Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of North Alabama (40)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (17)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (6)
- Antioch University (5)
- University of Kentucky (5)
-
- Lesley University (4)
- The University of San Francisco (4)
- University of San Diego (4)
- Abilene Christian University (3)
- American University in Cairo (3)
- Andrews University (3)
- Brigham Young University (3)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (3)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (3)
- Nova Southeastern University (3)
- SUNY Buffalo State University (3)
- Southeastern University (3)
- UMass Global (3)
- West Virginia University (3)
- Bucknell University (2)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (2)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (2)
- Pepperdine University (2)
- Universitas Indonesia (2)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (2)
- University of Louisville (2)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (2)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (2)
- University of Rhode Island (2)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (1)
- Keyword
-
- University of North Alabama history (38)
- Service (37)
- Student Organizations (35)
- Leadership on campus (29)
- Leadership (15)
-
- Community outreach (13)
- Florence State Teachers College (10)
- Leadership on Campus (9)
- University of North Alabama (9)
- State Normal School (8)
- Community Outreach (7)
- Debate (7)
- Education (6)
- Women (6)
- Diversity (5)
- Music (5)
- State Normal College (5)
- Campus outreach (4)
- Culture (4)
- Development (4)
- Florence State College (4)
- History (4)
- Intersectionality (4)
- Organization (4)
- Student organizations (4)
- Business (3)
- Campus Life (3)
- Church (3)
- Education in Alabama (3)
- Feminism (3)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Documents (40)
- Dissertations (10)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (10)
- Capstone Collection (7)
- Theses and Dissertations (7)
-
- Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts (6)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (4)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD) (3)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (3)
- Master's Theses (3)
- CORE (2)
- Creativity and Change Leadership Graduate Student Master's Projects (2)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (2)
- Faculty Journal Articles (2)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (2)
- MPA/MPP/MPFM Capstone Projects (2)
- Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference (2)
- Selected Faculty Publications (2)
- Theses and Dissertations--Community & Leadership Development (2)
- 0064: Marshall University Oral History Collection (1)
- ACER historical documents (1)
- Arts Administration Masters Theses (1)
- CMC Senior Theses (1)
- Capstone and Graduation Projects (1)
- Center for Secure and Intelligent Critical Systems (CSICS) Publications (1)
- Charles Rice Post-Graduate Research Fellowship (1)
- Counseling and Family Therapy Scholarship Review (1)
- Creative Collaborations (1)
- Department of Educational Administration: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 91 - 120 of 178
Full-Text Articles in Organization Development
Us Buyers’ Behavior Towards Social Sustainable Certificates, Mehnaz Fatima Monamy
Us Buyers’ Behavior Towards Social Sustainable Certificates, Mehnaz Fatima Monamy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Growing awareness of the fashion industry's environmental footprint in terms of water and chemical use, carbon emissions, textile waste, energy usage, and water pollution has focused international attention on sustainability issues in apparel industries. To showcase their commitment to sustainability, many fashion companies turn to certifications and accreditations from third-party organizations. These certifications and accreditations not only help improve a company's performance and marketability but also give them an advantage over their competitors. US textile buyers are also becoming more selective in their purchasing decisions, looking for high-quality products that are produced in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. This …
Pandemic Reflections: Stories Of National Ffa Student Leaders During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Theresa Seibel
Pandemic Reflections: Stories Of National Ffa Student Leaders During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Theresa Seibel
Senior Honors Projects, 2020-current
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were felt by most every individual in the world, and the effects of the pandemic will have implications for years to come. Even still, it becomes necessary to capture the work and impacts of this life experience of those who lived and led during such a time. The National FFA Organization, with its student leadership, continued to deliver its mission of the organization during the pandemic. This project aimed to develop a digital narrative to contribute to the historical record of FFA officers’ experiences in the National FFA Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The …
