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Articles 271 - 300 of 555
Full-Text Articles in Political Science
Political Thought, Political Development, And America’S Two Foundings, Elvin T. Lim
Political Thought, Political Development, And America’S Two Foundings, Elvin T. Lim
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The relationship between American political thought (APT) and American political development (APD) as phenomena as well as subfields in American Politics has not been sufficiently theorized. This essay takes up what I call the Second Founding of 1787–89 as the critical case for examining the close relationship between APT and APD. The statesmen of that era were thinkers and developmentalists of the first order; they understood the inseparable link between political justification and political change. This dynamic relationship between American political thought and development practiced in 1787–89 can be used as a blueprint for understanding the entwined cycles of political …
The China Dream And The American Dream, William A. Callahan
The China Dream And The American Dream, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Since Xi Jinping invoked “The China Dream” as a key concept in November 2012, this phrase has come to dominate discussions of China’s future. This paper will examine the China dream phenomenon first by placing it in the context of debates that have been raging in Chinese civil society over the past few years. It will analyze the works of 20 prominent “China dreamers” in terms of debates over the proper relationship between (1) politics and economics, (2) equality and hierarchy, (3) civilization and civility, and (4) nationalism and statism. The other main context for the China dream concept is …
Towards Proactive And Flexible Agent-Based Generation Of Policy Packages For Active Transportation, Araz Taeihagh, Rene Bañares-Alcántara
Towards Proactive And Flexible Agent-Based Generation Of Policy Packages For Active Transportation, Araz Taeihagh, Rene Bañares-Alcántara
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
One of the approaches gaining ground in policy design is the implementation of combinations of policy measures as policy packages with the aim of increasing efficiency and effectiveness of the designed policies. In this paper, we describe the recent advancements in the developments of a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of policy packages. The virtual environment uses an agent-based modelling approach for the generation of different configurations of policy measures in the policy packages. The benefit of using the approach is the proactive and flexible generation of policy packages as the agents can react to the changes that …
Parliamentary Websites, Transparency, And The Quality Of Democracy: Where Does The Uk Stand?, Devin K. Joshi, Erica Rosenfield
Parliamentary Websites, Transparency, And The Quality Of Democracy: Where Does The Uk Stand?, Devin K. Joshi, Erica Rosenfield
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Parliamentary websites can help people engage with elected representatives and the democratic process. Devin Joshi and Erica Rosenfield have been comparing the websites of legislatures across the world. Here, they share their findings on how the UK Parliament compares to its international counterparts, finding it an excellent model worthy of being emulated elsewhere, with some room for further improvement.
Civil Service Reforms And The Development Of Korea, Soo-Young Lee, Seulki Lee
Civil Service Reforms And The Development Of Korea, Soo-Young Lee, Seulki Lee
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Human resources in government have been recognized crucial elements for national development in that civil servants make policy decisions and implement them. Especially in the case of economic development, high levels of expertise and experience are required for civil servants. Korea’s economic development provides good example of the importance of public human resources. The Korean government recruited new civil servants through the civil service exam, a very difficult and competitive test. Most civil servants who pass this exam have a high degree of knowledge of economics, public policy, and public administration. During period of industrialization in Korea, civil servants used …
When Three Is Not A Crowd: New Trends In Governance, Ann Florini
When Three Is Not A Crowd: New Trends In Governance, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The critical challenges in today’s world call for nothing short of a collective effort across business, government and civil society. The author delves into the complexities beneath tri-sector collaborations and explains why rigorous leadership training for cross-sector work is needed.
