Political Science Commons^™

Trip Report: Admiral Crowe's Visit To The Soviet Union, March 17-25, 1990, Jeffrey W. Legro

Political Science Faculty Publications

I recently accompanied Admiral William Crowe, retired Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during his 9-day stay in the USSR. The trip was an extension of the U.S.-USSR military-to-military exchanges that were initiated under Crowe's leadership at the JCS. The purposes of the trip were to reciprocate Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev's visit to the United States and to testify to the Supreme Soviet's Committee on Defense and State Security. In addition to the Admiral, the delegation included his wife, his longtime aide, Captain Jay Coupe, Steve Sestanovich of CSIS, Kurt Campbell of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Harvard's JFK …

The "L-Word": A Short History Of Liberalism, Terence Ball, Richard Dagger

Political Science Faculty Publications

Hence the question: Are these good or bad times for liberalism? To answer, we shall need a broader perspective than a survey of contemporary developments can provide. We shall need to look back, that is, to see what liberalism was in order to understand what it has become. Only then can we assess its current condition and prospects-and appreciate how politics in the United States is largely an intramural debate between different wings of liberalism.

Soviet National Security Decision Making, Kurt M. Campbell, Jeffrey W. Legro

Political Science Faculty Publications

Winston Churchill's characterization of the Soviet Union as a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma may overstate Western understanding of the USSR's national security decision-making. The evidence in this domain is sparse, and what we do have is incomplete. Indeed, the Soviets have taken extraordinary steps to maintain the black box that shields how and why their decisions are made. With these caveats in mind, knowledge of Soviet decision-making can be summed up in a few general statements. First, the Soviet leadership is an integrated political-military body, where political authority is dominant, but where the professional military retains …

The Military Meaning Of The New Soviet Doctrine, Jeffrey W. Legro

Political Science Faculty Publications

The current ferment in Soviet military doctrine has led to uncertainty and debate over its implications. On one hand, Gorbachev's peaceful rhetoric, backed by force reductions, is competing with the Bolshoi's ballerinas for favorable Western press reviews. Public opinion-and many public officials-perceive a reduced military threat from the Soviet army. On the other hand, skeptics believe that recent doctrinal changes are compatible with a modernized, more efficient Soviet military machine. In their view, the Soviet army is definitely changing, but the threat will not. A review of the operational implications of the new Soviet security themes indicates that neither the …

Medical Care Facility Planning And Regulation In Virginia Through Certificate Of Public Need, Ronald Stephen Webb

Master's Theses

It is the central argument of this thesis that the cost of medical care has been the most salient political consideration in the evolution of certificate of public need Virginia. Certificate of need is a regulatory mechanism that public officials use to achieve health planning goals by controlling medical facility capital expenditures. This thesis sets the development and implementation of certificate of need in Virginia against the broad background of medical facility public policy in this country, as well as significant political movements in Virginia.

Several themes are evident from this analysis. Over time, the center of medical facility planning …

Constraining Ground Force Exercises Of Nato And The Warsaw Pact, Robert D. Blackwill, Jeffrey W. Legro

Political Science Faculty Publications

Confidence and security building measures (CSBMs) have long been the neglected stepchild of serious arms control analysis. Some view CSBMs as "arms control junk food," frivolous, unworkable, or even detrimental. Others are so enamored of the concept that they expect proposals to be accepted as prima facie desirable. After all, the very term "confidence and security" connotes stability and peace. The problem with both positions is often the dearth of hard analysis in support of the ideas put forward and the abstract nature of the discussions of "security building." As witnessed in the contrast between the quiet success of the …

Soviet Crisis Decision‐Making And The Gorbachev Reforms, Jeffrey W. Legro

Political Science Faculty Publications

The Soviet Union led by President Mikhail Gorbachev has widely heralded the adoption of a new military doctrine which posits war prevention as its fundamental goal. Yet, as Akhromeyev acknowledges in the above quote, a reliable defence, or preparation for war, is also essential. What is not acknowledged, let alone resolved, is that the two desired goals - prevention and preparation - may come into sharp conflict, especially in a super-power crisis. Prevention of war may make it necessary to defer actions which ready forces for battle or reduce their vulnerability. If war appears likely, however, pressures will arise to …

Political Instability In The Arab Middle East, Delores M. Moses

Master's Theses

The objective of this thesis is to prove that the Middle Eastern States, excluding Israel, experience political instability because the people lack state nationalism. State nationalism is defined as pride on the part of the people in their state to the extent that they transfer their primary loyalty from their village, ethnic, or religious group to the national government. The people will share a sense of oneness and a common identity with the government if they possess state nationalism.

