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Articles 781 - 810 of 939
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Examining The Mindfulness – Stress Resistance Relation: The Mediational Role Of Autonomy, Melissa Holt
Examining The Mindfulness – Stress Resistance Relation: The Mediational Role Of Autonomy, Melissa Holt
Theses and Dissertations
Mindfulness – a receptive attentiveness to present experience – has been shown to promote more adaptive emotion regulation (Brown, et al. 2007) and predict autonomy - motivation to behave in a self-directed manner. In turn, autonomy has been shown to predict self-regulation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This suggests a psychological pathway from mindfulness to autonomy to emotion regulation. To better understand the regulatory potential of a mindful disposition and the possible mediating role of autonomy in healthy adult participants (N = 69), a laboratory social evaluative threat was used called the Trier Social Stress Task (Kirschbaum, et al., 1993). Results …
The Genetic Epidemiology Of Purging Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, And Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder, Sara Trace
Theses and Dissertations
Although a variety of factors influence the development of eating disorders, genetic factors contribute notably to their etiology. Understanding genetic factors associated with eating disorders is important, as they can influence how these disorders are recognized, researched, and treated. This dissertation included two studies addressing important questions within the fields of eating disorders and genetics; specifically, Study 1 addressed the prevalence and heritability of purging and purging disorder in a population-based sample of female twins from the United States; and Study 2 investigated the nature of the co-morbidity between anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive personality disorder in a population-based sample …
The Effectiveness Of Religiously Tailored Couple Counseling, Joshua Hook
The Effectiveness Of Religiously Tailored Couple Counseling, Joshua Hook
Theses and Dissertations
Large numbers of couples seek treatment from religious counselors who integrate religion and spirituality (R/S) into counseling. The present dissertation reviewed the literature examining the effectiveness of R/S counseling. Several R/S treatments were helpful in treating psychological problems. There was little evidence that R/S treatments outperformed secular treatments. In Study 1, a nationwide survey was conducted that examined the beliefs of Christian counselors about integrating R/S into couple counseling. Christian counselors (N = 630) completed measures of religious commitment, experience in couple counseling, attitudes toward using religious techniques in couple counseling, and the use of theory in couple counseling. Counselors …
The Influence Of Parental Verbal Messages About Fighting And Nonviolent Responses On Adolescent Aggressive And Effective Nonviolent Behavior, Alison Kramer
Theses and Dissertations
Research suggests that adolescent health requires both reducing problem behavior and promoting the development of social competence. There is strong support for the influence of parenting practices on both aggressive and competent behavior. However, there has been little research to date focused on parental messages, or the verbal communication parents provide to their children, about aggressive and effective nonviolent responses to conflict. The present study used hierarchical regression to examine parental messages supporting fighting and parental messages supporting effective nonviolent responses to problem situations in relation to adolescent aggressive and effective nonviolent behavior. These relations were expected to be moderated …
Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies In Ratings Of Youth Victimization: Associations With Psychological Adjustment, Kimberly Goodman
Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies In Ratings Of Youth Victimization: Associations With Psychological Adjustment, Kimberly Goodman
Theses and Dissertations
Epidemiological research indicates that parents report lower levels of youths’ exposure to violence than youth self-report, and theory suggests that such discrepancies reflect parents’ lack of knowledge of youth victimization and impaired ability to help children cope with victimization. This study extends prior research examining the implications of parent-youth informant discrepancies on ratings of victimization. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify groups of dyads distinguished by patterns of parent and youth report of victimization, uncovering heterogeneity based on patterns of parent-youth ratings of victimization. Analyses examined how latent classes reflecting parent-youth agreement on victimization were related to adjustment …
Thankful Feelings, Thoughts & Behavior: A Tripartite Model Of Evaluating Benefactors And Benefits, Maureen Mathews
Thankful Feelings, Thoughts & Behavior: A Tripartite Model Of Evaluating Benefactors And Benefits, Maureen Mathews
Theses and Dissertations
Gratitude and indebtedness have been treated as similar constructs that occur in social exchange, but little work has examined how these constructs are independent from each other. Relatedly, how a person evaluates the components of a social exchange – the benefactor and benefit – can vary. Two exploratory studies examined affective, cognitive and behavioral measurement during a social exchange to test whether they were associated with gratitude and indebtedness. Participants completed a distribution game for which they gave and received tickets for a raffle with a fictitious partner. Study 1 (N=34) findings indicated that gratitude was associated with positive affect, …
