Legal Studies Commons^™

Person-Based Proactivity And Community Relations: Examining Police Perspectives In Troubled Times, Vaughn J. Crichlow, Ross Deuchar, Seth Wyatt Fallik

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Deadly encounters between police and Black men have led to public outrage and increasing scrutiny of law enforcement. In response, some law enforcement leaders have called for more proactive strategies in high-crime areas. While many have criticized oppressive examples of proactivity, such as stopquestion- and-frisk, others have suggested that proactive approaches could be more effective if tailored to the needs of racial and ethnic minority residents. In this qualitative study, we explore these issues using data collected from interviews and participant observation with police officers at a Southern Police Department located near several low-income ethnic minority neighborhoods. The aim of …

Policing Internet Sex Trafficking, Johnny Nhan, Kendra N. Bowen

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Few studies have examined Internet sex trafficking through the lens of law enforcement working these cases. The purpose of this research is to explore the dynamic nature of policing sex trafficking in the online environment. The qualitative data was drawn from interviews with police investigators and detectives who work sex trafficking cases in two urban cities in Texas. The results suggest that the nature of sex trafficking has significantly evolved since the advent of social media, including the strategies for recruitment of workers and clients, making enforcement easier with some aspects and much more difficult with others. Additionally, law enforcement …

The Inluence Of Traditional Police Culture On The Activities Of School Resource O��Cers, Benjamin W. Fisher, F. Chris Curran, Samantha Viano, John Skinner

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"School resource officers (SROs) have become increasingly prevalent in U.S. public schools, yet critics suggest that there is an inherent incompatibility between the cultures of police and education. However, research has not examined the extent to which some of the potentially incompatible elements of police culture exist among SROs. This study examines three elements of traditional police culture that are likely to be particularly incompatible with school settings— suspicion, danger anticipation, and unpredictability. Given SROs’ involvement in roles such as teaching and informal counseling that extend beyond the typical duties of police officers, it is unclear whether these elements of …

“I’Ve Never Been Straight Up Robbed Like That”: Resident Perceptions And Experiences Of Inner-City Police Raids, Marta-Marika Urbanik, Carolyn Greene

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that residents of disadvantaged and racialized inner-city neighborhoods across North America are subjected to disproportionate and omnipresent policing. Consequently, relationships between law enforcement officials and marginalized community members are often strained. Whilst a robust body of literature has examined how citizens perceive “every day” policing practices such as “carding,” stop and search, etc., it remains unclear how citizens perceive more invasive policing encounters—such as police raids. Drawing upon 35 interviews with residents of Toronto’s inner-city, this paper explores how community members experience, make sense of, and talk about police raids. Our data uncover widespread perceptions …

Plugging The Pipeline: Prosecutors And Educators Collaborating To Eliminate The School To Prison Pipeline, Hunter Taylor, Gerry Lopez, Evelyn Essenwanger, Hunter Taylor

National Youth Advocacy & Resilience Conference

Ideal for law enforcement, educators, and all citizens working with youth at-risk, this unique presentation explains how prosecutors in one of the nation’s largest counties have engaged local school districts, community based organizations, and even ex-gang members to create an award winning Crime Prevention Unit designed to keep youth in the classroom and out of the criminal justice system.

An Examination Of Faculty-Student Consensual Sexual Relationship Policy Prevalence In A Nationally Representative Sample (Working Title), Alyssa Nystrom

UNO Student Research and Creative Activity Fair

Although Title IX prohibits sex-based discriminationincluding sexual harassment in institutions of higher education (IHEs), in the era of #MeTooconsensual faculty-student relationships have elicitedsignificantattention.While some limited research has examined the content of existing consensual sexual relationship policies (CSRPs) modern works have not yet examined the prevalence of CSRPs at a national level. The current study examined a nationally representative sample (n=451) of IHEs to determine the prevalence of CSRPS. The study also aimed to determine if the prevalence of CSRPs varied across IHE subtype. Utilizing the qualitative coding system, Atlas.ti(8), each IHE was coded for IHE subtype, policy presence, and policy …

The Impact Of "Strike Hard" On Repeat And Near-Repeat Residential Burglary In Beijing, Peng Chen, Justin Kurland

Faculty Publications

“Strike Hard” is an enhanced law-enforcement strategy in China that aims to suppress crime, but measurement of the crime-reducing effect and potential changes in the spatiotemporal concentration of crime associated with “Strike Hard” remain unknown. This paper seeks to examine the impact, if any, of “Strike Hard” on the spatiotemporal clustering of burglary incidents. Two and half years of residential burglary incidents from Chaoyang, Beijing are used to examine repeat and near-repeat burglary incidents before, during, and after the “Strike Hard” intervention and a new technique that enables the comparison of repeat and near repeat patterns across different temporal periods …