The methodology used in this paper was to apply the indigenous theory of Christopher Clapham to historical events and the political, …

Autonomy And Secondhand Oil Dependency Of The Yemen Arab Republic, Sheila Carapico

Political Science Faculty Publications

Recent scholarship on state autonomy in the Third World has been influenced by the dependency thesis that capital accumulation at the core of the world economy is associated with economic underdevelopment and political dependency at the periphery. Dependency reasoning is rooted in a devastating empirical critique of the once prevalent modernization paradigm, in which national state policy was the central independent variable. According to dependency theory, peripheral nations' subordinate structural positions in the international political economy results in sacrifice of authoritative policy making to foreign investors, bankers, experts, governments, and institutions or their local counterparts. Typically specializing in primary commodity …

Nato Battlefield Strategy For The Conventional Defense Of Central Europe, Patrick Joseph Geary

Master's Theses

Although we live in a time in which strategies using nuclear weapons dominate the attention of most defense analysts, there are reasons why more attention should be paid to conventional defense strategy. This thesis explores NATO's strategy for defending Central Europe with conventional battlefield weapons. The discussion centers on the military and political complexities involved in the strategy of Forward Defense. Included also is a brief history of NATO, highlighting the political and military events that helped shape today's conventional defense arrangements. Particular emphasis is placed on illustrating the methods and factors involved in the implementation of Forward Defense.

An Analysis Of The Law Of The Sea And Outer Space Law : Claims Over The Natural Resources Of The "Commons", Robin Elizabeth Lewis

Master's Theses

As new areas of the world and outer space have been discovered and explored, man has had to develop regulations to govern the use of these new areas. However, it was not until man possessed the technological means of extracting or using the resources of these new areas that there was an urgent need to develop regulations for the oceans and space. Although some regulations have been established in regards to such areas as the deep sea-bed and remote sensing, there is still a need for the international community's acceptance of these laws. Under-developed nations view the resources discovered within …

United States Military Special Operations Forces: Why They Are Our Best Military Assets For Low-Intensity Conflicts, Stephen Leslie Robinson

Master's Theses

This thesis addresses the development of United States military assets for dealing with revolutionary warfare, terrorism, and other threats which could be identified under the rubric, "low-· intensity conflict." Elite military units, collectively identified as Special Operations Forces (SOF), are examined for the character- !sties and attributes which promote misunderstanding and mistrust about their capabilities. Some analytical distinctions are developed which may be useful in defining roles and missions for SOF elements. Cultural impediments which may inhibit SOF activities are considered as well. Research efforts included interviews and discussion with twenty Special Operations soldiers, both active and retired, a number …

Factors Affecting The Political Stability Of Certain Latin American Countries, Sue Fulghum

Master's Theses

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the factors that have produced political stability in Mexico have been largely absent from the political development experience of other Latin American countries that have experi~nced instability. Based on the literature on political development theory and on an historical survey of political development in Mexico, the factors of consensus, legitimacy and institutionalization are identified as having been primarily responsible for political stability. These factors have allowed the Mexican political system to respond successfully to the destabilizing pressures of modernization, economic development, social mobilization and urbanization, as well as the …

Self-Help And Development Planning In The Yemen Arab Republic, Sheila Carapico

Political Science Faculty Publications

Virtually all contemporary development strategies stress the importance of participation by working people in both policy formation and the benefits of economic growth. Development requires .capital formation for investment in the social and economic infrastructures. Unless development investments involve mass organization, representing broad social strata, they tend to benefit only a minority of landed, administrative, or merchant capital elites. The result is an uneven pattern of development throughout the country and very often, declining standards of living for the poor majority. Moreover, numerous studies show that "top-down" programs for involving peasants in local organizations and investment projects have rarely provided …

Genesis And Resolution Of Political Violence In Sub-Saharan Africa, Tola Merid

Master's Theses

Satellites that enable viewers to observe actual fighting on a day-to-day basis have created a heightened awareness of the pervasiveness of violent conflict in the world. The incidents of declared and undeclared war, bombings, assassinations and coups d'etat reinforce the reality that conflict is the norm rather than the exception in the politics of nations. The awareness that conflict, once resolved in negotiations between tribal chiefs or through hand-to-hand combat between small group of fighters, may in the immediate future bring civilization to an end through a nuclear holocaust, has accelerated the serious study of the phenomenon by political scientists, …

American Athletics And The Law : The Sports Triangle, Brian M. Sheahan

Honors Theses

Colleges and universities regularly award scholarships to outstanding young athletes. The standard financial aid agreement between the institution and the athlete is that in return for the athlete's active participation in the particular sport, he or she receives free tuition, room, board and books.

