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Articles 391 - 420 of 1681
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Tuning Out Security Warnings: A Longitudinal Examination Of Habituation Through Fmri, Eye Tracking, And Field Experiments, Anthony Vance, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Bonnie Brinton Anderson, Daniel K. Bjornn, C. Brock Kirwan
Tuning Out Security Warnings: A Longitudinal Examination Of Habituation Through Fmri, Eye Tracking, And Field Experiments, Anthony Vance, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Bonnie Brinton Anderson, Daniel K. Bjornn, C. Brock Kirwan
Faculty Publications
Research in the fields of information systems and human-computer interaction has shown that habituation— decreased response to repeated stimulation—is a serious threat to the effectiveness of security warnings. Although habituation is a neurobiological phenomenon that develops over time, past studies have only examined this problem cross-sectionally. Further, past studies have not examined how habituation influences actual security warning adherence in the field. For these reasons, the full extent of the problem of habituation is unknown. We address these gaps by conducting two complementary longitudinal experiments. First, we performed an experiment collecting fMRI and eye-tracking data simultaneously to directly measure habituation …
Shame As A Moderator In Grace And Forgiveness Correlation Renamed “Grace, Forgiveness, And Shame In Latter-Day Saint Young Adults”, Taylor Mefford, Dr. Scott Richards
Shame As A Moderator In Grace And Forgiveness Correlation Renamed “Grace, Forgiveness, And Shame In Latter-Day Saint Young Adults”, Taylor Mefford, Dr. Scott Richards
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The subject of grace in psychological research has been relatively untouched, with only a few studies having been conducted in this area, mostly with a focus on creating measures for attitudes on grace. However, despite the existence of these validated measures, almost no published studies utilize them. Allen, Wang, & Stokes (2015) present one of those few cases where such measures are used, in which they address mental health outcomes related to grace and perfectionism. They also utilize the term legalism, which was used by Bufford, Sisemore, and Blackburn (2014) in their development of a holistic measure of grace. …
Ketamine As A Predictor Of Excessive Alcohol Intake: A Rhesus Monkey Nonhuman Primate Model, Ryno Kruger, Dr. J. Dee Higley
Ketamine As A Predictor Of Excessive Alcohol Intake: A Rhesus Monkey Nonhuman Primate Model, Ryno Kruger, Dr. J. Dee Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In 2014, 8.7 million teenagers in the United States reported drinking alcohol, with the vast majority engaging in binge drinking1. Due to the rise of underage drinking and alcohol abuse, it is of increasing importance to study variables that influence risk for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. To study these factors, I spent 10 weeks at the California National Primate Research facility (CNPRC).
Prenatal Androgens And The Stability Of Temperament And Anxiety: A Study Of Testosterone-Mediated Digit Ratios In Rhesus Macaques, Alexander Baxter, Dr. J. Dee Higley
Prenatal Androgens And The Stability Of Temperament And Anxiety: A Study Of Testosterone-Mediated Digit Ratios In Rhesus Macaques, Alexander Baxter, Dr. J. Dee Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Prenatal androgen exposure (PAE) is the organizational force that masculinizes the brain. It has impact on other parts of the body as well. For example, PAE induces growth in the ring finger. Consequently, the pointer-to-ring-finger digit ratio (2D:4D ratio) is frequently used to assess PAE.1 Though this phenotype is sexually dimorphic, research indicates that PAE’s effect on digit ratio may be in the opposite direction when comparing humans and nonhuman primates.22 Very few studies have investigated 2D:4D ratio in rhesus macaques (Macacca mulatta), and to our knowledge, none have reported a sex difference in digit ratio. The purpose …
Exploring Ideocentrism: Ideology-Conflict And Out-Group Discrimination, Ryan Hemsley, Dr. Robert Ridge
Exploring Ideocentrism: Ideology-Conflict And Out-Group Discrimination, Ryan Hemsley, Dr. Robert Ridge
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Conflict has long been a topic of interest in the social sciences. There is considerable research that has examined conflict through bias, prejudice, out-group discrimination, and in-group preferential treatment. (see Burne et al, 1975; Hewstone et al, 2002; Kilduff et al 2016) However, the literature focuses disproportionately on conflict between cultural or biological groups. Relatively little research focuses on ideological groups. Such a balance may be counterproductive, as there is evidence that ideological conflict may be superordinate to racial conflict. Chambers et al. (2013) found that prejudice towards an ideological out-group was greater than prejudice towards a racial out-group. The …