Predictors Of Smoking Initiation In African American Adolescents, Jennifer Kienzle
Predictors Of Smoking Initiation In African American Adolescents, Jennifer Kienzle
Theses and Dissertations
Cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use are responsible for over 440,000 deaths per year in the U.S. Health consequences associated with cigarette smoking include cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Despite awareness of the health risks, approximately 21% of the U.S. adult population smokes. Efforts to-date to reduce smoking-related disease and illness have focused on prevention and intervention strategies that encourage cessation. Adolescence is a critical period for both intervention and prevention. Because more than three-fourths (80%) of adult smokers reported starting to smoke prior to the age of 18, prevention and brief intervention is likely to be …
Expressive Writing As A Therapeutic Process For Drug Dependent Women, Meshberg Cohen Sarah
Expressive Writing As A Therapeutic Process For Drug Dependent Women, Meshberg Cohen Sarah
Theses and Dissertations
Women with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) have high rates of trauma and PTSD, which is linked to greater physical and mental health problems and poorer SUD treatment outcomes. While research affirms trauma should be addressed during SUD treatment, the majority of addiction programs do not offer such services. One promising intervention is Pennebaker’s expressive writing paradigm, which includes disclosure of traumatic/stressful experiences through 20-minute writing sessions over 3-5 consecutive days. While expressive writing has been linked to improvements in mental and physical health, the intervention has not been studied in persons with SUDs. The present study was a randomized clinical …
Expressive Writing With University Students With Disabilities, Geraldine Lotze
Expressive Writing With University Students With Disabilities, Geraldine Lotze
Theses and Dissertations
Research suggests college students with high incidence disabilities experience more distress than their peers without disabilities as they adapt to college. The expressive writing paradigm developed by Pennebaker and Beall (1986) effectively reduced distress in college students and other nonclinical samples when participants wrote about emotions they experienced surrounding an upsetting event. Previous research on expressive writing has not addressed the effectiveness of the paradigm with students with disabilities. A randomized control trial study examined changes in distress and daily hassles for participants with disabilities who engaged in expressive writing compared to a control condition in which participants wrote about …
Does Mindfulness Reduce Negativity Bias? A Potential Mechanism For Reduced Emotional Distress, Laura Kiken
Does Mindfulness Reduce Negativity Bias? A Potential Mechanism For Reduced Emotional Distress, Laura Kiken
Theses and Dissertations
The present research examined if mindfulness reduced negativity bias on measures of attitude formation and cognitive style, as a potential explanation for the beneficial effects of mindfulness on emotional disturbance. Two studies were conducted. Study One was correlational and found that trait mindfulness inversely correlated with measures of negative cognitive style, and that the latter partially mediated an inverse association between mindfulness and predisposition to depression and anxiety. Further, correlations between mindfulness and both positive attitude formation and optimism hinted at a potential positivity bias. Study Two extended these findings using a randomized experimental design comparing a mindfulness induction to …
How Does Mothers' Depression Influence Adolescents' Aggression? The Role Of Parenting, Family Functioning, And Informant Discrepancy, Kelly Pugh
Theses and Dissertations
Previous research has found that maternal depression is predictive of adolescents’ aggression. The present study examined three mechanisms believed to account for this relation: parenting practices, family functioning, and informant discrepancy. The data for this study are from the Multisite Violence Prevention Project which collected data from a high-risk sample of sixth grade students, parents, and core teachers. A within-subjects analysis of variance examined the association between maternal depression and informant discrepancy. Structural equation modeling compared the relation between maternal depression and adolescents’ aggression as a function of parenting practices and family functioning. Results indicated that maternal depression was related …
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness And The Psychosocial Well-Being Of Obese Adolescents, Nichole Kelly
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness And The Psychosocial Well-Being Of Obese Adolescents, Nichole Kelly
Theses and Dissertations
Overweight and obesity are associated with an array of negative physical and psychosocial symptoms in adolescents. Numerous pediatric obesity interventions have emerged in an attempt to address this significant public health concern. However, few have focused on African American females, a particularly high risk group for negative health behaviors and associated complications. Moreover, research examining the psychosocial changes associated with increases in physical activity and fitness, although promising in elder and adult populations, is nearly nonexistent in adolescents. Thus, the current study addressed limitations in the research and examined the psychosocial outcomes of adolescent participants in T.E.E.N.S., a culturally sensitive, …
Understanding Death Anxiety In Women With Gynecologic Cancer, Hana Kim