In addition to the education and athletic involvements, the giving of financial aid has numerous implications on the relationship between the college or university and the athlete. Foremost among those implications is the potential legal entanglement under the law of workmen's compensation.

The major questions which are in front of the courts today in conjunction with …

Computers, Cables, And Citizenship: On The Desirability Of Instant Direct Democracy, Richard Dagger

Political Science Faculty Publications

Mulford Sibley is not the sort of scholar who makes a career of elaborating variations on a theme. There are recurring themes in his work, however, and I want to sound two of them, participatory democracy and technology, in this essay. These themes may be joined in a number of ways, but here I shall take up only one - the possibility that advances in communications technology may actually promote democracy by extending and enhancing opportunities for political participation.

A Right Of Access To The Courtroom : The Burger Court's Search For A Definition, Sandra D. Bowen

Master's Theses

The purpose of this study is to analyze Supreme Court pronouncements concerning a right of public access to criminal proceedings in order to determine to what extent the Court has recognized a constitutional guarantee of a public trial as it may apply to the accused and to the public and press. Because the question of public access to the courtroom is a relatively new one, this study is principally centered on recent cases which were decided exclusively by the Burger Court, pro­viding a unique opportunity for a "case study." Consequently, a secondary thrust of the study is an analysis of …

The Political And Legal Framework For Cable Television Franchising By Virginia Local Government, Clyde Edward Roettger

Master's Theses

Within the last decade state-of-the-art cable television has gone from an unsuccessful, premature proposal in Virginia, to operative franchises in several jurisdictions , including Richm::m.d, Henrico, Chesterfield, Arlington, and Alexandria. There are also a number of franchises which have been in operation for many years and which are intended largely for reception improvement with sone minimal extra services, such as those in Petersburg, Hopewell and Colonial Heights. It is proposed here to raise significant issues which could have been addressed by Virginia state and local government as to the regulation of this rapid growth of cable television in the Cormnnwealth, …

An Analysis Of The Stock Market As An Indicator Of Investor Reaction To Selected National And International Events, Benjamin F. Harmon

Master's Theses

The idea for this research originated with the work of Bruce M. Russett and Elizabeth Hanson in Interest and Ideology: The Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Businessmen. Their work in attempting to identify businessmen's reactions (and hence, beliefs) to events during the Indo-China War by movements in stock prices is, as far as I have been able to find, unique. After discussion with Dr. John Out-land, I undertook to determine if there is a consistent pattern in stock market fluctuations as a result of domestic and international affairs. Can the attitudes of American investors toward specific events be identified through …

The Role Of Socio-Economic Status In Determining Voting Behavior In Richmond, Virginia, Arthur Henry Verburg

Master's Theses

The question as to why an individual votes as he does has been a much-researched and frequently debated source of inquiry. Many scholars over the years have examined the question from different approaches, utilizing a variety of data, and have arrived at several different answers. In this paper I will explore one such answer: the role of socio-economic status (SES). The area of study will be the City of Richmond, Virginia, during the years 1968-1973.

The United States Military Pension System : Toward A Rational Reform With Commentary On The Report Of The President's Commission On Military Compensation, L. Shelton Clarke

Master's Theses

In August of 1974, I wrote U. S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr., the senior Virginia senator and T. Edward Braswell, Chief Counsel for the Senate Armed Services Committee for a good deal of material concerning the United States military pension system.

