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Full-Text Articles in Linguistics

Eeg Studies Of Pre-Stimulus Activity During Turn-Taking In Naturalistic Conversation, Seyedmohamadreza Manzourolajdad Apr 2026

Eeg Studies Of Pre-Stimulus Activity During Turn-Taking In Naturalistic Conversation, Seyedmohamadreza Manzourolajdad

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study integrates conversational analysis principles and neural activity to investigate natural cognition and examine event-related brain changes. A wireless electroencephalography (EEG) device was used in an ecological validity setting to analyse pre-stimulus brain activity preceding conversational turns. This study aims to identify aspects of the conversation that reflect its naturalness in the aspect of listening and the corresponding brain activity by analysing the signals before and after a turn in a conversation. This research contributes to an ecologically valid understanding of natural conversation as a social action that enables seamless communication. Seven Malaysian participants (aged 19–22, M=20.46) engaged in …


Development Of Big-Ideas Guided Thematic Unit Module For High School English As A Foreign Language Instruction In China, Wang Han Mar 2026

Development Of Big-Ideas Guided Thematic Unit Module For High School English As A Foreign Language Instruction In China, Wang Han

Student Works (2020-2029)

The 2017 National English Curriculum Standards for Senior High Schools in China position “Big Ideas” as a central organizing principle for thematic unit design. The absence of Big-Ideas oriented instruction is often linked to fragmented learning, rote memorization, weak knowledge transfer, and limited higher-order thinking, which collectively hinder the attainment of national core competency goals. Existing studies and teacher survey data suggest that students lacking exposure to Big-Idea pedagogy underperform in cross-text reasoning, critical thinking, and cultural awareness. Teachers also face multiple challenges: a superficial understanding of Big Ideas, a lack of structured instructional tools, and constraints posed by exam-driven …


Structural Relationships Between Classroom Social Climate, Affective Factors And Willingness To Communicate Among International Mandarin Learners In Shandong, China, Muzi Li Feb 2026

Structural Relationships Between Classroom Social Climate, Affective Factors And Willingness To Communicate Among International Mandarin Learners In Shandong, China, Muzi Li

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study addresses a critical gap in second language acquisition (SLA) research by investigating effects of classroom social climate (CSC) and affective factors on willingness to communicate (WTC) in both non-digital and digital contexts among international Mandarin learners. Although L2 Mandarin is expanding globally, limited research has examined the joining effects of CSC and affective factors on WTC across different learning environments. Employing a cross-sectional correlational dedign based on Self-Determination Theory and Broaden-and-Build Theory, data were collected from 390 L2 Mandarin learners in Shandong province, China, with 360 valid responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships …


The Use Of And Attitude Towards Cantonese Among Chinese Malaysians In Kuala Lumpur, Voon Khong Lew Feb 2024

The Use Of And Attitude Towards Cantonese Among Chinese Malaysians In Kuala Lumpur, Voon Khong Lew

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study aims to investigate the use of and attitude towards Cantonese among Chinese Malaysians in Kuala Lumpur. Understanding the use of Cantonese and attitude is essential in evaluating and maintaining the vitality of Cantonese and to design strategies to revitalise the language. However, very few studies have investigated Cantonese in Malaysia. The methodology used was questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Findings show that roughly one-third of the participants used Cantonese regularly at home. Overall, the use of Cantonese in the public domain is above average except at government departments and schools. For instrumental orientation, the participants did not see Cantonese …


The Roles And Functions Of Metaphors In The Malaysian Education Blueprint, Linggatharani Kesavan Jan 2021

The Roles And Functions Of Metaphors In The Malaysian Education Blueprint, Linggatharani Kesavan

Student Works (2020-2029)

Abstract: The Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013 - 2025) seeks to revamp the entire education system in Malaysia, targeting institutions of learning and the stakeholders via a series of radical changes in policy and governance. Upon scrutiny, it was also found to contain several metaphors that are carefully constructed and layered to deliver the contents to the readers. Metaphors have been identified as an effective linguistic tool that can be used to achieve cognitive, semantic and pragmatic goals effectively. More importantly, they are also found to create or alter realities and evoke powerful emotions. This research applies the Conceptual Metaphor Theory …


