, Lauren K. Decoste, Terry F. Pettijohn Ii
Journal of Educational Research and Practice
This research explored how appearance, sex, and clothing differences influence adults’ perceptions of primary school students across two studies. Male students were predicted to be rated higher in academic ability, behavior, and likeability compared to female students, while formally dressed students were expected to receive more favorable ratings than informally dressed students. Study 1 included college students (N = 160), and Study 2 included employed teachers (N = 112). Participants rated formally and informally dressed male and female students on perceived behavioral, academic, and social skills, likeability, and engagement. Results showed that model sex influenced several perceptions, with male students …
Examining The Relationships Between Racial Microaggressions, Sense Of Belonging, And Academic Achievement For Black Graduate Counseling Students, Carnesha E. Ben
Examining The Relationships Between Racial Microaggressions, Sense Of Belonging, And Academic Achievement For Black Graduate Counseling Students, Carnesha E. Ben
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Black graduate counseling students may experience racial microaggressions and diminished belonging that can affect their academic experiences; however, limited research has examined how these factors relate to academic achievement. The purpose of this nonexperimental, cross-sectional quantitative study was to examine the extent to which racial microaggressions, sense of belonging, and degree level predicted academic achievement among Black graduate counseling and counselor education students. Guided by critical race theory and microaggressions theory, the study addressed whether these variables predicted students’ grade point averages. Survey data were collected from 102 Black master's and doctoral students who had completed at least one year …
Enhancing Workforce Performance And Strategic Alignment Using The Baldrige Framework In Psychiatric Care, Charisma D. Ritter
Enhancing Workforce Performance And Strategic Alignment Using The Baldrige Framework In Psychiatric Care, Charisma D. Ritter
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
At North Regional Medical Center (NRMC), the Emergency Psychiatric Crisis Unit (EPCU) has struggled with leadership, planning, and communication problems that have affected interdisciplinary collaboration, workforce engagement, and the ability to sustain trauma-informed care. In this setting, leadership directly affects patient safety, staff retention, and the crisis services the community relies on. This capstone study examined how leadership practices influence workforce engagement and patient-centered psychiatric emergency services at NRMC to identify strengths, gaps, and opportunities for improvement in the EPCU’s leadership system. The Baldrige Excellence Framework categories of Leadership, Strategy, Workforce, Operations, Results, and Knowledge Management guided the evaluation of …
Fathers' Parental Role When Living With Their Children In A Homeless Shelter Environment, Nebiyou Bekuretsion Tesfaye
Fathers' Parental Role When Living With Their Children In A Homeless Shelter Environment, Nebiyou Bekuretsion Tesfaye
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Homelessness for families is complex and considered an “invisible” type of homelessness, as society often believes that only individuals experience homelessness. Fathers who are homeless and live in shelters may be unable to fulfill the needs of their families and experience issues related to their parenting skills/relationships with their children due to rules/regulations of shelters. The problem addressed in this study was the inability of fathers who live in a shelter with their families to effectively parent their children due to the rules, regulations, and influences of others in family homeless shelters. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was …
Perceptions Of Police And Mental Health In Black American Men And Women Who Have Experienced Vicarious Police Violence, Kiera L. Posey
Perceptions Of Police And Mental Health In Black American Men And Women Who Have Experienced Vicarious Police Violence, Kiera L. Posey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Incidents of publicized police violence against Black Americans have increased significantly, expanding the exposure and vicarious experiences involving these events, resulting in poor mental health and mistrust of law enforcement among Black Americans. Due to much of the literature focusing on Black men, the purpose of this study is to compare the perceptions of police and the mental health of Black men and Black women who have experienced vicarious police violence. Understanding this relationship would aid in better understanding how Black women's experiences are essential and need to be considered when discussing the effects of police violence in the Black …
Exploring How Congregational Expectations Of Pastors Contribute To Burnout Among Black Pastors In Albany, Georgia, Petrea Allen
Exploring How Congregational Expectations Of Pastors Contribute To Burnout Among Black Pastors In Albany, Georgia, Petrea Allen
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Black pastors serving economically challenged communities often face congregational expectations that extend beyond traditional ministry responsibilities, yet limited research has examined how these expectations contribute to burnout in smaller Southern cities. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore how explicit and implicit congregational expectations contributed to burnout among Black pastors in Albany, Georgia, and how local socioeconomic conditions shaped these experiences. Role strain theory and compassion fatigue theory guided the examination of overlapping role demands and the emotional effects of sustained caregiving. Semistructured interviews were conducted with six Black pastors serving in Albany, and the data were …
Relative Strength Of Cyberbullying Victimization, Emotion Regulation, And Self-Compassion In Predicting Resilience Among Neurodiverse Adults, Madison Bosch