Understanding Death Anxiety In Women With Gynecologic Cancer, Hana Kim
Theses and Dissertations
For most of us, thoughts about our own mortality are largely unconscious, an invisible backdrop to our daily living. However, when forced to face a potentially life threatening event, these otherwise underlying thoughts about human transience rise to consciousness. Given the seemingly inherent link between receiving a cancer diagnosis and developing an increased awareness of one’s own mortality, the present study sought to address the following research question, “What are the experiences and processes by which women with gynecologic cancer construct meaning and manage death anxiety in the face of their cancer diagnosis?” Based on an interpretive grounded theory paradigm, …
Diet-Related Changes In Sensitivity To The Pharmacological Effects Of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Mayo Wright
Diet-Related Changes In Sensitivity To The Pharmacological Effects Of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Mayo Wright
Theses and Dissertations
Recent evidence suggests that sustained consumption of a high-fat diet is associated with reduced CB1 receptor expression in some brain areas. Many of the neuromodulatory functions of endogenous cannabinoids are mediated by the CB1 receptor. The CB1 receptor also mediates the behavioral and physiological effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana. While high-fat diets are associated with region-specific changes in CB1 receptor expression, it is not clear whether such changes are behaviorally relevant. To that end, separate groups of male and female rats were placed on either a high-fat diet or a standard diet. Cannabinoid function was …
Interpersonal And Shared Decision Making Models Of Communication Applied To Simulated Requests For Organ Donation, Daniel Baughn
Interpersonal And Shared Decision Making Models Of Communication Applied To Simulated Requests For Organ Donation, Daniel Baughn
Theses and Dissertations
Using an analogue format, the present study evaluated the viability of relationship and interactional concepts that have been applied to the physician-patient interaction to the field of organ donation by examining the donation request process between procurement coordinators and simulated families. Interpersonal processes were assessed using behavioral ratings by independent observers. Procurement coordinators were viewed as being more submissive than dominant and more friendly than hostile. Family members were viewed as being more hostile than friendly, more dominant and hostile than submissive or friendly, disclosing slightly more personal information than medical information, and engaging in slightly more shared decision making …
The Impact Of Ethnic Identity And Group Support On Hiv Intervention Outcomes, Kristina Hood
The Impact Of Ethnic Identity And Group Support On Hiv Intervention Outcomes, Kristina Hood
Theses and Dissertations
The current study investigated if condom outcomes vary as a function of perceived group support (from members of the group) and ethnic identity among participants in an HIV prevention intervention. The peer-led intervention consisted of an empirically supported curriculum, Sisters Informing Sisters on Topics about AIDS (SISTA) with an additional component that addressed the role of alcohol/drugs in risky sexual behavior. Participants included 263 unmarried, heterosexual, African American women who were recruited from three universities. At post-test, perception of a supportive group environment was associated with positive attitudes towards condom use. In addition, ethnic identity was associated with positive attitudes …
Experiences Of Post-Processing In Group Psychotherapy, Karen Muehl
Experiences Of Post-Processing In Group Psychotherapy, Karen Muehl
Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological research approach (Moustakas, 1994) to examine the question How do group psychotherapy clients experience post-processing? The conceptual framework for the study was Yalom’s interpersonal process approach to group psychotherapy (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). Participants were 12 university counseling center clients who were members of an interpersonal process-oriented psychotherapy group at a large urban university. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews. Data analysis procedures followed recommendations by Smith and Osborn (2003) and Creswell (2007). In order to increase the trustworthiness and rigor of the study, the researcher engaged in reflexive journaling, member checking, and the …
A Comparison Of The Discriminative Stimulus Properties Of The Atypical Antipsychotic Clozapine And The Glutamate Agonist N-Methyl D-Aspartate In C57bl/6 Mice., Sarah A. Vunck
Theses and Dissertations
The glutamate system dysfunctions present in schizophrenia raise new questions about possible glutamatergic actions of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. While clozapine has been shown to partially substitute for the discriminative stimulus of the glutamate agonist N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) in rats, NMDA discrimination has not previously been established in mice. The present study was designed to explore the possible role of NMDA activity in clozapine’s discriminative stimulus. Two groups of C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate either 2.5 mg/kg CLZ from vehicle or 30 mg/kg NMDA from vehicle in a standard two-lever drug discrimination task. NMDA drug discrimination was successfully established …
Examination Of The Discriminative Stimulus And Cross-Tolerance Inducing Properties Of N-Desmethylclozapine In C57bl/6 Mice., Jason Wiebelhaus