A Multimodal Analysis Of Bangladeshi Fairness Product Advertisements, Shushmita Hossain Khan Dec 2020

A Multimodal Analysis Of Bangladeshi Fairness Product Advertisements, Shushmita Hossain Khan

Student Works (2020-2029)

The notion of beauty is associated with fair skin tone in Bangladesh. Bangladeshis have varied skin tones although generally most of the people have a dark complexion. Fairness product advertisements tend to suggest that fair complexion is essential for marriage, successful career and promote that using their products can help women to achieve the perfect face, partner, and expected behavior from the society as well as acceptance from the opposite sex. This indicates that fair skin means superiority and beauty in Bangladeshi context. Although these advertisements have gone through some changes in last five years, within these, the advertisements still …


An Acoustic Analysis Of The Monophthongs Of Penang Malay, Muhamad Farid Abdul Latiff Dec 2020

An Acoustic Analysis Of The Monophthongs Of Penang Malay, Muhamad Farid Abdul Latiff

Student Works (2020-2029)

The study aims to examine acoustically the production of monophthongs of Penang Malay by five (5) selected female participants who are of the Jawi Peranakan community. Two (2) female participants of Standard Malay were also selected as a comparator to Penang Malay. The first research question focuses on the acoustic features of Penang Malay and Standard Malay based on their formant frequencies of F1 and F2, while the second research question examines the similarities and differences between Penang Malay and Standard Malay based on their acoustic properties. The target vowels are: [a], [i], [u], [ɛ], [ɔ], [ə], [e], and [o]. …


The Rhetorical Structure And Persuasive Principles Used In Malaysian Smartphone Web Advertisements, Thenmalar Chandran Nov 2020

The Rhetorical Structure And Persuasive Principles Used In Malaysian Smartphone Web Advertisements, Thenmalar Chandran

Student Works (2020-2029)

The aim of this study is to identify the rhetorical structure used in Malaysian smartphone web advertisements. This study also aims to identify how the principles of persuasions are realised in the Malaysian smartphone web advertisements. The five websites used for the purpose of this research were selected based on a Google Search which indicated the top five most popular and accessed websites. The first five websites that were shown and selected were www.11street.com.my, www.directd.com.my, www.satugadget.com.my, www.ipmart.com.my and www.lazada.com.my and 11street.com.my. The five smartphone models and brands were selected based on the latest International Data Corporation (IDC) Quarterly Mobile Phone …


A Critical Genre Analysis Of The User Requirement Specification Report In The Information Technology Industry, Shahizan Shaharuddin Oct 2020

A Critical Genre Analysis Of The User Requirement Specification Report In The Information Technology Industry, Shahizan Shaharuddin

Student Works (2020-2029)

While it has been established that discursive practices involving writing are highly situated and context-bound, few local studies have examined the processes involved in the construction of texts and the shaping of the intended text. Recent perspectives on writing as ways of working and acting, and texts as social action suggest that studying the processes behind the construction of a text could provide a clearer understanding of the discursive practices involved in the shaping of the text. This is seen as relevant to professional writing context in the present study as texts are often shaped to facilitate the social action …


Effects Of Integrated Sound Word Method In Teaching Early Reading To Esl Preschoolers, Tham Kwee Eng Sep 2020

Effects Of Integrated Sound Word Method In Teaching Early Reading To Esl Preschoolers, Tham Kwee Eng

Student Works (2020-2029)

This research study serves to examine effects of Integrated Sound Word Method in teaching early reading to ESL preschoolers. Its purpose is to fill the gaps of the English language deficiency among Malaysian students where strong influence of mother tongue language, students’ social and emotional state as well as lack of conducive learning environment affect the Second Language acquisition. A quasi-experimental research was conducted in two preschools in the district of Kuala Lumpur. A purposive sampling method is chosen for this study to identify 60 government preschoolers who are weak in the English language proficiency. The preschoolers are equally divided …


An Analysis Of Blends In Local English Newspapers, Manokaran Komalata Aug 2020

An Analysis Of Blends In Local English Newspapers, Manokaran Komalata

Student Works (2020-2029)