A Qualitative Study On Nurse Facilitators Of Mind-Body Skills Groups, Paula D. Blake-Beckford
A Qualitative Study On Nurse Facilitators Of Mind-Body Skills Groups, Paula D. Blake-Beckford
Mindfulness Studies Theses
The Center for Mind-Body Medicine (CMBM), founded by Dr. James Gordon, provides communities with evidence-based Mind-Body Skills Groups (MBSGs) that foster self-care, self-awareness, and self-expression. MBSGs range from 8 to 12-week series on various mind-body practices wherein group members meet, practice, and reflect on the impact of mind-body skills in their lives. Research has demonstrated that participants in MBSGs have positive outcomes. Healthcare professionals (HCPs), especially nurses, gain resiliency from MBSGs. As facilitators of MBSGs, nurses develop essential skills transferable to clinical and educational settings. MBSGs are therapeutic for adult participants with chronic stress. Prior to this thesis, only one …
The Significance Of Sonic Branding To Strategically Stimulate Consumer Behavior: Content Analysis Of Four Interviews From Jeanna Isham’S “Sound In Marketing” Podcast, Ina Beilina
Student Theses and Dissertations
Purpose:
Sonic branding is not just about composing jingles like McDonald’s “I’m Lovin’ It.” Sonic branding is an industry that strategically designs a cohesive auditory component of a brand’s corporate identity. This paper examines the psychological impact of music and sound on consumer behavior reviewing studies from the past 40 years and investigates the significance of stimulating auditory perception by infusing sound in consumer experience in the modern 2020s.
Design/methodology/approach:
Qualitative content analysis of audio media was used to test two hypotheses. Four archival oral interview recordings from Jeanna Isham’s podcast “Sound in Marketing” featuring the sonic branding experts …
Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness For Creative Behavior In Education To Cultivate An Innovative Approach In Vocational Education., Jeanette Janine Matser
Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness For Creative Behavior In Education To Cultivate An Innovative Approach In Vocational Education., Jeanette Janine Matser
Creativity and Change Leadership Graduate Student Master's Projects
Innovative Behavior; Raising Awareness for Creative Behavior in Education to Cultivate an Innovative Approach in Vocational Education.
The development of a rubric for innovative behavior in teachers is related to encouraging the status of creativity in the innovation process. It is powerful to use feedback to create a more creative approach in schools, it helps teachers to think creatively and how to cultivate a more innovative approach in the classroom. It creates and structures conversations among teachers interested in teaching and assessing creativity.
This project presents a background and the development of a rubric and a complimentary booklet to self-test …
An Investigative Analysis On Female Presence And Highly Ranked Positions In Professional Kitchens In Ireland, Roann Byrne
An Investigative Analysis On Female Presence And Highly Ranked Positions In Professional Kitchens In Ireland, Roann Byrne
Dissertations
This study aims to gain an understanding of the state of the cheffing industry currently, to analyse whether there is a lack of women within the industry particularly in positions of high power. This research intends to understand the causes for the lack and showcase possible solutions and recommendations for this. It exists as a role of advocacy; hoping to inspire more people into the career of cheffing, and to retain women within it. It aspires to challenge and thus forth change the narratives that have pushed many people, particularly women, out of this work for so long. This research …
Transdisciplinarity In Experience Design: A Global Survey Of Higher Ed Programs In Exd/Xd, Yvonne Houy
Transdisciplinarity In Experience Design: A Global Survey Of Higher Ed Programs In Exd/Xd, Yvonne Houy
Creative Collaborations
In our age of ubiquitous devices and digital media it is the perceived value of the end-to-end experience that brings people to a place. Designing inspiring and emotionally engaging end-to-end experiences requires experts in a wide range of disciplines committed to an interdisciplinary collaboration that can arrive at transdisciplinary design - the sum becomes greater than its parts.
Civil engineering, hospitality, business, psychology, digital User Experience (UX) design, and experience data analysis need to be seamless integrated with the fine and performing arts and design fields:
-
Architecture, interior, landscape and sound design actively engage the senses.
