Psychology Commons^™

Timing Differences: The Modality Effect And Filled Interval Illusion With Rats And Pigeons, Andrew Miki

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The theoretical implications of the Scalar Timing Theory (STT) and the Mixed Memory Model were used as a paradigm to investigate the effects of stimulus properties on the psychological representation of time. Experiment 1 failed to demonstrate a Modality Effect in two sets of psychophysical tests using filled and empty intervals. Experiment 2 provided no evidence for a Filled Interval Illusion but the results from the acquisition phase and psychophysical tests indicated that, on some trials, rats forgot the presentation of the first marker of an empty interval. In Experiment 3, an Empty Interval Illusion was reliably demonstrated in three …

Errors In Pigeons' Memory For Number: Effects Of Iti And Di Illumination, Christopher W. Hope

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

In Experiment 1 all pigeons were trained to discriminate 2 flashes of hopper light in 4 sec from 8 flashes in 4 sec, at a 0 sec delay. One group of pigeons experienced dark lTl’s (Group Dark) while the other experienced an illuminated lTl (Group Light). All birds were then tested with dark delays of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 sec. Analysis showed a significant bias to respond to the comparison correct for small at extended delays, with no difference between groups. In Experiment 2 training was identical to that in Experiment l except that a 5 sec baseline …

Temporal Response Of The Human Visual System To Suprathreshold Luminance And Opponent Colour Contrast Gratings, Melanie Bucking

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The goal of the present study was to characterize the temporal processing of both suprathreshold luminance and opponent-colour defined contrast in the human visual system. We used a detection task in five experiments; following a 900 Hz, 2-cycle tone, observers were presented with a sinusoidal grating stimulus. The interval separating the waming tone and the presentation of the grating was manipulated to determine the influences of attentional dwell time in a cross-modal task. This theory states that the first of two successive events will interfere with the processing of the second event. In all four luminance experiments the gratings were …

Cognition Within And Between Organizations Edited By James R Meindl, Charles Stubbart, And Joseph F Parae, Thousand Oaks, Ca Liforn Ia, Sage Publication S, 1996, Pp 528, Price: $69.95 (Cloth), $32.95 (Paper)., K Unnikrishnan Nair

IIMB Management Review

For a researcher, teacher, student or any other person interested in managerial and organisational cognition, this book presents a single window interface with the articles that appeared in Organization Science between 1991 and '94. In particular, the researcher will be thrilled to encounter a rich variety of research methodologies in the book. Teachers of advanced courses on MOC could use this book as one of the anchors in their courses. Hence, it is a must for libraries in all management schools, and universities with departments of psychology, social psychology and cognitive psychology and perhaps sociology, especially the ones with explicit …

Depression Status Predicts False Memory On Recognition Tasks, Jamie Lynn L. Shapiro

Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

It has long been assumed that depression leads to memory impairment. However, previous research findings have been plagued with inconsistencies in methodology and overall findings. Specifically, there has been some debate over whether or not depressed people are capable of spontaneous strategy use, such as utilizing an associative network/categorical structure. In this study, categorical structure was manipulated using the lists constructed by Deese (1959) and Roediger and McDermott (1995) to examine the false memory paradigm as a function of depression. No differences were found for overall recall or the recall of critical target items as a function of depression. However, …

Conscientiousness And The Prediction Of Task Duration: Evidence Of The Role Of Personality In Time Prediction, William Ernest Kelly

Doctoral Dissertations

Accuracy in predicting the duration necessary to complete a task is an important dimension of daily fife. There exists a large degree of variation in an individual's accuracy in predicting task duration. One domain suggested to influence accuracy of predicting duration is that of personality factors and individual differences. Empirical and theoretical links were found in the literature between the personality factor conscientiousness, of the Five Factor Model of Personality, anxiety, and predicting task duration. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine the role of conscientiousness and anxiety in the accurate prediction of task duration. Ninety-five undergraduate students …

Heuristics And Biases In The Court: Ignorance Or Adaptation?, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

9. Metacognition- Subject Index

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Subject Index (6 pages)

A-Z pp. 335-340.