Numerous blends are often found in the newspapers such as brunch (breakfast + lunch), chocoholic (chocolate + alcoholic), and brick-tacular (brick + spectacular). Blend is a type of word-formation technique combining two clipped words termed as source words (SWs). This qualitative study explores blends found in local English newspapers; they are The Star, News Straits Times, The Malay Mail, and The Borneo Post. The study aims to (1) classify types of blends and (2) analyse the differences between paradigmatic and syntagmatic in blends. This research uses two theories dealing with definition of blends and types of blends. The types of …


Kesan Kemahiran Pemprosesan Fonologi Terhadap Pembacaan Awal Kanak-Kanak Tri Bahasa, Fung Lan Loo Aug 2020

Kesan Kemahiran Pemprosesan Fonologi Terhadap Pembacaan Awal Kanak-Kanak Tri Bahasa, Fung Lan Loo

Student Works (2020-2029)

Kemahiran pemprosesan fonologi merupakan kemahiran yang diperlukan dalam pemprosesan bahasa lisan dan bertulis dengan menggunakan maklumat fonologi. Kepentingan kemahiran pemprosesan fonologi dalam pembacaan awal bukan terhad kepada bahasa berabjad seperti Bahasa Inggeris, tetapi juga menyumbang kepada bahasa bukan berabjad seperti Bahasa Cina. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji tentang kesan kemahiran pemprosesan terhadap pembacaan awal kanak-kanak dalam tiga bahasa iaitu Bahasa Cina (L1), Bahasa Inggeris (L2) dan Bahasa Melayu (L3). Kajian ini melibatkan seramai 150 orang kanak-kanak Cina berumur enam hingga tujuh tahun dari enam buah Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina di Selangor, Malaysia. Sampel diuji dengan set ujian yang menilai keupayaan …


A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis Of The Representation Of The 2017 Rohingya Crisis In The Daily Star, Nahar Sharufatun Aug 2020

A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis Of The Representation Of The 2017 Rohingya Crisis In The Daily Star, Nahar Sharufatun

Student Works (2020-2029)

There is a noteworthy lack of research on media coverage of refugees and other minority groups in South Asia. The aim of this study is to examine the discursive construction of the 2017 Rohingya Crisis and the representation of key social actors in The Daily Star, a popular Bangladeshi newspaper. The corpus contains 406 online articles reporting the Rohingya issue, published on The Daily Star’s website from August 2017 to August 2018. A mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative techniques from Corpus Linguistics and Discourse Analysis is utilized to analyze the data. Using the corpus analysis software AntConc 3.5.8, collocations, …


The Semantics Of Makan ‘To Eat’ In Malay, Mohamed Mufidah Aug 2020

The Semantics Of Makan ‘To Eat’ In Malay, Mohamed Mufidah

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study will explore and explain the cognitive semantics of makan ‘to eat’ in Malay, as there are various usages of makan ‘to eat’ that do not only denote their literal senses, but also metaphorical meanings such as makan hati (lit: to eat one’s heart) ‘to get offended’ and makan tuan (lit: to eat an owner) ‘to be betrayed’. The data will be collected from authentic texts which are online news articles, published novels, books and magazines. The data will be explained using Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 1998, 2002) to demonstrate the mechanism of meaning constructions between two …


Analisis Penggunaan Laras Bahasa Teknologi Dalam Majalah Arab, Asli Suhailina Aug 2020

Analisis Penggunaan Laras Bahasa Teknologi Dalam Majalah Arab, Asli Suhailina

Student Works (2020-2029)

Kajian yang bertajuk “Analisis Penggunaan Laras Bahasa Teknologi Dalam Majalah Arab” ini akan meneliti penggunaaan laras bahasa teknologi dalam majalah Arab Aswaq Magazine. Laras sesuatu bahasa dapat ditentukan melalui pemilihan istilah khusus yang menyentuh bidang yang dibicarakan. Objektif dalam pelaksanaan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti penggunaan istilah khusus laras bahasa teknologi termasuklah istilah pinjaman yang diserap masuk. Selain itu, pembentukan kata istilah laras bahasa teknologi melalui proses derivasi dalam majalah ini turut akan diberi penelitian. Data kajian adalah berdasarkan 30 artikel yang dipilih secara rawak daripada kolum teknologi Aswaq Magazine yang diterbitkan secara bulanan sepanjang tahun 2017. Kajian yang …