A Definition Of The State, Chandran Kukathas
A Definition Of The State, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
A state is a form of political association, and political association is itself onlyone form of human association. Other associations range from clubs to businessenterprises to churches. Human beings relate to one another, however, not only inassociations but also in other collective arrangements, such as families, neighborhoods,cities, religions, cultures, societies, and nations. The state is not the only form ofpolitical association. Other examples of political associations include townships,counties, provinces, condominiums, territories, confederations, internationalorganisations (such as the UN) and supranational organisations (such as the EU). Todefine the state is to account for the kind of political association it is, and to …
The Labor Theory Of Justice, Chandran Kukathas
The Labor Theory Of Justice, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Justice is the first virtue of social institutions as truth is of systems ofthought. So John Rawls famously proclaimed in the beginning of hismasterwork, A Theory of Justice. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if untrue. Laws and institutions no matterhow efficient and well arranged must be reformed or abolished if unjust.Justice, perhaps unlike some other values, was not something we mightreadily trade a little of in exchange for other benefits.1In his critique ofRawls, Rescuing Justice and Equality, G. A. Cohen proposes to take justicemore seriously while at the same time conceding that justice might …
The Uneven Representation Of Women In Asian Parliaments: Explaining Variation Across The Region, Devin K. Joshi, Kara Kingma
The Uneven Representation Of Women In Asian Parliaments: Explaining Variation Across The Region, Devin K. Joshi, Kara Kingma
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Although home to the majority of the world's women, Asia is the continent with the smallest proportion of women in Parliament. Rarely studied from a comparative perspective, this article examines the uneven representation of women in the lower houses of contemporary Asian parliaments. While socio-economic modernization and industrialization are generally expected to increase the proportion of women in positions of political influence, we find that differences in electoral and party systems across Asia play a greater role than levels of female literacy, urbanization, or per capita income. In particular, Asian parliaments with strict quotas and a higher number of (three …
Hard Choices On Myanmar Still Lie Ahead For The Eu, Clara Portela
Hard Choices On Myanmar Still Lie Ahead For The Eu, Clara Portela
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.
Asean: Integration, Internal Dynamics And External Relations, Clara Portela
Asean: Integration, Internal Dynamics And External Relations, Clara Portela
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Throughout its evolution, ASEAN has consistently maintained its attachment to the full respect of national sovereignty and the principle of non-interference in internal affairs, which translates into consensual decision-making, political rather than legally-binding agreements and the lack of sanctions for non-compliance. A major breakthrough in terms of institutionalisation came about with the signing of the ASEAN Charter of 2007, which has enhanced ASEAN’s standing as a rule-based organisation and approximated it somewhat to structures typical of the EU. Unfortunately, the persistence of consensual decision-making and non-confrontational habits has slowed down some of ASEAN’s integration projects and hindered the development of …
The Debate Inside China, William A. Callahan
The Debate Inside China, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In his recent work Gilbert Rozman explains the growing tensions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and United States in terms of the symbolic politics of a widening “identity gap.” This identity gap is important, he argues, because it pushes both countries towards more fundamentalist views of themselves and each other, which in turn fosters ideas of an “inevitable” zero-sum geopolitical conflict.
"Smuggled Refugees": The Social Construction Of North Korean Migration, Jiyoung Song
"Smuggled Refugees": The Social Construction Of North Korean Migration, Jiyoung Song
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In this paper, I demonstrate the identity transformation of North Korean women in interaction with state and non-state actors and domestic and regional structures, which I formulate for the purposes of this paper. From a state-centric social constructivist perspective in politics and international relations, I examine how the identities and interests of North Korean women are constituted and reconstituted in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of China and five South-East Asian countries along their migration routes before they reach the Republic of Korea – the so-called “Seoul Train in the Underground Railway”. Back in their country …
Why Do Similar Provinces Approach Development Differently? An Approach To Understanding Central-Local Relations In China, John A. Donaldson
Why Do Similar Provinces Approach Development Differently? An Approach To Understanding Central-Local Relations In China, John A. Donaldson
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
As China decentralized in the 1980s, many provinces received the latitude to implement their own strategies and approaches to economic development. Not surprisingly, such strategies varied regionally as provinces with different levels of wealth and resources implemented different approaches to achieving economic development. Yet, some of these examples are quite puzzling, with provinces that share many similarities implementing markedly different strategies. Moreover, some provinces not only implemented different approaches to economic development, but adopted entirely different goals – interpreting the very definition of economic development differently. To explain these differences, China scholars have focused on different factors, including constraints and …
Going Extreme: Systematically Selecting Extreme Cases For Study Through Qualitative Methods, John A. Donaldson, Ju Mae Rosie Ching, Andrew Tsao Ming Tan