7. Assessing Metacognition: Implications Of The Buros Symposium, Gregory Schraw

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

This chapter attempts to consolidate the diverse opinions and conclusions included in the previous six chapters of this volume. I have found it easiest to do so in three sections. Section 1 provides a summary the book's main themes. These themes pertain to the need for a more comprehensive theory of metacognition, the disparity between metacognitive theory and measurement, methodological questions about the measurement of metacognitive processes, concerns about poor instrumentation, the generality of the metacognition construct, and issues pertaining to educational practice. Section 2 raises concerns central to the measurement community in general. These concerns include questions about the …

5. Metacognition And Computer-Based Testing, Gregory Schraw, Steven L. Wise, Linda L. Roos

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Metacognition refers to thinking about thinking, or more generally, to using higher-level knowledge and strategies to regulate lower level performance. Previous research suggests that metacognition is an important part of learning among adults (Baker, 1989; Garner & Alexander, 1989; Pressley & Ghatala, 1990) and children (Alexander, Carr, & Schwanenflugel, 1995; Borkowski & Muthukrishna, 1992). Metacognition contributes to learning in several ways, but especially by helping learners to use their attentional resources more efficiently, to process information at a deeper level, and to monitor their performance more accurately.

Notwithstanding its importance, there is considerable debate regarding how to measure meta cognition. …

2. Assessing Metacognition And Self-Regulated Learning, Paul R. Pintrich, Christopher A. Wolters, Gail P. Baxter

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

In this chapter we provide an overview of the conceptual and methodological issues involved in developing and evaluating measures of metacognition and self-regulated learning. Our goal is to suggest a general framework for thinking about these assessments- a framework that will help generate questions and guide future research and development efforts. Broadly speaking, we see the main issue in assessing metacognition and self-regulated learning as one of construct validity. Of critical importance are the conceptual or theoretical definitions of these constructs and the adequacy of the empirical evidence offered to justify or support interpretations of test scores obtained from instruments …

4. Assessing Metacognitive Knowledge Monitoring, Sigmund Tobias, Howard Everson

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Metacognition has been defined as the ability to monitor, evaluate, and make plans for one's learning (Flavell, 1979; Brown, 1980). Research has shown that learners with effective metacognitive skills are more capable of making accurate estimates of what they know and do not know, of monitoring and evaluating their on-going learning activities, and of developing plans and selecting strategies for learning new material. A large body of literature, reviewed in the other chapters of this volume, has reported differences in metacognitive abilities between learning disabled and regular students, as well as between generally capable learners and their less able counterparts. …

3. Assessing Metacognition In Children And Adults, Linda Baker, Lorraine C. Cerro

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

It has been about 25 years now since researchers first became interested in the study of metacognition, with the onset of interest marked by the publication of the 1975 metamemory interview study of Kreutzer, Leonard, and Flavell and the seminal theoretical work of John Flavell (1976) and Ann Brown (1978). The early work by developmental psychologists on age-related differences in children's metacognition captured the attention of researchers concerned with individual differences in academic achievement in children as well as adults. Within academic domains, most of the research has been focused on reading and studying (Baker & Brown, 1984; Forrest Pressley …

Issues In The Measurement Of Metacognition--Complete Work, James C. Impara, Linda L. Murphy, Gregory Schraw

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Issues In The Measurement Of Metacognition- Complete Work

Buros-Nebraska Series on Measurement & Testing

346 pages

Age Differences In Behavior And Pet Activation Reveal Differences In Interference Resolution In Verbal Working Memory, Alan Hartley, John Jonides, Christina Marshuetz, Edward E. Smith, Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, Robert A. Koeppe

Scripps Faculty Publications and Research

Older adults were tested on a verbal working memory task that used the item-recognition paradigm. On some trials of this task, response-conflict was created by presenting test-items that were familiar but were not members of a current set of items stored in memory. These items required a negative response, but their familiarity biased subjects toward a positive response. Younger subjects show an interference effect on such trials, and this interference is accompanied by activation of a region of left lateral prefrontal cortex. However, there has been no evidence that the activation in this region is causally related to the interference …

The Ability Of The Children's Category Test To Discriminate From Non-Ld Students, Ages 9 To 14, Donald E. Worth