Wait, There’S Torture In Zootopia? Examining The Prevalence Of Torture In Popular Movies, Casey Delehanty, Erin M. Kearns

Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Roughly half of the U.S. public thinks that torture can be acceptable in counterterrorism. According to recent research, dramatic depictions of torture increase public support for the practice. Yet we do not know how frequently—and in what context—torture is depicted across popular media. What messages about the acceptability and effectiveness of torture do Americans receive when they watch popular films? To address this question, we coded each incident of torture in the twenty top-grossing films each year from 2008 to 2017 to analyze how torture is portrayed in terms of its frequency, efficacy, and social acceptability. Results show that the …

Editor's Welcome, Cassandra B. Whyte Dr., Stephen Young

The Mid-Southern Journal of Criminal Justice

No abstract provided.

The "D" In Violence. An Analysis Of Domestic Violence In West Virginia., Haley Legg

The Mid-Southern Journal of Criminal Justice

Domestic violence in West Virginia, and all the United States is a major societal problem, that has multiple repercussions for the victims. Intimate partner violence and family violence are both types of domestic violence, and the perpetrator in both have the same goal, which is to control the victim, however possible. The law enforcement agencies have multiple training opportunities and have a guide that they can use to help assess the offender’s dangerousness and lethality. West Virginia Coalition Against Domestic Violence offers training and technical assistance to victim’s advocates that focus on victims of domestic violence.

An Analysis Of The Opioid Epidemic In Rural Areas, Anthony L. Jaime

The Mid-Southern Journal of Criminal Justice

The opioid epidemic is an issue that has affected the United States as a whole. However, it has disproportionately affected rural areas the most, with some rural areas having the highest overdose rates, overdose mortality rates, and opioid usage rates in the entire country. This paper analyzes the opioid epidemic in rural areas in order to determine how the opioid epidemic started in the United States, how it transferred to rural areas, and ultimately its current status within the rural space. In addition, factors relating to the purporting of the opioid epidemic are presented in relation to rural areas as …

Rural Prison Siting: Problems And Promises, Matthew D. Vanden Bosch

The Mid-Southern Journal of Criminal Justice

Abstract

Building prisons in rural areas is not a new phenomenon, though it has been increasing significantly in recent decades. During a massive boom to prison building in the 1990’s and early 2000’s, many of those new prisons were built in rural areas. While rural areas had once generally been staunchly against prisons being built in their areas, their general economic collapse following the exit of manufacturing and other industries left them vulnerable. This, combined with the promises made to them about the economic benefits to be gained from welcoming prisons into their areas, made rural regions much more receptive …

An Overview Of The Bail System In The United States And Its Discriminatory Components, Eleanor A. Coggins

The Mid-Southern Journal of Criminal Justice

Currently, in the United States, the bail system is not being utilized the way that it was originally intended to be used. Research shows that it unfairly provides wealthier individuals more opportunities for success and those who are minorities and/or of low socioeconomic status are more likely to be convicted and face harsher sentences. Many factors influence a judge’s decision to grant bail; however, some of these factors are based on unfair stereotypes and are inherently discriminatory. While minority groups face discrimination within the bail system, Hispanic/Latino individuals face the most challenges in regard to the bail system in America. …

Vocational And Life Skills Monthly Data Update: March 2020, Uno Nebraska Center For Justice Research, Katelynn Towne

Reports

Grantees use an online data management system to submit data on participants served under their Vocational and Life Skills programming. This data is due monthly and reflects all services provided during the previous month to participants. Evaluators at the Nebraska Center for Justice Research work with grantees directly to manage data entry errors on an ongoing basis during update calls and site visits.

The current data derives from an active database, from which data is being entered and updated daily. Data values, including previously submitted information, may fluctuate depending on the duration of lag between service delivery and data entry. …

Vocational And Life Skills Quarterly Report: Grant Cycle 3 Quarter 7 January-March 2020, Uno Nebraska Center For Justice Research, Katelynn Towne, Michael Campagna

Reports

This report presents quarterly data and evaluation updates for the Vocational and Life Skills Program (VLS) through Quarter Seven of Grant Cycle Three. VLS was created by Nebraska Legislative Bill 907 in 2014 with the purpose of reducing recidivism and increasing meaningful employment for individuals convicted of a crime in Nebraska. The report contains 1) descriptions of the eight funded organizations across the state, 2) a snapshot of participation, 3) demographics of the participants, and 4) participation breakdowns and descriptions of the skills participants are gaining through VLS programming. VLS plans to reevaluate service provider inclusions at the conclusion of …