Perbandingan Terjemahan Metafora Antara Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi Dan Rang Bai Ge Zai Ci Fei Xiang, Othman Nur Akmal Aug 2020

Perbandingan Terjemahan Metafora Antara Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi Dan Rang Bai Ge Zai Ci Fei Xiang, Othman Nur Akmal

Student Works (2020-2029)

Metafora merupakan bahasa figuratif yang sering kali digunakan dalam karya-karya sastera. Penggunaan metafora menjadikan sesuatu karya itu sukar untuk diterjemahkan, sesuai dengan kenyataan Newmark (1981) yang menyatakan bahawa terjemahan metafora merupakan satu permasalahan utama dalam bidang penterjemahan. Sehubungan itu, analisis terjemahan metafora daripada bahasa Melayu (BM) ke bahasa Cina (BC) dalam karya Merpati Putih Terbang Lagi oleh Khadijah Hashim dan terjemahannya, iaitu Rang Bai Ge Zai Ci Fei Xiang(让白鸽再次飞翔) akan dijalankan. Dalam kajian ini, pendekatan penterjemahan Newmark (1981) digunakan bagi meneliti strategi terjemahan metafora, manakala kerangka kajian Sakina Sahuri Suffian Sahuri (2000) pula digunakan bagi menentukan medan sumber metafora BM …


A Needs Analysis Of Oral Communication For Business Students, Raminderjeet Singh Savina Kaur Aug 2020

A Needs Analysis Of Oral Communication For Business Students, Raminderjeet Singh Savina Kaur

Student Works (2020-2029)

English is a universal language of communication in many industries such as Education, Business, Medical, Finance, Hospitality and Digital World. The present study focuses on the oral communicative needs analysis for business students in one of the private universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was reported that many employers were reluctant to employ fresh graduates due to poor communication in English (Sani, R. The NST, 2019). Therefore, the objectives of this study is to identify three things which are, the English language needs of the Business students and challenges of the business students in English language as well as to …


Oral Presentation Skills Among Low Proficiency Esl Undergaduates, Majamin Zeuricca Johnny Aug 2020

Oral Presentation Skills Among Low Proficiency Esl Undergaduates, Majamin Zeuricca Johnny

Student Works (2020-2029)

This research study seeks to examine the issues that are related to ‘Oral Presentation Skills among Low Proficiency ESL Undergraduates’. The two research questions that have been constructed in this study focuses on eliciting the perspective of low proficiency undergraduates on the types of oral presentation difficulties that are faced by them and the types of communicative strategies that are used by this group in coping with their oral presentation difficulties. A total of fifty one low proficiency undergraduates from 3 local private universities with a MUET score of Band 1 and Band 2 have participated as respondents for the …


A Morphological Analysis Of Lun Bawang, Mugundan Shalini Aug 2020

A Morphological Analysis Of Lun Bawang, Mugundan Shalini

Student Works (2020-2029)

Linguists generally acknowledge that there exists an inevitable inter-relationship between different levels of linguistic analysis; phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Various linguistic labels are used to describe such a link. In particular, there exists a bridge between the phonology and morphology of particular languages. The term morphophonemic is generally used to describe linguistic statements that can be made of the phonemic structure of morphemes and their effect on the grammatical content of languages. This research attempts a morphophonemic analysis in one Austronesian language which is known as Lun Bawang, a language own by Lun Bawang or Murut community in …


An Acoustic Study Of The Monophthongs Of Ulu Terengganu Malay Dialect, Nuwawi Siti Nadiah Aug 2020

An Acoustic Study Of The Monophthongs Of Ulu Terengganu Malay Dialect, Nuwawi Siti Nadiah

Student Works (2020-2029)

Amongst sub-dialects spoken in the region of Terengganu, the dialect of Ulu Terengganu Malay is the most incomprehensible variety that varies greatly in the aspects of pronunciation and lexical as compared to the standard Terengganu dialect. However, the uniqueness of the language is insufficiently addressed by academic scholars, especially acoustic features of the dialect. Through an acoustic analysis method, this research attempted to investigate the quality of monophthongs produced by the Ulu Terengganu Malay speakers. The data was collected from a group of male and female Ulu Terengganu Malay speakers. A word list and pictures were used as instruments in …