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Children's Category Test (CCT) in identifying LD children between the ages 9 and 14. Fifty-seven children were involved in the study: 27 with a previous diagnosis of LD and 29 with no diagnosis. All subjects were tested with the WISC-III and found to have an IQ no less than 80 and no higher than 120. The CCT was administered to all 57 children and their error scores on each subtest and total scores were calculated. None of the means of any of the scores for the LD and control groups were found to …

Immediate And Delayed Stimulus Repetitions Evoke Different Erps In A Serial-Probe Recognition Task., Stephen Crites, Pedro Delgado, James Devine, Dora I. Lozano

Selected Works Temporary Series

Examined whether event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with stimulus repetition and recognition in a serial-probe recognition task were comparable to ERPs in other tasks that are more typically used to investigate old/new ERP effects. The experiment consisted of 320 trials in which a recognition probe followed a four-item memory set; 160 trials consisted of images depicting common objects that were easy to label (EL task), and 160 trials consisted of images depicting abstract patterns that were difficult to label (DL task). 19 Ss indicated whether a probe that followed each memory set was or was not presented in the memory set. …

Age Differences In The Frontal Lateralization Of Verbal And Spatial Working Memory Revealed By Pet, Alan Hartley, Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, John Jonides, Edward E. Smith, Andrea Miller, Christina Marshuetz, Robert A. Koeppe

Scripps Faculty Publications and Research

Age-related decline in working memory figures prominently in theories of cognitive aging. However, the effects of aging on the neural substrate of working memory are largely unknown. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate verbal and spatial short-term storage (3 sec) in older and younger adults. Previous investigations with younger subjects performing these same tasks have revealed asymmetries in the lateral organization of verbal and spatial working memory. Using volume of interest (VOI) analyses that specifically compared activation at sites identified with working memory to their homologous twin in the opposite hemisphere, we show pronounced age differences in this …

6. Development Of Grounded Theories Of Complex Cognitive Processing: Exhaustive Withinand Between-Study Analyses Of Think-Aloud Data, Michael Pressley

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

I am going to begin with claims that may seem heretical at the Buros Institute, the host for this symposium: Much can be understood about cognition and its metacognitive regulation through qualitative analysis. Qualitative analyses of complex cognitive and metacognitive processes makes a great deal of sense before even attempting quantitative analyses of those processes. In particular, I am going to explain here the advances made by my associates and me in understanding skilled reading using the method of constant comparison, a qualitative approach for developing what Strauss and Corbin (1990) refer to as grounded theories. If that does not …

8. Metacognition- Author Index

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Author Index (12 pages)

A-Z pp. 323-334

Issues In The Measurement Of Metacognition- Contents, James C. Impara, Linda Murphy, Gregory Schraw

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

Contents

1. A Process-Oriented Model of Metacognition: Links Between Motivation and Executive Functioning
John G. Borkowski, Lorna K. S. Chan, and Nithi Muthukrishna...........................1

2. Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulated Learning
Paul R. Pintrich, Christopher A. Wolters, and Gail P. Baxter.........................43

3. Assessing Metacognition in Children and Adults
Linda Baker and Lorraine C. Cerro............................................................99

4. Assessing Metacognitive Knowledge Monitoring
Sigmund Tobias and Howard Everson.......................................................147

5. Metacognition and Computer-Based Testing
Gregory Schraw, Steven L. Wise, and Linda L. Roos................................223

6. Development of Grounded Theories of Complex Cognitive Processing: Exhaustive Within- and Between Study Analyses of Think-Aloud Data
Michael …

1. A Process-Oriented Model Of Metacognition: Links Between Motivation And Executive Functioning, John G. Borkowski, Lorna K. S. Chan, Nithi Muthukrishna

Issues in the Measurement of Metacognition

The measurement of metacognition has gone through four overlapping phases: The first phase began with the insightful and stimulating paper of Kreutzer, Leonard, and Flavell (1975) on introspective reports about memory states and processes, followed by an important theoretical chapter on the nature of metamemory (Flavell & Wellman,1977). These early contributions documented, and theoretically clarified, the fact that children could accurately report their knowledge about memory events as they related to a variety of tasks, circumstances, and strategies; furthermore, memory knowledge was shown to be age-related. A second phase quickly followed: The intention here was to show interconnections between memory …