-
Graphic and fine arts …
From Me To We: A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Group Beingness, Stacey K. Guenther
From Me To We: A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Group Beingness, Stacey K. Guenther
Antioch University Dissertations & Theses
To be human is to be a member of myriad groups. The universality of groups in our lives poses an important area of study for social scientists investigating human flourishing. Additionally, inquiring into the evolutionary potential of groups may begin to inform new ways of addressing the intractable issues we face as a human species. While most empirical studies of groups focus on group performance, or group doingness, this study explored group beingness and the experience of manifesting deep union and oneness, which is an intersubjective phenomenon that has been called coherence. Intersubjective coherence is often written about from a …
Crisis Management Lessons From The Clinton Administration's Implementation Of Presidential Decision Directive 56, Leonard R. Hawley
Crisis Management Lessons From The Clinton Administration's Implementation Of Presidential Decision Directive 56, Leonard R. Hawley
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Drawing on personal experience, the author asks what the current administration can learn from the Clinton administration’s implementation of Presidential Decision Directive 56, examines the real-world application of the directive during the Clinton administration and the pitfalls of its agency-centric successor during the Bush administration, and identifies recurring problems and best practices for successfully responding to current global crises.
Centropoly: The Structure Of Educational Failures In The U.S., Martha Bradley-Dorsey
Centropoly: The Structure Of Educational Failures In The U.S., Martha Bradley-Dorsey
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
How did a country birthed in individual liberty and voluntary associations create just the opposite in its inflexible, layered, government-controlled public education system? Here, using public choice theory, I explain how near-sighted and unrelated reforms, often based in private motives, gave us what I call the public education centropoly – a hybrid government organization consisting of a set of monopolies layered beneath two additional government levels that especially fails disadvantaged students.
After defending the use of public choice theory (Chapter 1) and summarizing the U.S. public education system formation (Chapter 2), in Chapter 3 I examine the Elementary and Secondary …
Belief And Belonging: A Case Study Of The Maronite In San Antonio, Texas, Rose Karam
Belief And Belonging: A Case Study Of The Maronite In San Antonio, Texas, Rose Karam
Theses & Dissertations
This study focuses on a religious group in America and how it has managed to engage the third and fourth generations who have assimilated into the American cultural milieu while maintaining allegiance to the Church of Lebanon-the Maronite Catholic church. Understanding the history of the Lebanese American people and their connection to this Church is essential when studying this group because it offers a deep awareness of the existing phenomena in America, the natural progression of an immigrant population, and its subsequent generation’s progression into the American society. Most of these individuals in this study are the descendants of the …
Uri And Its Students: A Contract For The Provision Of A Safe Environment, Danielle Joan Beatrice
Uri And Its Students: A Contract For The Provision Of A Safe Environment, Danielle Joan Beatrice
Senior Honors Projects
DANIELLE BEATRICE (English; Philosophy; Business) URI and Its Students: A Contract for the Provision of a Safe Environment
Sponsor: Judith Swift (Communication Studies, Coastal Institute)
When students begin to attend college, they expect to be consumed with busy schedules, heavy workloads, and an exciting social life. Students do not anticipate being in dangerous situations. However, this does not mean that such situations do not occur. Therefore, it is essential to teach students to be active participants in educating themselves and their peers regarding prevention and response to emergency situations. My Honors Project aims to increase the awareness of safety-related issues …
The Old Boys Club: Podcast Transcripts, Codi Yhap
The Old Boys Club: Podcast Transcripts, Codi Yhap
Charles Rice Post-Graduate Research Fellowship
My name is Codi Yhap and I’ll be your host/audio tour guide for the next few weeks as we dive into the history of the Young Men’s Christian Association. Join me as we explore the organization’s transformation from Bible study group to one of the oldest and most recognized non-profit organizations. Welcome to The Old Boys Club. Episodes include: The Old Boys Club, Eclipsing Confederacies, His House Upon a Rock, The Body of Christ, and The “Girl Problem.”