Hpv Vaccinations In College Students: Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, And Intention With Religious Attitudes And Behavior, Christian Kindt, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Hpv Vaccinations In College Students: Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, And Intention With Religious Attitudes And Behavior, Christian Kindt, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Most religions promote abstinence of sexual intimacy prior to marriage. This ideology may discount the use of vaccinations that religious individuals consider only applicable to those who are sexually active. These individuals may not take the time to investigate the benefits of such vaccinations and indeed may not even be aware of the risks associated with the infections these vaccinations protect against. Specifically, this study examined how religious beliefs impact knowledge about, and attitudes and intention towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination adherence. HPV vaccination is recommended for youth between ages 9 and 13 but not to be administered …
Teacher Training Films: Helping Sunday School Teachers Better Teach Individuals With Disabilities, Mary Woodruff, Katie Steed
Teacher Training Films: Helping Sunday School Teachers Better Teach Individuals With Disabilities, Mary Woodruff, Katie Steed
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Sunday schools are primarily taught by devoted lay volunteers. Often times these individuals are willing to help, but can have feelings of self-doubt and anxiety. These feelings can be felt at a greater magnitude when a volunteer has a class that includes a student with a disability. In order for the teacher and student to be edified during Sunday School, training videos on utilizing specific teaching skills and accommodations were created. Shade (2001) and Sampson (2004) have shown that even after 45 minutes of instruction on teaching individuals with disabilities, a teacher’s confidence in their ability to instruct is often …
Social Integration And Emotional Regulation, Kimberly Stevens, Dr. Julianne Holt-Lunstad
Social Integration And Emotional Regulation, Kimberly Stevens, Dr. Julianne Holt-Lunstad
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Midlife adults face a wide variety of physiological, emotional, and cognitive stressors that place them at risk for impaired physical health and longevity. Social integration—which includes high levels of social engagement as well as maintaining a diverse network of social roles—has been shown to protect against the negative effects of these stressors and decrease mortality rates (Holt-Lunstad, 2010). Research has suggested that “social buffering” provides protection from the physiological effects of stress (Cohen, 1985). In fact, Sheldon Cohen hypothesized a “social buffering” pathway, which suggests that social integration effects psychological and physiological exposure to and reaction to stress (Cohen & …
Peer Mentored Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workshop For Adjusting College Students, Meredith Pescatello, Dr. Tyler Pedersen
Peer Mentored Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workshop For Adjusting College Students, Meredith Pescatello, Dr. Tyler Pedersen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Brigham Young University (BYU) has over 30,000 students, and many of them face difficult personal and psychological challenges. These may include adjusting to school life after returning from a mission, coping with academic demands, finding balance between work and school, or dealing with difficult roommates and families. Although BYU and other universities provide counseling services to assist students, these services are stretched thin and many cannot meet the needs and demands of students (http://www.standard.net/State/2016/09/08/USU-studentgovernment- declares-mental-health-crisis). This project explores whether or not a peer-led intervention teaching skills from Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) could effectively meet some students’ needs. DBT training is …
Aiding Families With Children With Disabilities In A Refugee Crisis: Kosovo Case Study, Benson Gunther, Dr. Blake Hansen
Aiding Families With Children With Disabilities In A Refugee Crisis: Kosovo Case Study, Benson Gunther, Dr. Blake Hansen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Families that have children with disabilities, specifically emotional/psychological/social disabilities (i.e. Autism, Down Syndrome, and other cognitive/neurodevelopmental disorders), encounter seemingly insurmountable distresses on a day-to-day basis in times of peace, let alone in times of emergency. These families depend heavily upon a consistent, well-established home environment with a precisely-calculated daily routine and access to key resources that keep their family unit intact. When rising political turmoil or threats of domestic violence culminate to jeopardize the safety of the population at-large, these families are compelled to abandon their homes and all the security that their homes provide. And while packing-up and fleeing …
Goal Setting And Goal Achievement In Marathon And Half-Marathon Runners, Jared Richardson, Dr. Benjamin Ogles
Goal Setting And Goal Achievement In Marathon And Half-Marathon Runners, Jared Richardson, Dr. Benjamin Ogles
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Goal setting provides multiple benefits in the realm of athletics. These include overcoming fear of failure (Wikman, Stelter, Melzer, Hauge, & Elbe, 2014), performing at a higher level in both training and competition (Filby, Maynard, & Graydon, 1999), and increasing motivation (Sullivan & Strode, 2010). Marathon runners and halfmarathon runners are included among the benefactors of goal setting.