A Corpus Study Of Online Reviews On The Suicide Themed Series 13 Reasons Why, Zaki Ummi Syafiqah Aug 2020

A Corpus Study Of Online Reviews On The Suicide Themed Series 13 Reasons Why, Zaki Ummi Syafiqah

Student Works (2020-2029)

The present study aims to explore the reviewers’ perspectives on the suicide theme of 13 Reasons Why by examining the online reviews posted by these reviewers on Internet Movie Database (IMDb), Rotten Tomatoes, and Meta Critics. The corpus analysis tools adopted in the study are concordancing and keyword analysis. Concordancing is used to generate suicide-related concordance lines and to identify the evaluative items in the online reviews, while keyword analysis is used to explore the underlying key themes. Two frameworks applied to analyse these evaluative items and categorise them into positive and negative are evaluation in texts and discursive news …


The Influence Of Psychological Captial And Classroom Management On Teachers Well-Being: A Case Study Among English University Teacher In Zhejiang Province, China, Yong Wu Aug 2020

The Influence Of Psychological Captial And Classroom Management On Teachers Well-Being: A Case Study Among English University Teacher In Zhejiang Province, China, Yong Wu

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study aims to investigate the associations among EFL teachers’ psychological capital, well-being (PERMA), and their College English classroom management in Chinese universities of Zhejiang province. This study is a non-experimental quantitative research which used a questionnaire to collect data. comprised four sections: teachers’ demographics, psychological capital, well-being (PERMA) and EFL classroom management. A total of 486 EFL teachers from 19 universities in Zhejiang province, China, were randomly selected. Following the filtering of data which involved the missing data, normality, outliers and multicollinearity issues, only 478 samples were found suitable for analysis. The descriptive statistics analysis derived from this study …


English Academic Vocabulary Of Dual Language Programme And Non-Dual Language Programme Secondary School Pupils In Selangor, Ek Ying Wong Aug 2020

English Academic Vocabulary Of Dual Language Programme And Non-Dual Language Programme Secondary School Pupils In Selangor, Ek Ying Wong

Student Works (2020-2029)

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is regarded as a fertile ground for target language acquisition. However, there is a growing skepticism towards the novelty of CLIL due to various methodological flaws in the past studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate if CLIL approach truly contributes to English academic vocabulary learning when three confounding factors: selection effect, total English instruction hours and extramural English exposure are controlled. This study employs cross-sectional research design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods by comparing the academic vocabulary performance between secondary students in two different learning environments — regular …


A Semantic Prosody Analysis Of Swear Words In A Corpus Of English Songs, Hashim Hazri Shahreen Jul 2020

A Semantic Prosody Analysis Of Swear Words In A Corpus Of English Songs, Hashim Hazri Shahreen

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study looks at the semantic prosody of swear words found in a corpus of English songs by looking at their collocations using a corpus software; AntConc. A total of 545 songs were chosen based on the Billboard year-end chart from 2011 to 2016 with 243,689 number of tokens and 8,139 number of word types. Word lists and concordance lines were generated from the corpus for the data analysis. The analysis on the concordance lines showed that not all swear words with negative-based meaning possessed negative semantic prosody. Despite possessing negative semantic prosody, 10 out of 15 swear words possessed …


Direct And Indirect Written Corrective Feedback On The Use Of Past Tense Amongst Esl Learners, Tuck Mun Tang Jul 2020

Direct And Indirect Written Corrective Feedback On The Use Of Past Tense Amongst Esl Learners, Tuck Mun Tang

Student Works (2020-2029)

For decades, a considerable amount of attention has been given to written corrective feedback (WCF) in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). In the early development of WCF, Truscott (1996) raised a few theoretical issues which led studies on WCF to be carried by researchers opposing his claims. He claimed that 1) a simple transfer of information cannot be expected to be beneficial due to the well-established SLA insights about the complex and gradual nature of the process of acquisition, 2) if WCF approach is employed at a time that is not consistent with the natural order, it could …