Examination Of The Discriminative Stimulus And Cross-Tolerance Inducing Properties Of N-Desmethylclozapine In C57bl/6 Mice., Jason Wiebelhaus
Theses and Dissertations
Due to its unique receptor binding profile and its relationship to clozapine, N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC) has been examined as a possible antipsychotic drug (APD). Clozapine has been trained as discriminative stimulus in our lab, but NDMC has not yet been established as a discriminative stimulus. In experiment 1, 12 C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate 10.0 mg/kg NDMC from VEH using a standard-two lever operant procedure to assess antipsychotic substitution. The typical APD clozapine fully substituted for NDMC at 2 doses tested (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), while typical APD haloperidol failed to substitute for NDMC. In Experiment 2, 11 mice were …
Swaying The Masses: The Effect Of Argument Strength And Linguistic Abstractness On Attitudes, Jessica Barber
Swaying The Masses: The Effect Of Argument Strength And Linguistic Abstractness On Attitudes, Jessica Barber
Theses and Dissertations
Two studies were conducted to investigate how the use of different types of language affects attitudes. Participants scrutinized arguments supporting a hypothetical toothpaste that differed in terms of argument strength (strong versus weak) and linguistic abstractness (abstract versus concrete) and subsequently evaluated the toothpaste. In addition, half of the participants in the second study were subjected to a cognitive load manipulation (i.e., rehearsing a ten-digit number) in order to limit their level of cognitive elaboration. Results indicated that strong arguments and those containing concrete descriptions led to more positive attitudes about the toothpaste, whereas weak messages comprised of abstract terms …
Disordered Eating And Substance Use: A Multivariate Longitudinal Twin Desigh, Jessica Baker
Disordered Eating And Substance Use: A Multivariate Longitudinal Twin Desigh, Jessica Baker
Theses and Dissertations
Eating disorders and substance use disorders both exhibit a clear sex-difference in prevalence. Eating disorders are more common in females while substance use disorders are more common in males. Previous research has also established a strong association between these two disorders, especially within females. Much less research has examined comorbity in males. The etiology and reasons for these sex-differences and for the comorbidity of eating and substance use disorders remain unclear. The present report aimed to examine disordered eating (DE), substance use (SU), and their comorbidity further, in both sexes, using disorder eating attitudes and behaviors and substance use rather …
Efficacy Of A Brief Intervention For Insomnia Among Psychiatric Outpatients, James Nile Wagley
Efficacy Of A Brief Intervention For Insomnia Among Psychiatric Outpatients, James Nile Wagley
Theses and Dissertations
Psychiatric patients are particularly affected by symptoms of insomnia. Because insomnia is often secondary to other conditions and was once thought to be less treatable, this condition has received little attention in terms of treatment and research. Additionally, psychiatric patients have typically fewer resources to seek treatment. Generally, insomnia is treated with medications that may have biological side effects and offer little restorative sleep. Behavioral or cognitive interventions have often been overlooked. This experiment uses profile analysis to test the hypothesis that psychiatric outpatients randomized to a treatment group would have decreased levels of sleep difficulties (measured by PSQI) when …
Effects Of Mentoring On The Development Of Leadership Self-Efficacy And Political Skill, Suzzette Chopin
Effects Of Mentoring On The Development Of Leadership Self-Efficacy And Political Skill, Suzzette Chopin
Theses and Dissertations
This study considered the effects of mentoring on protégés’ beliefs in their abilities to be leaders and on their development of interpersonal skills. This study explored, in 260 business graduate students, the relationship between (a) mentoring and leadership self-efficacy and (b) mentoring and political skill. Participants completed surveys including the Self-Efficacy for Leadership Scale, the Political Skill Inventory, and the Mentoring Functions Questionnaire. Comparisons between non-mentored and mentored individuals showed that having a mentor is associated with increased political skill (p < .05) but not increased leadership self-efficacy (p > .05). Among mentored individuals, higher quality mentoring relationships are associated with significantly higher leadership-self efficacy (p < .01) but not with significantly higher political skill (p > .05). The presence …
Youth Leadership Development And Peer-Led Initiatives, Kathryn Conley
Youth Leadership Development And Peer-Led Initiatives, Kathryn Conley
Theses and Dissertations
The current study explored the experiences of high school peer leaders (N = 45) chosen to participate in an eight-week peer-led tobacco intervention program, Living Free of Tobacco, Plus! (LIFT+). The study used a repeated measures design to examine changes in leadership self-efficacy, perceived leadership skill, and goal-setting from baseline to post-test. Leaders’ susceptibility to future tobacco use, self-efficacy to resist and avoid tobacco, and confidence and interest in following nutritional guidelines were also examined at two time points. To strengthen self-report measures, peer and teacher evaluations of observed leadership behavior were collected. Results suggest that participation as a peer-leader …
Parents And Peers As Moderators Of The Relation Between Peer Victimization And The Development Of Revenge Goals In Middle School Students, Suzanne Linkroum