Study, Test, Test: A Formula To Distinguish Memory Specificity In Declarative Memory, Jordan Clark, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Study, Test, Test: A Formula To Distinguish Memory Specificity In Declarative Memory, Jordan Clark, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The goal of this project was to increase our understanding of how human memory works. Specifically, we wanted to investigate what happens in the brain when we make memory mistakes, and to see if there are regions of the brain whose relative activation levels could be predictive as to whether a memory mistake will be perpetuated or corrected. In response to the first part of that research question, we hypothesized that when a memory mistake is made, the memory trace from the mistake is encoded separately from the original memory, rather than overwriting the original memory. For the second part …
Context Dependent Memory Specificity, Todd Winn, Leila Lesueur, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Context Dependent Memory Specificity, Todd Winn, Leila Lesueur, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In current literature, researchers have proposed that the relationshipbetween objects and the context they are found in is integral to long-term declarative memory, and converges at hippocampal processes. In order to explore the effect of visual context on memory, our experiment was designed to evaluate the behavioral performance of subjects completing a contextual memory task intended to tax the pattern separation process in the hippocampus. Pattern separation is the computational process performed in the hippocampus with the goal of making similar patterns of neural activity as dissimilar as possible, thereby allowing us to distinguish between two objects that appear similar. …
Self-Regulation, Inhibition Response, And Perceived Parental Support: An Fmri Investigation Of Adolescents With Adhd, Erin Kaseda, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Self-Regulation, Inhibition Response, And Perceived Parental Support: An Fmri Investigation Of Adolescents With Adhd, Erin Kaseda, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Journal of Undergraduate Research
It is estimated that between 5-10% of children and adolescents in the United States have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For adolescents with ADHD, parent-child relationships and peer relationships may experience increased conflict. Interpersonal difficulties among family members put children with ADHD at risk for comorbid disorders, including depression and anxiety. Very little research has been done on children’s own perception of the quality of parental support and its role in self-control behaviors. Understanding which parental supportive behaviors are perceived as the most helpful may allow clinicians to target interventions to best improve the resilience of adolescents with ADHD.
Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, And Intentions Regarding Hpv Vaccination In Religious Populations, Kristina Hall, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, And Intentions Regarding Hpv Vaccination In Religious Populations, Kristina Hall, Dr. Wendy Birmingham
Journal of Undergraduate Research
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, about 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV (“Human Papillomavirus (HPV)”, 2016). In fact, it is so common that most sexually active adults will be infected at some point in their life (“Human Papillomavirus (HPV)”, 2016). While HPV is in many cases innocuous, if it persists, certain strains may cause genital warts or several types of cancer. Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by HPV, along with many vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, mouth and throat cancers (“HPV and Cancer”, 2016). Cervical cancer in particular is one of the most deadly …
Redefining The Measurement Of Pornography Consumption, Stephen Hatch, Dr. Scott Braithwaite
Redefining The Measurement Of Pornography Consumption, Stephen Hatch, Dr. Scott Braithwaite
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Pornography consumption has grown over the past decade with the industry’s leading providers reporting billions of more views with each passing year (Pornhub.com, 2015). The Internet has facilitated the social acceptance and spread of pornographic material, and it is believed that approximately 40 million Americans view pornography regularly. With such a large number of Americans viewing pornography, and providers reporting more video views, it is unsurprising to learn that the pornography industry generates more income than professional basketball, football, and baseball combined (Cooper, 1998; Ropelato, 2006).