Identifying Markers Of Transit States Embedded In International Drug Trafficking Networks, Citlalik Ibarra Figueroa

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Illicit drugs can travel across multiple borders before reaching their intended retail market. International drug trafficking is important because it introduces a large quantity of foreign sourced illicit drugs into domestic drug markets. Of utmost importance are countries that lie along the transshipment paths used by international drug trafficking operations that facilitate the movement of illicit drugs. Understanding the characteristics of countries operating as transit states is necessary to combat transshipment operations. The study investigates social, economic, geographic, and political factors that have the potential to account for nations being positioned as transit states in illicit drug transshipment networks generated …

Place Network Investigations In Las Vegas, Nevada: Program Review And Process Evaluation, Tamara D. Herold, Robin S. Engel, Nicholas Corsaro, Stacey L. Clouse

Criminal Justice Faculty Research

The gang and gun violence reduction project implemented in Las Vegas consisted of three components: hot spots deployment, focused deterrence, and place network investigations. This report focuses on a program review and process evaluation of the PNI initiative.

Evaluating The Facilitating Attuned Interactions (Fan) Approach: Vicarious Trauma, Professional Burnout, And Reflective Practice, Katherine Hazen, Matthew W. Carlson, Holly Hatton-Bowers, Melanie Fessinger, Jennie Cole-Mossman, Jamie Bahm, Kelli Hauptman J.D., Eve Brank, Linda Gilkerson

Center on Children, Families, and the Law: Faculty Publications

Background: This evaluation examined the use of the Facilitated Attuned Interaction (FAN) approach to reflective practice among child welfare and early childhood professionals working with vulnerable children and families.

Objective: The aims of the current evaluation were to test (a) the role of vicarious trauma in predicting professional burnout, (b) the effect of reflective practice quality in decreasing professional burnout, and (c) the ability of reflective practice quality to lessen the relationship between vicarious trauma and professional burnout.

Participants and Setting: The sample included sixty-three professionals across diverse professions including child welfare social workers, early childhood educators, and child welfare …

Personality Differences In Predicting Assault And Binge Drinking: Variation Across Explanatory Factors And Gender, Allison De Franco

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

General theories of offending seem to be favored in recent criminological literature, with the assumption being that the same factor(s) cause all forms of deviance and criminality. However, there is a case to be made for crime-specific models that predict different types of individuals will commit varying forms of deviant behavior. Using survey data collected from 108 female and 116 male college students, we measured their levels of various personality traits–empathy, guilt, detachment, and externalization–as well as their incidence of assault and binge drinking over the previous year. It was predicted that detachment and/or externalization would have significant positive associations …

Free Battered Texas Women: Survivor-Advocates Organizing At The Crossroads Of Gendered Violence, Disability, And Incarceration, Cathy Marston Phd

Verbum Incarnatum: An Academic Journal of Social Justice

This article recaps my symposium presentation, where I argue that feminist organizing strategies are central to healing our society and creating restorative justice from my perspective as a survivor of occupational injury, battering, and criminalization for self-defense. This includes the creation of Free Battered Texas Women. We prefer to think of ourselves as survivor-advocates who use a variety of tactics to empower ourselves, incarcerated battered women, and citizens. These strategies include pedagogy; poetry and other written forms; art; and legislative advocacy. I blend this grassroots activism with feminist disability theory, radical feminist theory, feminist ethnography, and feminist criminology.

Review Of Fundamental To Know About The Future, Hannarae Lee

International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

What we consider fundamental elements can be easily overlooked or perceived as facts without the process of empirical testing. Especially in the field of cybercrime and cybersecurity, there are more speculations regarding the prevalence and the scope of harm carried out by wrongdoers than empirically tested studies. To fill the void, three articles included in the current issue addresses empirical findings of fundamental concerns and knowledge in the field of cybercrime and cybersecurity.

Illegal Gambling And Its Operation Via The Darknet And Bitcoin: An Application Of Routine Activity Theory, Sinyong Choi, Kyung-Shick Choi, Yesim Sungu-Eryilmaz, Hee-Kyung Park

International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

The Darknet and Bitcoins have been widely utilized by those who wish to anonymously perform illegal activities in cyberspace. Restricted in many countries, gambling websites utilize Bitcoin payments that allow users to freely engage in illegal gambling activities with the absence of a formal capable guardian. Despite the urgency and limited knowledge available to law enforcement regarding this issue, few empirical studies have focused on illegal gambling websites. The current study attempts to examine the characteristics and operations of online gambling websites on both the Darknet and Surface Web, which allow Bitcoin payments. The findings suggest that both websites on …

An Empirical Study To Determine The Role Of File-System In Modification Of Hash Value, Kumarshankar Raychaudhuri, M. George Christopher