Parents And Peers As Moderators Of The Relation Between Peer Victimization And The Development Of Revenge Goals In Middle School Students, Suzanne Linkroum
Theses and Dissertations
The majority of students experience peer victimization at least once during middle school. Existing research has established a strong link between exposure to peer victimization and poor psychosocial outcomes, including, but not limited to, maladaptive coping processes. Although little empirical attention has been devoted to examining how peer victimization impacts the development of social goals, the few existing studies have shown a positive relation between peer victimization and revenge goals. To further advance this research, several concurrent and longitudinal models delineating the relations among peer victimization, physical aggression, parental attitudes toward aggression, peer deviance, and revenge goals were examined in …
Influence Of Parental Substance Abuse On Substance Use And Psychiatric Severity In Drug-Dependent Pregnant Women, Courtney E. Smith
Influence Of Parental Substance Abuse On Substance Use And Psychiatric Severity In Drug-Dependent Pregnant Women, Courtney E. Smith
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between history of parental substance abuse and substance use and psychiatric severity measures in a sample of treatment-seeking, pregnant women who meet DSM-IIIR criteria for lifetime opioid and cocaine abuse and/or dependence (N=260). The study examined whether a dose-response relationship was observed between number of parents affected by substance use problems (0, 1, and 2) and degree of women’s substance use and psychiatric severity. Results did not support a dose-response relationship between density of parental problems and substance use and psychiatric severity. However, some differences in severity were seen at …
The Approximation Rule: Examining An Alternative To The “Best Interest Of The Child” Custody Standard, Elizabeth Archer
The Approximation Rule: Examining An Alternative To The “Best Interest Of The Child” Custody Standard, Elizabeth Archer
Theses and Dissertations
While the Best Interest of the Child (BIOC) standard has been used since the 1970’s, alternatives such as the Approximation Rule have recently been proposed to remediate perceived weaknesses in BIOC. This study examines the applicability of the Approximation Rule using cross-sectional data collected from 517 children (age 10-18) of divorced parents using the Co-Parenting Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Data for all co-parenting and parenting variables (n = 517) were analyzed to determine relationships by time since divorce and custodial relationship. Physical custody was associated with significant differences in children’s’ ratings of both co-parenting and parenting effectiveness. Results for time since …
Evaluating Oral, Non-Combustible Potential Reduced Exposure Products Marketed To Smokers, Caroline Cobb
Evaluating Oral, Non-Combustible Potential Reduced Exposure Products Marketed To Smokers, Caroline Cobb
Theses and Dissertations
Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) are marketed to reduce smoking’s harm, despite little information concerning their effects. This study adapts previously reported clinical laboratory methods used to evaluate combustible PREPs to investigate the acute effects of four non-combustible PREPs (Ariva, Camel Snus, Marlboro Snus, Commit nicotine lozenge) relative to own brand cigarettes, sham smoking, and one combustible PREP that delivers no measurable nicotine (Quest). Twenty-eight smokers participated in 7 Latin-squared ordered, 2.5-hr sessions in which each product was administered twice (60-minute inter-administration interval). Sessions differed by product and were separated by > 48 hours. Plasma nicotine, heart rate, expired air carbon …
Predictors Of Discrepancies In Parents’ And Children’S Reports Of Child Emotion Regulation, Shannon Hourigan
Predictors Of Discrepancies In Parents’ And Children’S Reports Of Child Emotion Regulation, Shannon Hourigan
Theses and Dissertations
The ability to effectively regulate one’s emotions has been linked with many aspects of well-being. However, disagreement in parents’ and children’s reports of children’s emotion regulation presents significant measurement and conceptual challenges. This investigation aimed to identify predictors of these discrepancies from among demographic, psychopathology, and child emotional awareness measures and to examine patterns of discrepancies among three emotion types (i.e., anger, sadness, and worry) and three regulation “strategies” (i.e., inhibition, dysregulated expression, and coping). Sixty-one mother-child dyads (41 girls, mean age 9.3 years) participated. As hypothesized, age, child and parent report of psychopathology, and poor emotion awareness all emerged …
Physiological Correlates Of Aggression In Adolescent Females, Ashley Dibble
Physiological Correlates Of Aggression In Adolescent Females, Ashley Dibble
Theses and Dissertations
Recently, with the development of new technology, researchers have focused on physiological predictors of aggressive behavior, specifically cortisol and alpha amylase. Gordis, Granger, Susman, and Trickett (2006) found the interaction between cortisol and alpha-amylase significantly predicted parent reports of aggression indicating that low levels of physiological reactivity was associated with higher levels of problem behavior. While this research has provided valuable information about aggressive behavior, a major limitation is the majority of research focuses on males, or has not examined gender differences explicitly. This study expanded on work by Gordis et al. (2006) and other researchers on the HPA axis …