Going Extreme: Systematically Selecting Extreme Cases For Study Through Qualitative Methods, John A. Donaldson, Ju Mae Rosie Ching, Andrew Tsao Ming Tan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Oftentimes in social science research, we do not desire to study what is true on average. It may not be as helpful to know, for instance, that poor children from underperforming schools on average perform less well in college than wealthier children from well-managed schools. Especially if the variables in question are not readily amenable to change, it might be more useful to identify and closely examine exceptional cases. That is, studying why some poor children from underperforming schools do very well in college might identify some factors that could help raise performance levels despite unfavorable circumstances. However, the commonly …
Which Policy First? A Network-Centric Approach For The Analysis And Ranking Of Policy Measures, Araz Taeihagh, Moshe Givoni, Rene Bañares-Alcántara
Which Policy First? A Network-Centric Approach For The Analysis And Ranking Of Policy Measures, Araz Taeihagh, Moshe Givoni, Rene Bañares-Alcántara
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In addressing various policy problems, deciding which policy measure to start with given the range of measures available is challenging and essentially involves a process of ranking the alternatives, commonly done using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this paper a new methodology for analysis and ranking of policy measures is introduced which combines network analysis and MCDA tools. This methodology not only considers the internal properties of the measures but also their interactions with other potential measures. Consideration of such interactions provides additional insights into the process of policy formulation and can help domain experts and policy makers to …
China’S Harmonious World And Post-Western World Orders: Official And Citizen Intellectual Perspectives, William A. Callahan
China’S Harmonious World And Post-Western World Orders: Official And Citizen Intellectual Perspectives, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
To explain China’s recent turn from a modest foreign policy to a more assertive global stance, the chapter argues that we need to pay closer attention to how citizen intellectuals are challenging the foreign policy establishment’s monopoly on discussion of China’s place in the world. These new voices emerged as an unintended consequence of President Hu Jintao’s “harmonious world” policy, which created space for citizen intellectuals to talk about new post-western world orders. These official and unofficial sources chart a set of futures ranging from China fitting into the current international system, to China gradually changing international norms, to Beijing …
The Complexity Of North Korean Migration, Jiyoung Song
The Complexity Of North Korean Migration, Jiyoung Song
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Just imagine you’re a North Korean living in a small village. You have no one to compare your condition with. One day, you hear about people who’ve fled to China who are now well off. Some even go to South Korea, a place you know about from smuggled DVDs. You know that if caught, you could be sent to prison and beaten by guards. If successful, such migration promises a better life. In most North Korean migration cases, negative push factors such as absence of political freedom and economic opportunities in North Korea combine with positive pull factors in China …
Validating Estimates Of Latent Traits From Textual Data Using Human Judgment As A Benchmark, Will Lowe, Kenneth Benoit
Validating Estimates Of Latent Traits From Textual Data Using Human Judgment As A Benchmark, Will Lowe, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Automated and statistical methods for estimating latent political traits and classes from textual data hold great promise, because virtually every political act involves the production of text. Statistical models of natural language features, however, are heavily laden with unrealistic assumptions about the process that generates these data, including the stochastic process of text generation, the functional link between political variables and observed text, and the nature of the variables (and dimensions) on which observed text should be conditioned. While acknowledging statistical models of latent traits to be "wrong," political scientists nonetheless treat their results as sufficiently valid to be useful. …
On Sen On Comparative Justice, Chandran Kukathas
On Sen On Comparative Justice, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Against scepticism from thinkers including John Rawls and Thomas Nagel about the appropriateness of justice as the concept through which global ethical concerns should be approached, Amartya Sen argues that the problem lies not with the idea of justice, but with a particular approach to thinking of justice, namely a transcendental approach. In its stead Sen is determined to offer an alternative systematic theory of justice, namely a comparative approach, as a more promising foundation for a theory of ‘global justice.’ But in the end Sen offers no such thing. He does not develop a theory of justice and this …
Southeast Asia: Sources Of Regime Support, Alex Chang, Yun-Han Chu, Bridget Welsh
Southeast Asia: Sources Of Regime Support, Alex Chang, Yun-Han Chu, Bridget Welsh
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The authors’ empirical analysis shows both commonalities and variations in the sources of regime support in Southeast Asian countries. Most regimes in the region draw political legitimacy from perceptions that their governance is effective and marked by integrity. These findings lend support to the argument that regime legitimacy—when it is won and when it is lost—is rooted in the output side of the political system. Yet delivering economic prosperity alone will not suffice. In order for political regimes in Southeast Asia to win over their people, they must control corruption, respect the rule of law, treat all citizens fairly and …
Asean–Eu Relations: From Regional Integration Assistance To Security Significance?, Anja Jetschke, Clara Portela
Asean–Eu Relations: From Regional Integration Assistance To Security Significance?, Anja Jetschke, Clara Portela
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.