A Critical Feminist Case Study Of The Northern California Cherry Blossom Queen Program, Alison Kepola Nishiyama-Young
A Critical Feminist Case Study Of The Northern California Cherry Blossom Queen Program, Alison Kepola Nishiyama-Young
Doctoral Dissertations
Asian American women are chronically underrepresented in leadership positions in almost every sector including higher education, government, private, and non-profit (Youngberg et al., n.d.). Many researchers have suggested the need for more leadership development programs specifically designed to support the needs of Asian American women (Akutagawa, 2014; Canlas, 2016; Gee & Peck, 2015; Lin, 2007; Youngberg et al., n.d.). Though there are a number of leadership programs geared towards Asian Americans, there are very few that cater to Asian American women explicitly. Historically, cultural pageant programs in the Asian American community have played this role and one such program is …
In Need Of A Hero? The Creation And Use Of The Legend Of General George S. Patton, Jr., Nathan Curtis Jones
In Need Of A Hero? The Creation And Use Of The Legend Of General George S. Patton, Jr., Nathan Curtis Jones
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
During WWII, General George Patton became the hero Americans needed through the creation of a self-crafted brand and with help from journalists. After Patton’s death, opportunists forwarded a legend narrative that developed into a collective memory that morphed over time to meet contemporary challenges. Stakeholders of that collective memory commemorated and memorialized the dead hero for monetary and political gain, to promote patriotism, make military doctrinal changes, and even promote peace. Today, this collective memory has potential for the U.S. Army as it transforms civilians into soldiers and officers. This study contributes to history and memory studies by linking representations …
Psychological Well-Being During Retirement Transition And Adjustment For Southern Baptist Pastors: A Phenomenological Multi-Case Study, Tresa Gamblin
Psychological Well-Being During Retirement Transition And Adjustment For Southern Baptist Pastors: A Phenomenological Multi-Case Study, Tresa Gamblin
Human Resource Development Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this phenomenological multi-case study was to understand the psychological well-being experience of Southern Baptist pastors during transition and adjustment to retirement. Questions centered around their upbringing, their calling experience, their education, career progression in churches, reasons for retiring, preparation for retirement, experience after retiring, and how identity and purpose may or may not have been related to their role as pastor. The goal of the study was to investigate these experiences to provide rich data and analysis that is missing in current literature.
The research was based on two theories: continuity theory and role theory. The study …
Burnout Treatment And Prevention Using Multimodal Expressive Arts Therapy In Massachusetts Wellness Programs., Amanda Medas
Burnout Treatment And Prevention Using Multimodal Expressive Arts Therapy In Massachusetts Wellness Programs., Amanda Medas
Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses
Abstract
This capstone thesis will explore the issue of burnout in the field of mental health and the argument for the promotion of using expressive arts as a therapeutic component to decrease and prevent symptoms of burnout. The writer of this thesis will be sharing her personal experiences with burnout while working in the field of mental health. The researcher will review a multimodal expressive arts self-study that she engaged in over the course of one month and will be using the Maslach Burnout Inventory to track symptoms of burnout. Burnout and its prevalence in the field of mental health …
Good Intentions, Mixed Results: Why Aid In Uganda Is Fragmented And What Can Be Done About It, Samuel D. Johnston
Good Intentions, Mixed Results: Why Aid In Uganda Is Fragmented And What Can Be Done About It, Samuel D. Johnston
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This paper examines the phenomenon of aid fragmentation and donor proliferation in Uganda. As the development cooperation landscape has become increasingly complex in recent years, there is significant interest in examining how this complexity, also called fragmentation, affects development outcomes in recipient countries. Specifically, this paper sets out to understand the driving forces behind aid fragmentation in Uganda, the recent trends in fragmentation and coordination, and potential pathways forward to address the problem.
Research for this paper came from a series of interviews with economic experts in Uganda, an exploratory study of quantitative indicators of fragmentation over the last decade, …
Women In Judicial Leadership: Using Personal Power To Overcome Self-Sabotage, Tiffáni Thomas
Women In Judicial Leadership: Using Personal Power To Overcome Self-Sabotage, Tiffáni Thomas
Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this mixed-method study was to identify and describe self-sabotaging behaviors experienced by female judges and to explore the impact these behaviors have on their career development. A secondary purpose of this study was to identify strategies employed by female judges to overcome self-sabotaging behaviors.