Predicting Disruptive Behaviors Using Interpersonal And Intrapsychic Measures, Cheryl R. Taylor

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The purpose of this study is to identify interpersonal and intrapsychic factors that predict disruptive behavior. Each of the 134 participants, all high school sophomores, completed two questionnaires and two emotional indicator evaluations on two dates, six weeks apart. Results indicated that "liking" of the school staff combined with depression using the Beck Depression Inventory II, was a predictor of discipline referrals made to the office. Another combination that was a predictor of discipline referrals was "liking" of the school staff combined with drawing using the Draw A Person: Screening Procedure for Emotional Disturbance. High emotional indicators (EI) and low …

The Psychology Of Global Climate Change, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

In its attempt to address the threat of global climate change, society has struggled to reach a consensus regarding the need for preventive measures. Professor Rachlinski describes the threat of global climate change as a unique commons dilemma and explains that various psychological phenomena of judgment render it unlikely that society will be able to respond effectively to the threat. After considering the effects of biased assimilation, loss aversion, and other psychological processes, the author explains that an innovative approach is necessary to properly address the dilemma of global climate change.

Specifically, the author examines the prospect of governmental intervention …

Cognitive Complexity Of Heterosexual Arguments On The Civil Rights And Liberties Of Homosexuals, Kristopher Michael Goetz

Masters Theses

This study examined how heterosexuals argue about the civil rights and liberties of homosexuals and how various factors interacted in determining how complex heterosexuals' arguments are about two issues; the freedom of homosexuals to express their sexual orientation in public and the status of same-sex marriage. The factors examined were: value conflict (conflict in values experienced when dealing with an issue), issue familiarity (knowledge of the pros and cons of an issue), and perceived status (the perception that one's views are shared by most people or by only a few).

The value conflict experienced by the participants was assessed when …

Psychological Mechanisms Responsible For The Moderating Effects Of Need For Cognition On Attractiveness Stereotyping, Samantha D. Hansen

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

This thesis focuses on the psychological mechanisms responsible for the moderating role of need for cognition (NFC) in attractiveness stereotyping. Attractiveness stereotyping refers to the tendency to attribute more positive characteristics to attractive than to unattractive individuals. Recent research has found that people high in NFC show less of this attractiveness bias. The present research used two approaches to test the hypothesis that NFC moderates the bias because persons higher in NFC have greater motivation and ability to engage in systematic thought processes. First it included measures to assess the types of thoughts that participants high and low in NFC …

The Effects Of A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Intervention On Irrational Beliefs And Burnout Among Middle School Teachers In The State Of Iowa, Shirley Anderson

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) bibliotherapy intervention on the level of burnout and irrational beliefs. This study specifically examined the impact of a REBT bibliotherapy intervention on middle school teachers' irrational beliefs and level of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (Maslach, Jackson, & Schwab, 1986) and the Irrational Beliefs Test (Jones, 1968).

The subjects in this study consisted of 167 middle school teachers in the State of Iowa. These teachers taught sixth, seventh, or eighth grade or a combination of these …

Aviation Disaster Primer: Psychologies Of Error, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article describes common psychological phenomena that often mitigate against accurate induction and deduction of the causes of aviation disasters.

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Social Cognitions, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

This article explores social cognitions bearing on support for and opposition to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

A Comparison Of Cognitive Development Between Whites And African Americans Based On William Perry's Scheme Of Intellectual And Ethical Development, Joan Johnson

Theses and Dissertations in Urban Services - Urban Education

This study compared cognitive complexity between student groups based on cultural background and academic class utilizing William Perry's (1970) cognitive theory of intellectual and ethical development. In addition, the study examined the influence of gender and socioeconomic status (SES) on cognitive development. The goal was to ascertain whether Perry's theory, developed from his research on a relatively homogeneous college student population without consideration of the impact of a culturally diverse environment, would be valid for culturally diverse students.

The research design employed to investigate cognitive development used a cross-sectional sample of entering freshmen and graduating seniors attending a predominantly White, …