The Protective And Developmental Varieties Of Liberal Democracy: A Difference In Kind Or Degree?, Devin K. Joshi
The Protective And Developmental Varieties Of Liberal Democracy: A Difference In Kind Or Degree?, Devin K. Joshi
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Liberal democratic governments may differ in both their kind and degree of democracy. However, the literature too often conflates this distinction, hindering our ability to understand what kinds of governing structures are more democratic. To clarify this issue, the article examines two prominent contemporary models of democracy: developmental liberal democracy (DLD) and protective liberal democracy (PLD). While the former takes a 'thicker' approach to governance than the latter, conventional wisdom holds that these systems differ only in kind rather than degree. The article tests this assumption through an empirical comparison of electoral, legislative, and information-regulating institutions in two representative cases: …
The Anti-Federalist Strand In Progressive Politics And Political Thought, Elvin T. Lim
The Anti-Federalist Strand In Progressive Politics And Political Thought, Elvin T. Lim
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In this article, the author argues that the Progressives can be as much characterized as the anti statists of the nineteenth century as the statists of the twentieth century because their overriding goal was the destruction of the party state and not, directly, the creation of the bureaucratic state. They found in Anti-Federalist political thought a general anti statist template that they used to articulate their specific objection to the nineteenth-century party state. This template comprised a mutual commitment to simple government, the common good as a pre-institutional reality, democracy, direct and responsive government, fear of elite rule, civic education, …
Mapping Dissent: The Responsibility To Protect And Its State Critics, Patrick Quinton-Brown
Mapping Dissent: The Responsibility To Protect And Its State Critics, Patrick Quinton-Brown
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Addressing dissent, also known as ‘rejectionism’, will broaden and deepen the global consensus on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle. However, how should scholars understand the objections raised by state critics? To answer this question, I analyse R2P opposition as presented in official UN transcripts, voting records, and resolutions. The article reveals that six related themes of dissent exist with varying degrees of emphasis amongst opponents. Conventional depictions of R2P opposition, such as the absolute sovereignty or North vs. South explanations, are therefore inadequate representations of the diverse range of arguments employed by dissenters. Ultimately, I conclude that in order …
South Africa’S First Five Years On The United Nations Human Rights Council, Eduard Christiaan Jordaan
South Africa’S First Five Years On The United Nations Human Rights Council, Eduard Christiaan Jordaan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In June 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) adopted its first resolution on sexual orientation and human rights. Resolution 17/19 expressed grave concern at violence and discrimination committed against people because of their sexual orientation and tasked the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to report on such abuses. In a body marred by regional bloc voting, Resolution 17/19 passed with support from states in all five of the official regions of the UN. South Africa was widely praised for leading such a progressive resolution through the Council, especially in the face of considerable pressure from African and …
Aesthetic Constructions Of Korea Nationalism: Spectacle, Politics And History, Yooil Bae
Aesthetic Constructions Of Korea Nationalism: Spectacle, Politics And History, Yooil Bae
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.
Social And Adversarial Varieties Of Democracy: Which Produces Fewer Criminals?, Devin K. Joshi
Social And Adversarial Varieties Of Democracy: Which Produces Fewer Criminals?, Devin K. Joshi
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This article explores the relationship between two prominent varieties of democracy and the size of a country’s prison population. Theoretically, it proposes that social democracies increase social and economic equality which reduces both the “demand for crime” and the number of criminals. Adversarial democracies, on the other hand, generate higher levels of inequality and insecurity that lead to higher levels of crime. Utilizing a structured, focused comparison of Nordic social democracies and Anglo-American adversarial democracies complemented by cross-sectional multiple regression analysis of twenty industrialized democracies, I find empirical support for both of these conjectures. A major implication of this study …
Coder Reliability And Misclassification In The Human Coding Of Party Manifestos, Slava Mikhaylov, Michael Laver, Kenneth Benoit
Coder Reliability And Misclassification In The Human Coding Of Party Manifestos, Slava Mikhaylov, Michael Laver, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP) provides the only time series of estimated party policy positions in political science and has been extensively used in a wide variety of applications. Recent work (e.g., Benoit, Laver, and Mikhaylov 2009; Klingemann et al. 2006) focuses on nonsystematic sources of error in these estimates that arise from the text generation process. Our concern here, by contrast, is with error that arises during the text coding process since nearly all manifestos are coded only once by a single coder. First, we discuss reliability and misclassification in the context of hand-coded content analysis methods. Second, we …
Who Is Xi Jinping, And Where Will He Lead China?, William A. Callahan
Who Is Xi Jinping, And Where Will He Lead China?, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The imminent accession to power of China's fifth generation of leaders since 1949 focuses attention on the background and character of its new president. Xi Jinping's route to the summit, and the crucial fall of his fellow princeling Bo Xilai along the way, is assessed by William A Callahan.