Methodology: This mixed-method study explored the lived experiences of eight female State trial court judges in California who self-identified that they have experienced self-sabotaging behaviors throughout their career. Convenience and snowball sampling were utilized to identify women who met the delimiting criteria for participation in the study. An electronic survey instrument and …
What Goes Into Successful Diversity And Inclusion Initiatives In Entertainment? Lessons From Advocates Of Creative Talent, Lindsey Sands
What Goes Into Successful Diversity And Inclusion Initiatives In Entertainment? Lessons From Advocates Of Creative Talent, Lindsey Sands
Theses and Dissertations
Entertainment offers a powerful medium in reducing bias and prejudice. Therefore, its critical role in shaping bias through on-screen representation needs to be explored through people who work directly with writers, directors, and actors. This qualitative study aimed to determine the impact of diversity and inclusion approaches by interviewing 14 advocates of creative talent in the entertainment industry. The study explored the types of Diversity & Inclusion (D&I) initiatives prevalent in entertainment, the correlation between bias and prejudice reduction, and the perceived impact of these initiatives in improving environments. The study found that six themes emerged: access to relationships, highlighting …
The Museum Of Experiential Living Art: Strategic Plan, Danielle D. Delia
The Museum Of Experiential Living Art: Strategic Plan, Danielle D. Delia
Museum Studies Projects
How can a museum support the new work of artists? Can a Tri-fold business plan offer a sustainable way to support an artists in residency program? Will the local community welcome a new museum into their town? What will be the benefit to the local economy? This capstone project presenting a strategic plan proposes the development of a new art museum located in Buffalo New York called, the Museum of Experiential Living Art (MoELA). The purpose of MoELA is to support practicing artists through an artist in residency program; by providing dedicated time, space, tools, materials, housing and nourishment while …
Barriers Between Effective Transnational Changemaking: Relationships Between Ingos And Moroccan Ngos, Julia Walters
Barriers Between Effective Transnational Changemaking: Relationships Between Ingos And Moroccan Ngos, Julia Walters
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This paper seeks to explore the relationships held between international non-governmental organizations, primarily based in the West, and Moroccan NGOs. The existing literature on the topic explores the ways in which international NGOs can both benefit and harm domestic NGOs, which seek to fix issues not thoroughly addressed and solved by the state or by the market, such as issues of gender-based violence, female education, and lack of rural healthcare. The data gathered was organized into two types of relationships; financial and non-financial. Financial relationships between INGOs and NGOs were often depicted as crucial in enabling critical projects, such as …
Program, Policy, And Culture Factors Minority Millennials Perceive As Important Within Their Workplace For Retention, Tanesha C. Watts
Program, Policy, And Culture Factors Minority Millennials Perceive As Important Within Their Workplace For Retention, Tanesha C. Watts
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Millennials make up the largest segment of the current workforce. However, research about minority Millennials and their needs are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to find out what minority Millennials deemed important within an organization’s culture and the policies and programs that would persuade them to remain with the company. Purposeful sampling was used to identify participants for this study. Participants met the criterion of a Millennial by age, identified as a minority, currently worked at an organization with 50 or more employees in an office location and had worked for their current employer for one year …
Factors Of Women-Founded High-Growth Technology Startup, Renee Gillard
Factors Of Women-Founded High-Growth Technology Startup, Renee Gillard
Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to identify and describe critical startup factors of high-growth technology startups as identified by women founders in Seattle, Washington.
Methodology: This mixed-method study identified and described 15 women founders of high-growth technology startups in Seattle. Participants were chosen based on specific criteria and recommendations of a sponsor and expert panel. Interviews were conducted with the participants and they completed an online survey.