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Cyberbullying has become a significant social and psychological concern within digital environments, particularly for neurodiverse individuals who rely on online platforms for communication, social connection, and community support. Neurodiverse individuals may be especially vulnerable to cyberbullying, which can exacerbate social withdrawal, anxiety, and depression. Although prior research has examined cyberbullying and emotional distress, there is a need to identify factors that can promote resilience in neurodiverse adults experiencing cyberbullying. To address this gap, this quantitative study involved determining the relative strength of cyberbullying victimization, emotion regulation, and self-compassion in predicting resilience among neurodiverse adults. Informed by the emotion regulation theory, …
To Forgive Or Not: Victim Service Providers Working With Violent Crime Survivors, Kathleen Ann Myhre
To Forgive Or Not: Victim Service Providers Working With Violent Crime Survivors, Kathleen Ann Myhre
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Survivors of violent crime often experience significant psychological, emotional, physical, and relational challenges that influence healing and perspectives on forgiveness or unforgiveness. Although forgiveness has been widely studied, little research has examined victim service providers’ experiences working with survivors who have forgiven or not forgiven offenders. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore these experiences. Guided by Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping, the study involved addressing two research questions examining victim service providers’ experiences with survivors who forgave offenders and those who did not. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven victim service providers …
Client Turnover And Service Engagement In Organization X, Chenee Lajuan Glaspie
Client Turnover And Service Engagement In Organization X, Chenee Lajuan Glaspie
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Behavioral health organizations face challenges related to client turnover, inconsistent service engagement, workforce instability, and operational inefficiencies that can disrupt continuity of care and organizational performance. Guided by the Baldrige Performance Excellence Framework, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore organizational and leadership factors contributing to client turnover and inconsistent service engagement within a nonprofit outpatient behavioral health organization. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with organizational leaders and review of organizational documents, attendance reports, retention-related data, and operational records. Thematic coding and triangulation identified eight themes: leadership communication and responsiveness, workforce strain and burnout, inconsistent engagement …
Lived Experiences Of Fathers: Parental Leave, Leadership, And Organizational Belonging, Jenny Frost
Lived Experiences Of Fathers: Parental Leave, Leadership, And Organizational Belonging, Jenny Frost
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Fathers’ parental leave experiences are shaped by organizational policies, workplace culture, leadership behaviors, and the developmental transition into fatherhood. The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of fathers in the United States as they navigated parental leave within the workplace and made meaning of organizational leadership and workplace culture. The study was guided by Super’s life-span, life-space theory, Erikson’s psychosocial theory, and Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight fathers who had experienced parental leave within the previous five years. Data were analyzed using transcendental phenomenological procedures, including bracketing, …
Burnout Experiences Of Primary Care Healthcare Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Basic Qualitative Study, Lucca O. Vandeventer
Burnout Experiences Of Primary Care Healthcare Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Basic Qualitative Study, Lucca O. Vandeventer
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The COVID-19 pandemic intensified burnout among healthcare workers. Although burnout in hospital settings has been widely documented, registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), medical assistants (MAs), and equivalent clinical support roles in outpatient primary care have received comparatively limited qualitative attention. Guided by Maslach’s burnout theory and the job demands–resources model, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the experience of burnout among primary care healthcare workers who performed front-line work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirteen participants, including 10 RNs and three MAs or individuals holding equivalent MA-related roles, completed individual, semi-structured, audio-only Zoom interviews; no …
Moderating Effects Of Sociodemographic Characteristics And Personality Attributes In Religiosity And Belief In Science Among Iraqi Adults, Abdulhamza Rajooj Hmood
Moderating Effects Of Sociodemographic Characteristics And Personality Attributes In Religiosity And Belief In Science Among Iraqi Adults, Abdulhamza Rajooj Hmood
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is a limited understanding of how deeply rooted religious and cultural beliefs influence individuals' acceptance of scientific authority and information, especially in non-Western societies where religion plays a central role in social life. This quantitative, nonexperimental correlational study was designed to investigate the link between religiosity and belief in science in an Iraqi sample and to determine whether selected sociodemographic characteristics and Big Five personality attributes influenced this link. It was guided by cultural cognition theory and the Big Five personality model. Religiosity served as the predictor, belief in science as the outcome, whereas sociodemographic characteristics and personality attributes …
Experiences Of Adult Children Of Black Women Who Endorse The Superwoman Schema, Erin Dudley-Mitchell
Experiences Of Adult Children Of Black Women Who Endorse The Superwoman Schema, Erin Dudley-Mitchell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Rooted in generations of sociohistorical expectations, the superwoman schema (SWS) is a framework embraced by many Black women that frames them as unrelenting and resilient, often at the expense of their well-being. Endorsing the SWS has been associated with positive outcomes such as achievement, family preservation, and self-worth; however, it has also been linked to increased vulnerability to mental and physical health conditions. Despite a substantial body of literature on the SWS, little was known about the experiences of children raised by women who endorse this schema. The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study was to explore the …