International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

In digital forensics, maintaining the integrity of digital exhibits is an essential aspect of the entire investigation and examination process, which is established using the technique of hashing. Lack of knowledge, while handling digital exhibits, might lead to unintentional alteration of computed hash, rendering the exhibit unacceptable in the court of Law. The hash value of a physical drive does not solely depend upon the data files present in it but also its file-system. Therefore, any change to the file-system might result in the change of the disk hash, even when the data files within it remain untouched. In this …

A Reverse Digital Divide: Comparing Information Security Behaviors Of Generation Y And Generation Z Adults, Scott M. Debb, Daniel R. Schaffer, Darlene G. Colson

International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

How individuals conceptualize their accountability related to digital technology. There may also be age-based vulnerabilities resulting from personal perceptions about the importance of engaging in best-practices. However, age may not be as critical as experience when it comes to implementation of these behaviors. Using the Cybersecurity Behaviors subscale of the Online Security Behaviors and Beliefs Questionnaire (OSBBQ), this study compared the self-reported cybersecurity attitudes and behaviors across college-aged individuals from Generation Y and Generation Z. Data were derived from a convenience sample of predominantly African-American and Caucasian respondents (N=593) recruited from two public universities in Virginia, USA. Four of the …

Book Review: The Cyber Risk Handbook By Domenic Antonucci, Stanley Mierzwa

International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

No abstract provided.

A Literature Review On Police Encounters With Women, Cecilia I. Hinsley

University Honors Theses

This study is a literature review on current research surrounding police officers and their encounters with women. This paper explores research and work that speaks to how police officers might support women and/or work with women in various communities towards a common goal such as crime prevention. Twenty articles considering police encounters with women were gathered and reviewed to identify the implications of future contact and police behaviors with women in society. Based on the articles reviewed, they suggest that current policing styles such as, community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing, have a positive impact on women in society and their …

توجه الخوارزمية لحل مشكلة انسياب العمل, بثينة فرحان, Hisham Al-Rawi

Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies البلقاء للبحوث والدراسات

تعرض الورقة توجها جديداً لحل مشكلة انسيابية العمل الورشي . يعتمد النظام الحاسوبي المعروض على الخوارزمية الجينية وعلى تمثيل مشكلة انسياب العمل الورشي على صورة مشكلة البائع المتجول . وعلى هذا الأساس تعرض الورقة حل مشكلة جدولة الماكنة . العمل . تتطرق إلى الاختيارات المناسبة للعوامل الأساسية في الخوارزمية الجينية. أظهرت النتائج المعطاة انحيازاً شديداً نحو الجدولة المثلى .

Why Do Some Terrorist Attacks Receive More Media Attention Than Others?, Erin M. Kearns, Allison E. Betus, Anthony F. Lemieux

Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Terrorist attacks often dominate news coverage as reporters seek to provide the public with information. Yet, not all incidents receive equal attention. Why do some terrorist attacks receive more media coverage than others? We argue that perpetrator religion is the largest predictor of news coverage, while target type, being arrested, and fatalities will also impact coverage. We examined news coverage from LexisNexis Academic and CNN.com for all terrorist attacks in the United States between 2006 and 2015 (N=136). Controlling for target type, fatalities, and being arrested, attacks by Muslim perpetrators received, on average, 357% more coverage than other attacks. Our …

Are Men Who Pay For Sex Sexist? Masculinity And Client Attitudes Toward Gender Role Equality In Different Prostitution Markets, Barbara G. Brents, Takashi Yamashita, Andrew L. Spivak, Olesya Venger, Christina Parreira, Alessandra Lanti

Sociology Faculty Research

Prostitution clients’ attitudes toward gender equality are important indicators of how masculinity relates to the demand for commercial sexual services. Research on male client misogyny has been inconclusive, and few studies compare men in different markets. Using an online survey of 519 clients of sexual services, we examine whether male client attitudes toward gender role equality are related to the main methods customers used to access prostitution services (i.e., through print or online media vs. in-person contact). We found no differences among men in these markets in attitudes toward gender role equality in the workplace and home. This is in …

An Exploration Of Correctional Counselor Workloads In A Midwestern State, Adam K. Matz, Nathan C. Lowe

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Time studies have been conducted with a variety of occupations. However, no known research has examined the workload of correctional counselors. The Iowa Department of Corrections, in partnership with the American Probation and Parole Association, performed the first known workload evaluation of this population. Over a hundred correctional counselors participated in a time study informed by a task analysis conducted with a representative advisory committee. The most common activities concerned inmate requests, classification, assessment, release planning, treatment group work, and administrative tasks. Most concerning, respondents indicated anywhere from 20-to-50% of the activities engaged in were unsatisfactorily completed.