Findings: Ten major findings emerged from the data. Founders fostered a strong network of professional and personal relationships to help develop and solidify their identity; they also …
Leadership And Community In The Arts: A Case Study Of Legend And Culture In Chiusdino, Italy, Amanda Svetlak
Leadership And Community In The Arts: A Case Study Of Legend And Culture In Chiusdino, Italy, Amanda Svetlak
Arts Administration Masters Theses
The complexity of culture goes beyond artistic expression, nationality, race, and religion. Culture shapes our communications, interactions, and our perceptions of the world around us (Hall, 1989). Studies show that self-awareness of our own culture through exposure to the unfamiliar leads to intercultural competences (Herlo, 2015; Crossman, 2011; Hermond 2018; Hall 1989). As technology, travel, and community diversity continues to shrink our world and diversify our workplaces, these intercultural competences support modern processes of marketing, community engagement, and organizational leadership. This thesis is a case study of the community culture, organizational culture, and structure of arts institutions in Chiusdino, Italy. …
Post-Colonial Restructuring Of Human Rights Systems In Morocco, Kristen Hansen
Post-Colonial Restructuring Of Human Rights Systems In Morocco, Kristen Hansen
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
A surge of academic criticism has followed the NGO corporatization trend (‘NGOization’) of the 1980s. NGOs have been called an extension of neoliberal ideology as they are pressured to depoliticize and corporatize their structures. NGOs have been forced to fit into an international schema of aid work that compromises their ability to bring about impactful change within their own communities. This trend has been cultivated by shrinking neoliberal governments and an intensified reliance on NGOs to fulfill international human rights requirements. This project examines the role of Rabat women’s rights organizations within the context of Morocco as a neoliberal state …
"Sometimes You Have To Be The Leader": A Minnesota Oral History On Fighting Sexual Exploitation, Trudee Able-Peterson
"Sometimes You Have To Be The Leader": A Minnesota Oral History On Fighting Sexual Exploitation, Trudee Able-Peterson
Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence
Prostitution survivor Trudee Able-Peterson used oral histories to research and document the efforts of women and men to respond to the sexual exploitation of women and children in Minnesota. Her findings illustrate the leadership needed to overcome centuries of commercial sexual exploitation to obtain a beginning societal response. Respondents indicated the importance of their interaction with pioneer leaders in other locales. Their comments also illustrate the many issues and challenges still facing the community.
To Be Known: A Supervisee Experience, Alexa R. Ashworth
To Be Known: A Supervisee Experience, Alexa R. Ashworth
Counseling and Family Therapy Scholarship Review
Presented before you are a collective of raw, untamed poetic thoughts from my experiences as a Youth Treatment Counselor. In writing this personal narrative I have been able to let the inner turmoil of my soul soar with peace once more. You will discover how invalidation from supervisors and staff can quickly leave you at a standstill, being left to feel alone. My goal for writing this piece has been to create mental metaphors for others in the field who built up walls as a form of self-preservation, to feel comfort when there is no end. I hope my honesty …
Design For Living Complexities, Peter J. Taylor
Design For Living Complexities, Peter J. Taylor
Working Papers in Critical, Creative and Reflective Practice
Lectures from a 12-session course that addresses the intersection of design with critical thinking. Design in this course means intentionality in construction, which involves a range of materials, a sequence of steps, and principles that inform the choice of materials and the steps. Design also always involves putting people, as well as materials, into place. This happens by working with the known properties of people, as well as the known properties of material, and trying out new arrangements to work around their constraints (at least temporarily). Critical thinking, as I define it, involves understanding ideas and practices better when we …
The Use Of Personality Testing In Personnel Selection, Riya Kumar
The Use Of Personality Testing In Personnel Selection, Riya Kumar
CMC Senior Theses
Research has shown that more than 45% of American companies are opting to integrate personality tests in their recruitment processes. Given this surge in personality testing, this thesis examines whether personality testing is a valid predictor of job-fit and performance in the context of personnel selection. A large proportion of this paper is focused upon the Big-Five factor model, its limitations, and derivative tests of the model. The impact of technology upon personality testing is also discussed as an emerging field. By tracing and examining the history of personality testing to current day, I have found that personality tests are …