High School Teachers' Experiences Working With Latino Immigrant Students Who Have Experienced Trauma, Collette Marie Jiménez Serra
High School Teachers' Experiences Working With Latino Immigrant Students Who Have Experienced Trauma, Collette Marie Jiménez Serra
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Latino immigrant students in U.S. public high schools are disproportionately exposed to trauma related to migration experiences, family separation, poverty, and acculturative stress, yet many teachers report feeling underprepared to address students’ trauma-related needs in culturally responsive ways. Limited research has examined high school teachers’ lived experiences implementing trauma-informed practices with Latino immigrant students, particularly from teachers’ own perspectives. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore high school teachers’ lived experiences implementing trauma-informed practices with Latino immigrant students, including their perceptions of preparedness and the factors influencing implementation. Guided by principles of trauma-informed care (TIC) and relational-cultural …
Perceptions Of Correctional Officers In Prison Environments And The Coping Mechanisms They Use To Support Work–Life Balance, Amiee C. Ruger
Perceptions Of Correctional Officers In Prison Environments And The Coping Mechanisms They Use To Support Work–Life Balance, Amiee C. Ruger
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative study explored correctional officers’ lived experiences with occupational stress, coping strategies, work–life balance, and psychological well-being. The purpose of the study was to better understand correctional officers’ experiences working in high-stress correctional environments, including how they experienced and managed occupational stress, as well as the factors that influenced their psychological well-being. The Yerkes-Dodson law, Nixon’s human function curve, and the transactional model of stress and coping provided the theoretical framework for the study. Eight correctional officers were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Semistructured interviews were conducted through the online meeting platform Zoom, and the data were …
The Role Of Counselors In Facilitating Family Involvement In The Treatment Of Individuals With Severe Mental Illness: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Shanice Stephenson-Walcott
The Role Of Counselors In Facilitating Family Involvement In The Treatment Of Individuals With Severe Mental Illness: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Shanice Stephenson-Walcott
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore counselors’ experiences with family involvement in the treatment of individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). Although family involvement has been associated with improved treatment outcomes, limited research has explored counselors’ experiences facilitating family involvement in SMI treatment, leaving a gap in understanding the challenges counselors face in clinical practice. Guided by Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology, this Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) study included six licensed professional counselors experienced in counseling individuals with SMI. The research question asked: How do counselors experience family involvement facilitation in the treatment of individuals with severe mental illness? …
The Perception Of Gay Black Males Concerning Cultural Responsiveness Of Police Officer Use Of Force, Christopher M. Collier
The Perception Of Gay Black Males Concerning Cultural Responsiveness Of Police Officer Use Of Force, Christopher M. Collier
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Police officers’ use of force on the public has been a popular topic of conversation over the last decade. Political campaigns, social media platforms, and neighborhood groups have expressed concerns about how police officers use force disproportionately within various communities. Suggestions have been made to increase police training, promote body-worn cameras, and foster greater transparency to hold police officers accountable for actions that may be unethical or illegal. This study sought to understand if cultural environments have an effect on law enforcement’s interaction with Black same gender loving males (BSGLM). Understanding the use of force was derived from BSGLMs’ perspectives …
Lived Experiences Influencing Breast Cancer Survivorship Among African American Women After Treatment, Brianne Layce Jones
Lived Experiences Influencing Breast Cancer Survivorship Among African American Women After Treatment, Brianne Layce Jones
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
It is well documented that a breast cancer diagnosis elicits various psychoemotional feelings. Despite resilience African American women show during breast cancer treatment, gaps remain in the healthcare system in regard to meeting specific needs of this population. Using Kierkegaard’s theory of existentialism, this study examined influences of breast cancer survivorship among African American women after treatment. Data were collected from 10 African American women who were breast cancer survivors residing in Virginia via in-person and virtual interviews. Interviews were conducted using a questionnaire. Resilience, spirituality, and personal coping strategies were values among African American women who survived breast cancer. …
Barriers To Psychological Care: Lived Experiences Of Adults With Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hovhannes Nazaryan
Barriers To Psychological Care: Lived Experiences Of Adults With Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Hovhannes Nazaryan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) may experience significant disability-related stressors, yet mental health services remain underused within this population. Although prior research has identified barriers to service use among individuals with SMA and people with disabilities more broadly, there is less literature about how adults with SMA experience the mental health care system. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore lived experiences of adults living in the United States with SMA as they relate to this system. Guided by the biopsychosocial model and Andersen’s behavioral model, the study involved addressing the question: What are lived experiences …