How Is Perfectionism Related To Neural Indices Of Error Processing And Negative Feedback?, Jayden Goodwin, Dr. Michael Larson
How Is Perfectionism Related To Neural Indices Of Error Processing And Negative Feedback?, Jayden Goodwin, Dr. Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Perfectionism, or the pursuit of error-free performance, is often associated with shame, guilt, failure, and low self-esteem (Kilbert, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, & Saito, 2005; Stahl, Acharki, Kresimon, Völler, & Gibbons, 2015). Individuals with psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders, and anxiety disorders often display these maladaptive traits of perfectionism (Fairburn et al., 1999; Fairburn et al., 1997; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Steele, Corsini, & Wade, 2007). These traits could be due in part to a maladaptive response system, or an inability to respond to errors and adjust subsequent behavior (Clayson & Larson, 2011; Schrijvers, De Bruijn, Destoop, Hulstijn, & …
The Mediation Between Intrinsic Religiousness And Positive Mental Health, Mason Ming, Scott Richards
The Mediation Between Intrinsic Religiousness And Positive Mental Health, Mason Ming, Scott Richards
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Religiousness has gained more attention in psychological research and literature in the past few decades (Allen & Heppner, 2011; Cervantes & Parham, 2005; Worthington et al., 2003). Richards and Bergin (1997) noticed a spiritual energy in the United States that has “created a powerful cultural demand for psychotherapists to be more aware of and sensitive to religious and spiritual issues” (p. 6). The burgeoning interest in religiousness has resulted in psychological researchers studying the effects of religiousness on mental health (Oldham, 2009), and have found varying results across time. Early research on the topic of religiousness and mental health, conducted …
The Effects Of Media On Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence Victims, Liam Lavelle, Niwako Yamawaki
The Effects Of Media On Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence Victims, Liam Lavelle, Niwako Yamawaki
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The impact of media on behaviour has long been studied and debated in the field of psychology. Research on the effects of media have primarily focused on the relationship between violent media and real life acts of physical violence. In recent years studies have shown that there is indeed a link between violent media and actual violent behaviours (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). However, little research has been conducted on the effect that other media without violent themes might have. Further, there is relatively no research on the non-behavioural effects of media, that is, how media may influence attitudes and or …
Mdma-Assisted Psychotherapy For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review Of The Literature, Erin Solomon
Mdma-Assisted Psychotherapy For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review Of The Literature, Erin Solomon
Student Works
A growing number of people suffer chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Amoroso & Workman, 2016; Buoso, Doblin, Farré, Alcázar, & Gómez-Jarabo, 2008; Mithoefer, Wagner, Mithoefer, Jerome, & Doblin, 2011; Oehen, Traber, Widmer, & Schnyder, 2013). The most popular treatments, including exposure therapy, may not be effective for some people (Amoroso & Workman, 2016; Mithoefer et al., 2011). Treatment dropout and suicidality are high among people for whom therapy is minimally effective (Amoroso, 2015; Amoroso & Workman, 2016; Mithoefer et al., 2011; Oehen et al., 2013). Researchers have begun to investigate 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy as a possible treatment for PTSD …
Managing Distressing Thoughts In Adults With And Without Autism: The Role Of Cognitive Fusion And The Effectiveness Of A Brief Defusion Intervention, Max Emanuel Maisel
Managing Distressing Thoughts In Adults With And Without Autism: The Role Of Cognitive Fusion And The Effectiveness Of A Brief Defusion Intervention, Max Emanuel Maisel
Theses and Dissertations
In the tradition of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive fusion is a transdiagnostic risk factor and occurs when one becomes overly attached to or "caught up" in their thoughts, leading to a more narrowed behavioral repertoire and difficulty taking effective action in response to life's demands. Cognitive defusion is ACT's curative answer to fusion, and denotes the process of taking a step back, seeing thoughts as "simply thoughts," thereby reducing the negative impact of distressing or anxiety-provoking thoughts. While these components have been widely studied in neurotypical (NT) samples, the purpose of this study was to extend findings to …
Association Between Toxoplasma Gondii Seropositivity And Memory Function In Non-Demented Older Adults, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman, Shawn D. Gale, Ariana Hedges-Muncy, Lance D. Erickson, Eric Wilson, Dawson W. Hedges
Association Between Toxoplasma Gondii Seropositivity And Memory Function In Non-Demented Older Adults, Cynthia Elizabeth Wyman, Shawn D. Gale, Ariana Hedges-Muncy, Lance D. Erickson, Eric Wilson, Dawson W. Hedges
Faculty Publications
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) seropositivity may be associated with decreased memory in older adults. To further investigate the association between T. gondii seropositivity and memory in nondemented older adults, we obtained serum samples from 114 non-demented older adults evaluated by the Alzheimer’s Disease and Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis Missouri, USA. We determined T. gondii seropositivity and anti-T. gondii IgG antibody titer and examined associations with memory function while controlling for socioeconomic status, education level, age, and apolipoprotein E4 status. There were few associations between T. gondii seropositivity or anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and memory, although there …
Thinking Outside The Checkbox: Examining The Benefits Of Depression In The Workplace, Tyler Jensen
Thinking Outside The Checkbox: Examining The Benefits Of Depression In The Workplace, Tyler Jensen
Student Works
It is illegal for equal-opportunity employers to ask potential hires about history and status of mental health. To allow employers to provide reasonable accommodation for mental and emotional health concerns, voluntary self-disclosure is permitted by the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), so long as it does not affect the decision to hire. However, as it is in the employer’s best interest to hire strong candidates, the erroneous connection between emotional suffering and inherent weakness has greatly contributed to the stigma against those who experience depressive symptoms. Individuals who experience depressive symptoms are colloquially understood to be incapable of …
Book Review - Drive: The Truth About What Motivates Us, Wyatt Pagano
Book Review - Drive: The Truth About What Motivates Us, Wyatt Pagano
Marriott Student Review
This is a book review of Drive: The Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel Pink.