A Multimodal Study Of The Legitimization Of Violence In Rumiyah / Nazri Mohd Noor, Mohd Noor Nazri Jul 2020

A Multimodal Study Of The Legitimization Of Violence In Rumiyah / Nazri Mohd Noor, Mohd Noor Nazri

Student Works (2020-2029)

This study explored the process of legitimization of violence in Rumiyah magazine produced by al-Hayat Media Center (ISIS). It employs a multimodal approach consists of van Leeuwen (2008) legitimization strategies and Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) visual social semiotics to analyse texts and semiotic resources found in the selected articles. The qualitative method used is an inductive thematic analysis which reveals several thematic categorizations, i.e., (1) the impersonalisation of ‘others’, (2) the legitimization of jihad value, and (3) the (de)legitimization of ‘fasiq’ scholars. The analysis conducted highlights the recurring use of legitimation strategies and visual social semiotic metafunctions to justify …


A Genre Analysis Of Iranian Hotel Homepages, Awal Faranak Bastami Jul 2020

A Genre Analysis Of Iranian Hotel Homepages, Awal Faranak Bastami

Student Works (2020-2029)

The present research is a genre analysis of hotel websites, targeting the main three aspects; the move structure, communicative purposes, and linguistic features on the 23 five-star and four-star hotel homepages in Iran. Bhatia’s (1993) model is used to investigate the communicative purposes of the digital genre, Suen (2013) framework which is a comprehensive model was adapted to examine the rhetorical move structure, and a combination of Bhatia’s (1993) and Cook’s (2001) model was used to analyze the common linguistic features. The findings of this research are going to contribute some knowledge to the production of more effective homepages specifically …


Lexical Borrowings In The Use Of Singlish By Bloggers, K. Panneerselvam Vilashiiney Jul 2020

Lexical Borrowings In The Use Of Singlish By Bloggers, K. Panneerselvam Vilashiiney

Student Works (2020-2029)

Singapore English is among the many new Englishes which have emerged across the world. It is divided into two forms; Standard Singapore English and Colloquial Singapore English also known as Singlish. The colloquial variety of this English is viewed as crippling the Standard English and has led to the initiation of the Speak Good English Movement by the Singapore government. Recently, linguists such as Wee (2014) have stated that Singlish should be allowed to be used as it reflects the true cultural identity of Singaporeans and this has led to the initiation of the Speak Good Singlish Movement. Singapore’s bilingual …


Enhancing The Performance Of Ir-Based Traceability Recovery Of Requirement Artifacts Using Noun Phrases, Dafaalla Abdelrahman Mashahi Khalafalla Jul 2020

Enhancing The Performance Of Ir-Based Traceability Recovery Of Requirement Artifacts Using Noun Phrases, Dafaalla Abdelrahman Mashahi Khalafalla

Student Works (2020-2029)

Requirement traceability can be considered as a measure of software quality to help achieve validation, verification, and reusability. Neglecting traceability leads to less maintainable software. Creating traceability links after-the-fact, known as traceability recovery, is a tedious and time-consuming process when it is done manually. Therefore, information retrieval (IR) methods have been used to automatically identify traceability links between the artifacts. However, as a result of limitations of the software engineer and the IR techniques, the performance of the IR methods is negatively affected. There is no IR method that is able to recover traceability links between artifacts with high precision …


A Needs Analysis Of Oral Communicative Skills In Mandarin By Malaysian Hotel Attendants, Chih Khuan Wong Jun 2020

A Needs Analysis Of Oral Communicative Skills In Mandarin By Malaysian Hotel Attendants, Chih Khuan Wong

Student Works (2020-2029)

Tourism is an important industry in Malaysia, contributing to one-sixth of the national gross domestic product for the past 10 years. Tourists from China made up the third largest group among the foreign visitors in Malaysia. Almost 25% of their expenditure is spent on accommodation, thus the management of many Malaysian hotels are promoting training on communicative Mandarin that focuses on hospitality language to their frontliners, i.e. the service attendants. Therefore, there is a need to identify the challenges faced by hotel service attendants when serving Chinese-speaking guests. The objectives of this research is (1) to identify the Mandarin communication …