The system had intrigued me as a pension planner for many years for several reasons. First, the plan itself possessed grave design defects, which if allowed to exist in private plans would lead the employer corporation excessive cost and possibly fiscal insolvency. Second, with the quadrupling of the price of oil in 1974 and the creation of a …

Justices Of The Peace And Magistrates In Virginia And West Virginia, Krista Unterzuber

Master's Theses

The justice of the peace system has long been a part of the judicial process in the United States. The system originated in Great Britain and was transferred to the British colonies in the seventeenth century. Through the years the duties of the justice of the peace increased in number and importance. In recent years the powers of the office have declined and criticism of the system has mounted. As a result sane state governments have eliminated the justice of the peace system entirely and instituted the magistrate system. Two states which have taken such action are Virginia and West …

An Argument For The Unconstitutionality Of De Facto Racial Segregation In Public Education, Craig Stover Cooley

Master's Theses

The intent of this paper is to show an affirmative duty on the part of all governments (national and State) to eliminate racial imbalances, whether they be "de jure" or "de facto", from the public schools. The thesis of this paper is that racial segregation is violative of the Constitution of the United States. No distinction need be made between State imposed or State tolerated racial im- balance. Failure to take affirmative action to eliminate segregation and its detrimental effects on black public school students is a transgression of the rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and the interstices of …

The United States Supreme Court And The Protection Of Individual Privacy, Elizabeth P. Martin

Master's Theses

The central thesis of this study is that the Supreme Court, after a half-century of incrementally developing "zones" of privacy protection through the various guaran­ tees in the Bill of Rights, has arrived at a distinct, inde­ pendent "right of privacy" with the potentiality of pro­ tecting privacy in a broad range of situations. The Court has, at least since its Griswold decision in 1965, been developing a substantive, due process right to privacy in the areas of marriage, family, conception, and abortion. Although the privacy right's perimeters have yet to be determined, its new "substantive" nature lends itself to …

Power, Elitism, And Lawyers: An Examination Of The Richmond Legal Establishment And Its Impact On The Making Of Social And Economic Policy-Making Within The Commonwealth Of Virginia., Stephen C. St. John

Honors Theses

Within the annals of American academia, much time and effort has been expended in the attempt to answer the crucial question of who wields power within the community and more specifically inside the realm of governmental policy-making. This pursuit has taken many forms and focuses throughout the years, as the spotlight of community power inquiries have shifted from one group of societal actors to another. Such focuses however have quite frequently neglected to give proper consideration to the immensely important roles played in the community and governmental power structure by those individuals who collectively form the legal profession. Of all …

Conflict Of Interest : Some Selected Legislative Responses At The National And State Levels, Berndt Harry Bohm

Master's Theses

Finding solutions to conflict of interest situations is a never ending task. The basic difficulty revolves around the fact that each situation is somewhat different from another. What may be statutory relief for one situation may not be relief for another. This paper attempts to examine the possibility of statutory relief and presents certain selected examples of federal and state level legislation in the conflict of interest area. We begin with a general analysis of "gray-zone" conflict of interest and conclude with an evaluation of certain federal and state responses to conflict of interest situations.

A Comparative Analysis Of The Student Movements In The United States And Japan, 1964-1970, Charlotte Jackson Lerch

Master's Theses

The basic question seems to be this: are there, indeed, any experiences similar enough to say that the basic causes of student unrest in the United States and Japan are the same? I would hypothesize that there are. It is my thesis that student unrest and the causes of student unrest in highly advanced countries are similar. While students may be dissatisfied with the same structures within their societies. Therefore, I intend to demonstrate in this paper, my thesis that student unrest and the cause of student unrest in modern countries are similar.

Soviet International Law : Theory And Practice, Rozanne D. Oliver

Honors Theses

After World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics became a "Great Power," surpassed in might by only the United States. The foreign policy of the Soviet Union now exerts a tremendous influence on the international scene, making the study of Soviet policies a "must" for the student of international affairs. The question of the role of international law in the foreign relations of the U.S.S.R. is an interesting and important one. Are changes in the international system reflected in Soviet views of international law? Have the Soviet theories had significant impacts on the actions of other states? To …

Linwood Holton's Long Quest For The Governorship Of Virginia And Its Impact On The Growth Of The Republican Party, Jack R. Hunter

Master's Theses

When the history of Virginia in the 20th Century is written, the emergence of the Republican Party as a force in its political affairs will surely rank among the more important events of the time. It is my purpose to examine this event , chiefly in terms of the role played by Abner Linwood Holton, Jr., in his long and successful effort to win election as Governor of Virginia. It is not my intention to say that Holton alone was responsible for the growth of Republicanism in Virginia in the 1960's, nor to suggest that it would not have come …