Effects Of Sex Trafficking On Youth And Identification: A Literature Review, Karlee Hemmert
Effects Of Sex Trafficking On Youth And Identification: A Literature Review, Karlee Hemmert
Student Works
Fighting the effects of sex trafficking on youth is a challenge for many reasons, including negative effects of trafficking and the inability of victims to self-identity or realize they are being sexually exploited. This literature review examined current research on the physical, psychological, and social effects of sex trafficking on youth, and how to identify youth who do not self-identify as victims of sex trafficking. Current studies show that some physical effects youth victims of sex trafficking confront are sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s), other diseases and infections, physical injuries, substance abuse, and malnutrition. Studies also show that victims may suffer …
Social Media Use Among College Students And Its Contribution To Depression
Social Media Use Among College Students And Its Contribution To Depression
Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology
Social media is becoming a more ubiquitous method of communication and interaction in society than in the past, especially among college students. This study seeks to understand how content related to themes of Friends, Couples, Personal Achievement, and Accidents on social media contributes to depressive feelings among currently enrolled students. In an electronic survey, 92 participants (n = 92) responded to 9 questions from the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in reaction to Facebook posts under the themes of Friends, Couples, Personal Achievement, and Accidents. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used and demonstrated that social media posts do affect feelings of sadness …
Moving On: An Investigation Of Dance Movement Therapy In Ptsd Treatment, Sydney Parker
Moving On: An Investigation Of Dance Movement Therapy In Ptsd Treatment, Sydney Parker
Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology
This literature review explores the ways dance movement therapy can treat post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. By analyzing and synthesizing the current literature on the relationship between the two, we can more clearly understand how dance movement therapy can treat PTSD, as well as where more research is needed. Looking closer at the w ays dance movement therapy relieves symptoms of PTSD allows its effectiveness to be evaluated. Thus far we have seen many advantages to dance movement therapy, including its inherent connection to the body, how well it works with other therapies, its non-goal-oriented and accepting nature, and its …
Dialectical Behavior Therapy As A Possible Treatment Modality For Schizophrenia, Cheyenne Kemp
Dialectical Behavior Therapy As A Possible Treatment Modality For Schizophrenia, Cheyenne Kemp
Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy as an additional treatment modality for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the world’s population and most of the individuals diagnosed with it never fully recover. Due to the severity of this disorder, it is important to discover effective treatment modalities that could aid in symptom management, such as dialectical behavior therapy. Some articles used in this review describe background information on schizophrenia and dialectical behavior therapy; the other articles describe primary research conducted using dialectical behavior therapy. This paper explains the symptoms and current treatment for schizophrenia. Likewise, dialectical behavior …
Preventing Eating Disorders By Promoting Media Literacy And Rejecting Harmful Dieting Based Mentalities, Mckayla Kagie
Preventing Eating Disorders By Promoting Media Literacy And Rejecting Harmful Dieting Based Mentalities, Mckayla Kagie
Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology
This review investigates the main contributing factors of an eating disorder and how one can facilitate eating disorder prevention. A brief summary of eating disorders and their history is provided. The diet mentality and the negative consequences associated with that mentality are examined. The term “diet mentality” is used intermittently to describe the behaviors and beliefs that surround fad dieting including the desire to manipulate food and water intake to lose weight. How to reject that diet mentality is discussed as part of preventing eating disorders. Additionally, preventative measures include becoming media literate and promoting body positivity. Media literacy is …